Showing posts sorted by date for query PROTESTANT REVOLUTION. Sort by relevance Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by date for query PROTESTANT REVOLUTION. Sort by relevance Show all posts

Wednesday, May 20, 2026

How Trump is 'laying the groundwork for military action' in Cuba: expert


A 3D printed miniature of U.S. President Donald Trump and Cuban flag are seen in this illustration taken January 9, 2026. REUTERS/Dado Ruvic/Illustration
May 20, 2026
ALTERNET


The Justice Department announced that it is indicting Cuban official Raúl Castro for a late 1996 murder as part of its campaign against the communist island. One global affairs reporter is warning that this is likely a pretext for another war from President Donald Trump.

Speaking to CNN on Wednesday, Sabrina Singh, who previously served in the Biden administration as the Pentagon press secretary, was asked whether the administration was using a kind of "Venezuelan model" applied to Cuba. In Venezuela, Trump ordered the military to invade briefly and capture Nicolás Maduro for a trial in the U.S.

"I think this administration is edging closer towards that Venezuela model. I think they are laying the groundwork and making the legal case, this time to the American public, on why they might need to take military action in Cuba," said Singh.

With the indictment, reported on Wednesday, she said that she is eager to see what Trump would say is an "easy win in Cuba."

"I don't think it's going to be exactly what he thinks it is," Singh continued. "It's not necessarily every operation is going to follow the Venezuela model, but if they can do a targeted strike or an extraction that could be perceived as a win for this administration, who's sort of trying to change the narrative around Iran right now. And I think that looms over any action in Cuba."

If the U.S. began an action in Cuba, it would unfold at the same time it continues a war in Iran. While there is currently a loose ceasefire, Trump hasn't managed to make a long-term deal similar to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) crafted by former President Barack Obama's administration along with five other countries.

Former federal prosecutor Elliot Williams said that the alleged Castro crime happened in international waters, but since Castro killed an American, it would give the U.S. jurisdiction to prosecute.

There is a challenge with the case; however, it's so old that many people who could have been involved are likely gone or have forgotten so much.

"You're talking about the kinds of things that Patrick talked about, witnesses that are three decades old from the time it happened, quote, unquote, lay down their lives for this person. Or aren't around anymore. And also, number two, the big piece of evidence is a recording that is three decades old, ostensibly of his voice," said Williams.


Cuba Denounces ‘Cruel and Ruthless Aggression’ of US as White House Indicts Raúl Castro

In a speech described as “Orwellian,” US Secretary of State Marco Rubio blamed Cuba’s suffering on the military-run company founded by Fidel Castro’s brother.



Cuba’s former President Raúl Castro (C) and former Vice President José Ramón Machado Ventura (R) attend a May Day rally marking International Workers’ Day in Havana on May 1, 2026.
(Photo by Yamil Lage/AFP via Getty Images)


Stephen Prager
May 20, 2026
COMMON DREAMS

As the US Justice Department indicted former Cuban President Raúl Castro on Wednesday in what could be a prelude to military action, the Cuban government denounced the US for “cruel and ruthless aggression.”

The 94-year-old Castro, who served as Cuba’s leader until 2021 after taking over for his brother Fidel in 2008, was indicted on one count of conspiracy to kill US nationals for his alleged role in the shooting down of planes operated by the anti-Castro Cuban exile group Brothers to the Rescue in 1996, which resulted in the deaths of four Cuban Americans.

“For nearly 30 years, the families of four murdered Americans have waited for justice,” acting Attorney General Todd Blanche said as he announced the charges at Miami’s Freedom Tower. “My message today is clear: The United States and President Trump does not and will not forget its citizens.”

While Blanche described the four men as “unarmed civilians,” the Cuban government said the group had repeatedly violated its sovereign airspace and that it had warned the US government before shooting down the plane.

Declassified documents from a month before the incident show that officials in the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) viewed the Brothers’ activities as “taunting” and feared the Cuban government might shoot a plane down.

“Is a sovereign state like Cuba obligated to tolerate illegal and continuous incursions into its territory? Under no circumstances,” the Cuban embassy in the US said in a statement published on Wednesday on social media. “International law and global civil aviation conventions protect the sovereignty of nations over their airspace.”


“When formal warnings to the [International Civil Aviation Organization], the FAA, and political authorities are sustainedly ignored, the defense of borders and national security becomes an unavoidable duty for the protection of the country.”



The indictment comes as the Trump administration issues threats that have been widely interpreted as signals that another military regime change operation could soon be on the horizon, following the administration’s attacks on Venezuela and Iran already this year.

“CUBA IS NEXT! Thank you [President Donald Trump] and [Secretary of State Marco Rubio]!” cheered US Rep. Carlos Giminez (R-Fla.), one of many Miami-based politicians who have called for aggressive action by the Trump administration against Cuba in recent days.

He was responding to a video posted by Rubio on Wednesday directed at the Cuban people in which he again denied that the crippling oil blockade imposed on Cuba by Trump bore any responsibility for the economic ruin the island’s population currently faces.

After effectively cutting off Cuba’s primary supplier of oil in January when the US conducted its illegal operation to abduct Venezuela’s president, Nicolás Maduro, Trump threatened to impose steep tariffs on any country that provided oil to Cuba, scaring off its other main suppliers, including Mexico, Russia, and Algeria. Last week, Cuba’s energy minister announced that the country had “absolutely no fuel oil, no diesel.”



But Rubio told the Cuban people in Spanish on Wednesday: “The reason you are forced to survive 22 hours a day without electricity is not due to an oil ‘blockade’ by the US. As you know better than anyone else, you have been suffering from blackouts for years. The real reason you don’t have electricity, fuel, or food is that those who control your country have plundered billions of dollars, but nothing has been used to help the people.”

He specifically laid the blame at the feet of the accused, the military-run company Grupo de Administración Empresarial S.A. (GAESA), founded by Raúl Castro in the 1990s following the collapse of the Soviet Union. The company has come to control large swathes of the Cuban economy, from hotels and grocery stores to gas stations and banks, and is estimated to control between 40-70% of Cuba’s overall economy, according to a recent New York Times report—though the secrecy of the organization makes it difficult to determine its true value.

Rubio said that the entrepreneurs running GAESA “have $18 billion in assets and control 70% of Cuba’s economy,” which was first reported by the Miami Herald last year based on balance sheets obtained from the company. But the Cuban government and other critics have disputed this figure, arguing that it actually refers to Cuban pesos, which would make its holdings closer to about $746 million.

Regardless, Rubio omitted any mention of the fact that even prior to the oil blockade enacted in January by Trump, the US still had a strict trade embargo in place against Cuba for more than 60 years, which the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America has estimated cost the country more than $130 billion since it was imposed—more than the total gross domestic product of the entire country in 2020.

Rubio said on Wednesday the US was ready to open a “new chapter” with Cuba, but that the thing getting in the way was “those who control their country.”



In light of Trump’s persistent suggestions that he wants to “take” Cuba and “do anything I want with it,” the Cuban government described Rubio’s message as one meant to justify further US coercion.

“The reason why the US secretary of state lies so repeatedly and unscrupulously when referring to Cuba and trying to justify the aggression to which he subjects the Cuban people is not ignorance or incompetence,” said Carlos Fernández de Cossío, the deputy minister for foreign affairs in Cuba, in a social media post on Wednesday. “He knows full well that there is no excuse for such a cruel and ruthless aggression.”

Last week, the US offered to give Cuba $100 million in humanitarian assistance to deal with the crisis it has imposed through its oil blockade, but only if it agrees to “meaningful reforms” and “fundamental changes” to its government that would allow greater access to US companies.

Cuba’s current president, Miguel Díaz-Canel, contended that an easier way to alleviate Cuba’s suffering would be “by lifting or easing the blockade, as it is well known that the humanitarian situation is coldly calculated and induced.”

Update (2:00 pm ET): This story was updated to include comments from acting US Attorney General Todd Blanche following the announcement of a formal indictment on Wednesday.


Rubio offers Cubans ‘new path’ in special video address


By AFP
May 20, 2026


US Secretary of State Marco Rubio speaks at a White House briefing in May 2026 - Copyright AFP/File Kent NISHIMURA


Maria DANILOVA

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio offered Cubans a “new path” in a special video address Wednesday hours before Washington was expected to criminally indict the island’s former leader Raul Castro.

Addressing the Cuban people directly in Spanish, Rubio accused the country’s communist leadership of theft, corruption and oppression.

“President (Donald) Trump is offering a new path between the US and a new Cuba,” said Rubio, the son of Cuban immigrants.

“A new Cuba where you have a real opportunity to choose who governs your country and vote to replace them if they are not doing a good job.”

Tensions between Washington and Havana have spiked in recent months since US forces ousted Cuba’s regional ally Venezuelan president Nicolas Maduro in a military raid and then imposed a painful energy blockade on the already economically struggling island nation.

Trump has repeatedly signaled that the Cuban government could be next to fall, and earlier this month even said Washington would be “taking over” the Caribbean island, only around 90 miles (145 km) from Florida, “almost immediately.”

“In the US, we are ready to open a new chapter in the relationship between our people and our countries,” Rubio said, according to an official English translation of his speech published by the State Department. “And, currently, the only thing standing in the way of a better future are those who control your country.”

In his speech, Rubio accused Gaesa, the military-backed conglomerate estimated to control some 40 percent of the Cuban economy, of enriching the elites at the expense of ordinary citizens.

“A ‘state within the state’ that is accountable to no one and hoards the profits from its businesses for the benefit of a small elite,” Rubio charged. “And the only role played by the so-called ‘government’ is to demand that you continue making ‘sacrifices’ and repressing anyone who dares to complain.”

The US Justice Department was expected on Wednesday to announce criminal charges against 94-year-old Raul Castro, who succeeded his brother Fidel as president of Cuba and oversaw a historic 2015 rapprochement with the United States under Barack Obama that Trump later reversed.

CBS News reported that the possible indictment would focus on the 1996 downing of two civilian planes manned by anti-Castro pilots, citing US officials familiar with the matter.


US says held talks with Cuba on $100 mln offer


By AFP
May 19, 2026


US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, a sworn foe of Havana's communist government, has publicly offered the $100 million but has demanded that Cuba take steps to open up - Copyright AFP YAMIL LAGE

The United States and Cuba held talks this week on a US offer of $100 million in assistance, which Washington has dangled as an incentive for reforms, a US official said Tuesday.

Mike Hammer, the acting US ambassador to Havana, met Monday with foreign ministry officials, the State Department official said on condition of anonymity.

“We have been in close coordination with the Cubans. We had a meeting yesterday (Monday) and continue to pursue that proposal aggressively, contrary to some of the lies of the Cuban ministry of foreign affairs,” the official said.

“We continue to urge the regime to accept the proposal and try to prevent interference with the delivery of assistance,” he said.

The aid would be distributed through Catholic Relief Services and Samaritan’s Purse, an evangelical Protestant charity, and not handed over directly to the Cuban government, he said.

“The Cuban regime is sitting on several billions of dollars,” he said. “We would urge them to use that money to actually help the Cuban people invest in their infrastructure instead of hoarding it.”

Secretary of State Marco Rubio, a sworn foe of Havana’s communist government, has publicly offered the $100 million but has demanded that Cuba take steps to open up.

Cuban Foreign Minister Bruno Rodriguez last week said that Havana was open to reviewing the aid proposal, after earlier saying Rubio was lying about the offer.

Cuba has been in the throes of a major economic crisis with persistent energy blackouts after the United States overthrew Venezuela’s leftist leader Nicolas Maduro and ended the flow of free oil from Caracas in exchange for Cuban medical expertise and other services.

With the situation increasingly dire, Cuba — for decades targeted in US espionage — last week took the extraordinary step of welcoming CIA Director John Ratcliffe for talks.

Cuba President Decries ‘Collective Punishment’ by US as ‘Act of Genocide’


“We will continue to denounce, in the firmest and most energetic way possible, the genocidal siege that seeks to strangle our people,” said President Miguel Díaz-Canel.


Alfredo Rodriguez, an industrial designer and professor, studies during a power cut in Punta Brava, Havana, Cuba on May 11, 2026.

(Photo by Yamil Lage/AFP via Getty Images)

Julia Conley
May 19, 2026
COMMON DREAMS

Cuba’s president said Monday night that the Trump administration should be “criminally prosecuted” for its continued economic war on the island nation, saying the oil blockade that began more than three months ago as well as new sanctions are part of a “collective punishment” policy that amounts to an “act of genocide.”

President Miguel Díaz-Canel suggested that the White House was aware that its latest round of sanctions against Cuban officials was unnecessary, noting that “there isn’t even any evidence to present”—but said the new measures announced by the State Department on Monday were a way of furthering “anti-Cuban rhetoric of hate... to justify the escalation of its total economic war.”

“Under the leadership of our party, state, government, and its military institutions, no one has any assets or property to protect under US jurisdiction. The US government knows this full well,” said Díaz-Canel. “That’s why we will continue to denounce, in the firmest and most energetic way possible, the genocidal siege that seeks to strangle our people.”

Díaz-Canel spoke out after the administration said it was imposing sanctions on the Cuban intelligence agency and nine Cuban officials, including the country’s ministers for communications, energy, and justice, and three military generals. Several officials in the Communist Party of Cuba were also sanctioned.

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio, who is the son of Cuban immigrants and has long pushed for regime change in the communist country, released a statement saying those targeted by the sanctions “are responsible for or have been involved in repressing the Cuban people.”

“These sanctions advance the Trump administration’s comprehensive campaign to address the pressing national security threats posed by Cuba’s communist regime,” said Rubio.

The sanctions were announced a day after a White House official claimed to Axios that Cuban officials are “discussing plans” for drone attacks on the US; the outlet acknowledged several paragraphs into its article on the alleged threat that Cuba is believed to be strategizing for a defensive attack as the US ramps up hostilities, rather than an unprovoked strike.

Díaz-Canel emphasized that the White House’s sanctions are only the latest action taken against Cuba following the “immoral, illegal, and criminal” executive order President Donald Trump signed in January, which threatened countries with tariffs if they provided fuel to Cuba—resulting in a severe energy shortage on the island, frequent rolling blackouts, and a crisis in the country’s healthcare system, with hospitals struggling to offer basic services. Farmers have said the shortage has left them unable to efficiently provide food to communities.

“We have absolutely no fuel and absolutely no diesel,” Energy Minister Vicente de la O Levy said last week.

Díaz-Canel said the US has pushed the blockade that has been in place for decades “to levels never seen before, penalizing companies that want to invest in Cuba or simply provide us with basic goods like food, medicines, hygiene products, or others.”

“The collective punishment to which the Cuban people are being subjected is an act of genocide that must be condemned by international organizations and criminally prosecuted against its promoters,” said the president.

He also expressed gratitude to the governments of Mexico and Uruguay, which sent a shipment of aid to Cuba on Monday.

“This donation, which arrives in very difficult days for Cuba due to the direct and multidimensional impact of the United States blockade on the daily life of our people, is a living testament to the historic solidarity between our peoples and to the principles of humanism, cooperation, and integration that must unite the region,” said Díaz-Canel.




The Trump administration’s invasion of Venezuela, abduction of President Nicolás Maduro, and takeover of its oil reserves in January cut Cuba off from its top energy supplier.

The US is reportedly now considering an indictment former Cuban President Raúl Castro for shooting down planes that belonged to a US group and violated Cuban airspace in 1996. Trump—who has attacked not only Venezuela but also Iran—has repeatedly mused about the possibility of invading Cuba.


Unlawful US Attack, Says Cuban President, ‘Would Trigger a Bloodbath With Incalculable Consequences’

“Cuba, which already endures a multidimensional aggression from the US, does have the absolute and legitimate right to defend itself against a military onslaught,” said President Miguel Díaz-Canel.



Cuba’s President Miguel Diaz-Canel waves a national flag during celebrations marking the 65th anniversary of the Bay of Pigs invasion and the declaration of the socialist character of the Cuban Revolution in Havana on April 16, 2026.
(Photo by Adalberto Roque/AFP via Getty Images)

Stephen Prager
May 18, 2026
COMMON DREAMS

As the Trump administration seeks to justify a war with Cuba using what Cuban officials have called “increasingly implausible accusations” that it poses a danger to national security, President Miguel Díaz-Canel warned on Monday that an American assault would trigger a “bloodbath with incalculable consequences.”

US President Donald Trump has imposed a punishing fuel blockade on Cuba for months that has devastated the island’s civilian population with the explicit goal of forcing its government from power and has, on many occasions, threatened to use military force, including to outright “take” the island.

The densely populated island of nearly 11 million people is already in the midst of a humanitarian crisis as a result of “energy starvation” from the blockade, which has left the country’s renowned healthcare system struggling to function, with 100,000 patients awaiting surgery, according to a recent United Nations report.

“The threats of military aggression against Cuba from the world’s greatest power are well-known,” Díaz-Canel said in a post to social media on Monday. “The threat itself already constitutes an international crime. If it were to materialize, it would trigger a bloodbath with incalculable consequences, plus the destructive impact on regional peace and stability.”



His comments came after Axios reported Sunday on “classified intelligence” shared by unnamed senior US officials stating that Cuba possesses around 300 drones acquired from Russia and Iran and had been considering plans to attack the US military base at Guantánamo Bay, various US military vessels, and Key West, Florida.

Reporter Marc Caputo described the intelligence as a possible “pretext for US military action” against the island and quoted an unnamed senior official as saying it was “a growing threat.”

Republican legislators, particularly those in South Florida, have seized on the report to argue for even harsher action against Cuba. US Reps. Mario Díaz-Balart and Elvira Salazar both said it was further evidence that Cuba poses a “threat to national security.” Rep. Carlos Gimenez said it must be “dealt with accordingly.”

However, buried deep within the report was the acknowledgment that “US officials don’t believe Cuba is an imminent threat, or actively planning to attack American interests.” Rather, the drones would be reserved for a scenario in which “hostilities erupt” in the event of a US military attack, which has been telegraphed for weeks by the Trump administration.

Cuba has not denied having drones, with its embassy saying on Sunday that it “has the right to defend itself against external aggression.” But Cuba denied any intent to attack the US preemptively, saying that US officials were “distorting as extraordinary the logical preparation required to face a potential aggression.”

Díaz-Canel reiterated on Monday that Cuba “poses no threat, nor does it have aggressive plans or intentions against any country.”

“It has none against the US, nor has it ever had any—something the government of that nation knows full well, particularly its defense and national security agencies,” the Cuban president continued.

“Cuba, which already endures a multidimensional aggression from the US, does have the absolute and legitimate right to defend itself against a military onslaught,” he added. “Yet that cannot be wielded, either logically or honestly, as an excuse for imposing war on the noble Cuban people.”


Trump Admin Claims of Cuban Plans for Drone Attacks Denounced as ‘Ludicrous Pretext’ for War

“Like any country, Cuba has the right to defend itself against external aggression,” said the Cuban embassy. “It is called self-defense, and it is protected by International Law and the UN Charter.”


Secretary of State Marco Rubio looks on as US President Donald Trump meets with China’s President Xi Jinping at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing on May 14, 2026.
(Photo by Brendan Smialowski/AFP via Getty Images)

Julia Conley
May 17, 2026
COMMON DREAMS

Cuban officials said the Trump administration is making “increasingly implausible accusations” against the country as it pushes to justify, “without any excuse, a military attack against Cuba,” after an unnamed White House official told the news outlet Axios that the Cubans have been “discussing plans” to launch drones against the US.

“Cuba is the country under attack,” said the Cuban embassy in a statement, months into a ramped-up oil blockade by the US that has left the island’s electric grid in a “critical state” and forced frequent rolling blackouts as well as causing a healthcare crisis, with tens of thousands of people waiting for surgeries.

But in Axios’ article, the Trump administration official took pains to push the notion that the US, with its nearly $1 trillion-per-year military, could face attacks from the tiny Caribbean nation 90 miles south of Florida because officials there have been preparing defensive capabilities.

Axios reported that, according to classified intelligence it viewed, Cuba has acquired more than 300 drones and has been considering plans to attack the US military base at Guantanamo Bay, various US military vessels, and Key West, Florida.

The country has been acquiring drones from Russia and Iran since 2023 and has sought more aid from Russia in recent months, according to the report. Intelligence intercepts have also shown Cuba is “trying to learn about how Iran has resisted us,” the official said, referring to Iran’s use of unmanned aircraft, its closure of the Strait of Hormuz, and its attacks on US military outposts in the Middle East in response to the US-Israel war on the country that began in February.

The Cuban embassy further responded with a reminder that “like any country, Cuba has the right to defend itself against external aggression.”



“Those from the US who seek the submission and, in fact, the destruction of the Cuban nation through military aggression and war, do not waste a single moment fabricating pretexts, creating and spreading falsehoods, and distorting as extraordinary the logical preparation required to face a potential aggression,” said the embassy.

Journalist José Luis Granados Ceja, who is based in Mexico City and covers Latin America for Drop Site News, emphasized that “Cuba has the right to self-defense.”

“It would be arguably be wise for Cuba to incorporate a tool that has proven to be an extraordinary effective weapon and a powerful tool of dissuasion as part of its self-defense strategy,” said Granados Ceja.

Axios said the classified intelligence “could become a pretext for US military action” that President Donald Trump has expressed an interest in taking numerous times, before acknowledging toward the end of the article that “US officials don’t believe Cuba is an imminent threat, or actively planning to attack American interests.”

Rather, the intelligence showed that Cuban officials “have been discussing drone warfare plans in case hostilities erupt as relations with the US continue to deteriorate”—suggesting they could use drones in self-defense if attacked by the US.



The reporting carried echoes of Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s rationale for attacking Iran in February. He stunned legal experts days after the war began by explaining that the US had decided to wage war on the Middle Eastern country because it feared Iran would retaliate after Israel began attacking it.

“The imminent threat was that we knew that if Iran was attacked, and we believed they would be attacked, that they would immediately come after us,” Rubio said.

The claim that Cuba’s reported preparations make the island a threat to US security “is a lie—with purpose,” said David Adler, co-general coordinator of Progressive International.

Marco Rubio and his stenographers at Axios are manufacturing consent for the invasion of Cuba,” said Adler. “To fall for this flimsy propaganda is to fail the most basic test of civic literacy. And the stakes are millions of Cuban lives off our coast.”



Rubio, the son of Cuban immigrants, has long sought regime change in the socialist country.

Axios’ reporting came days after CIA Director John Ratcliffe traveled to Cuba to pressure officials into complying with US demands, likely including political and economic reforms, heightening fears that the US could be planning a military attack unless the country complies.

White House officials also told CBS News Friday that the Department of Justice is preparing to criminally indict former Cuban President Raúl Castro for shooting down planes that belonged to a US group that had flown into Cuba’s airspace in the 1990s. In January, US forces invaded Venezuela and abducted President Nicolás Maduro, bringing him to the US where he was charged with drug trafficking, and pleaded not guilty.

Former Obama administration staffer and Pod Save America co-host Tommy Vietor said Sunday that “lots of signals pointing towards an imminent US regime change operation against Cuba.”

“The latest,” he said of the Axios article, “is this blatant effort to launder a pretext for war through the media.”

Wednesday, May 13, 2026

Donald J. Trump Is Not a Member of the KKK—But He Sure Sounds Like One


For Trump there is absolutely no contradiction between white supremacy and the unabashed celebration of American patriotism.



Jeffrey C. Isaac
May 12, 2026
Common Dreams


“The American patriots who pledged their lives to independence in 1776 were the heirs to this majestic inheritance. Their veins ran with Anglo-Saxon courage. Their hearts beat with an English faith in standing firm for what is right, good, and true. In recent years, we’ve often heard it said that America is merely an idea, but the cause of freedom did not simply appear as an intellectual invention of 1776. The American founding was the culmination of hundreds of years of thought, struggle, sweat, blood, and sacrifice on both sides of the Atlantic.” —President Donald Trump, greeting British King Charles on April 28, 2026.

“The Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the Gettysburg Address are descendants of the Magna Charta— supreme symbols of Anglo-Saxon souls striving for freedom, justice, and humanity. Anglo-Saxons established this Nation, wrote its code, and sent their sons into the wilderness to gather fresh stars for the flag. . . . The making of America is fundamentally an Anglo-Saxon achievement. Anglo-Saxons brains have guided the course of the Republic. Our ideals are Anglo-Saxon, our social traditions, our standards of honor, our quality of imagination, and our indomitability.” —from “Americans Take Heed! Scum O’ The Melting Pot,” a 1921 KKK pamphlet.


Donald Trump’s most recent contribution to his year-long “America 250” celebration was truly bizarre, with British King Charles somehow serving as a symbol of the heritage for which the American Revolution was fought. That Trump simultaneously posted a photo of the two leaders, under the heading “Two Kings,” only added to the weirdness. But, as Jonathan Chait has noted, along with many others, accompanying the weirdness was something dark and dangerous—the idea that the US is an “Anglo Saxon” nation, and that the idea of “freedom” announced in the Declaration of Independence is a White, Anglo-Saxon, and Protestant idea that is “alien” to “alien” peoples and cultures.

It was thus interesting that on the same day that he feted King Charles with encomiums to their common Anglo-Saxon heritage, Trump also announced his new “America 250” commemorative passport, featuring on one side an enormous drawing of his head against the background of the Declaration, and on the other the famous John Turnbull painting of the Continental Congress. Trump’s Kim Jong Un impression notwithstanding, it is entirely fitting that he would commemorate his “America 250” vision with a passport, for the policing of borders, long with the massive campaign of immigrant kidnapping, AKA/detention, and deportation, are the hallmarks of his administration.

Trump made this commitment clear while speaking at the Republican National Convention and accepting the party’s presidential nomination on July 19, 2024, reiterating what he has been saying for well over a decade:
The greatest invasion in history is taking place right here in our country. They are coming in from every corner of the earth, not just from South America, but from Africa, Asia, Middle East. They’re coming from everywhere. They’re coming at levels that we’ve never seen before. It is an invasion indeed, and this administration does absolutely nothing to stop them. They’re coming from prisons. They’re coming from jails. They’re coming from mental institutions and insane asylums. I, you know the press is always on because I say this. Has anyone seen “The Silence of the Lambs”? The late, great Hannibal Lecter. He’d love to have you for dinner. That’s insane asylums. They’re emptying out their insane asylums. And terrorists at numbers that we’ve never seen before. Bad things are going to happen.


The Trump administration’s violent and sometimes murderous assaults on Los Angeles, Chicago, Memphis, Washington, D.C., and especially Minneapolis, began only months ago and continue still, even if in less obtrusive ways. Mass deportation is simply one element of a much broader attack on refugees and immigrants. Last November, Trump’s Department of Homeland Security announced a total ban on reviewing asylum applications. Common Dreams reports that “Not a single refugee who isn’t a white South African has been legally resettled in the United States since October, according to the State Department’s most recent arrivals report.” Meanwhile, Trump continues to disparage Somalia, its people, and Rep. Ilhan Omar (D-Minn.) in viciously racist ways, recently doubling down on his vile 2018 comment:
Why is it we only take people from shithole countries, right? Why can’t we have some people from Norway, Sweden – just a few – let us have a few. From Denmark – do you mind sending us a few people? Send us some nice people, do you mind? But we always take people from Somalia. Places that are a disaster, right? Filthy, dirty, disgusting, ridden with crime.


For Trump, there is absolutely no contradiction between white supremacy and the unabashed celebration of American patriotism. It sometimes seems as if he is single-handedly trying to validate the most radical versions of the “critical race theories” that he hates, personifying a past, and present, of exultant White supremacy.

Trump is hardly the first White supremacist to occupy the White House. And yet, in a sense, his every move confirms what Ta-Nehisi Coates observed back in 2017, in labeling him “The First White President.” “To Trump, whiteness is neither notional nor symbolic but is the very core of his power,” Coates argued. “In this, Trump is not singular. But whereas his forebears carried whiteness like an ancestral talisman, Trump cracked the glowing amulet open, releasing its eldritch energies.”

While Trump has many ideological predecessors—George Wallace springs immediately to mind—one has to go back an entire century, and to a perhaps unexpected place, to locate a public figure who so powerfully conjoins racism and xenophobia.

Back in May of 1926, the North American Review--founded by Boston Brahmin intellectuals in 1815, and widely considered the first significant literary magazine published in the US—featured just such a figure: Hiram Wesley Evans, the Vanderbilt University-educated author of a substantial, 30-page essay entitled “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism.” Evans was an up and coming public figure seeking to promote the restoration of American Greatness. He was also the Imperial Wizard and Emperor of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK). And his essay, described by the editors as an “authoritative paper on the Ku Klux Klan by the foremost representative of that Order,” inaugurated a symposium featuring essays by four “writers of national authority”: Martin J. Scott, S.J.; Rev. Dr. Joseph Silverman, Rabbi Emeritus, Temple Emmanu-el, New York; W. E. Burghart Du Bois, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People; and William Starr Myers, Professor of Politics, Princeton University.

It may seem surprising that such an eminent journal would feature a serious symposium on the KKK centered on a substantial essay by its “Imperial Wizard and Emperor.” But indeed, the KKK—boosted by the 1915 release of D.W. Griffith’s “The Birth of a Nation,” whose legendary ending featured the glorious rescue of vulnerable Whites by heroic Klansmen on horseback—had just experienced a rebirth under the leadership of William J. Simmons. Simmons was a vicious racist. He was also a patriot, and he dedicated his organization to the “sublime principles of a pure Americanism,” and declaring that “[T]he Klan is a purely American organization assembled around the Constitution of the United States, to safeguard its provisions, advance its purposes, and perpetuate its democracy.”

As Linda Gordon notes in her 2017 classic, The Second Coming of the KKK, by the 1920’s the Klan was a nationally important organization whose reach extended far beyond the South and claimed between 4 to 6 million members. More important: “the 1920’s Klan’s program was embraced by millions who were not members, possibly even a majority of Americans. Far from appearing disreputable or extreme in its ideology, the 1920’s Klan seemed ordinary and respectable to its contemporaries.” Over the course of the decade, it elected governors in Indiana, Oklahoma, Oregon, Colorado, and Texas., and exerted influence in a range of other states from Ohio and Michigan to New York.

The organization was particularly strong in Indiana, where in the mid-1920’s it claimed both the state’s governor and a majority of both houses of the General Assembly. Gordon indeed opens her book by describing a 1923 Fourth of July Klan celebration that attracted thousands of supporters in Kokomo, Indiana, and which featured a speech by Indiana Grand Dragon D.C. Stephenson. The speech—entitled not “Why We Hate Blacks, Catholics, and Jews” but rather “Back to the Constitution”—declared: “We always had governed ourselves, and we always meant to. . . The American Revolution was fought for principles of self-government…then embodied in a federal constitution the like of which man never seen, are sacred now as they were then.”)



By 1923, Hiram Wesley Evans had been named Imperial Wizard of the Klan, supplanting Simmons and initiating a campaign to raise the profile and advance the political influence of the Klan. “The Klan’s Fight for Americanism” was, in effect, his vision statement. And its parallels with the rhetoric of Trump’s MAGA movement are chilling.

Evans begins by noting that while in 1915 the nation was “in the confusion of sudden awakening from the lovely dream of the melting pot, disorganized and helpless before the invasion of aliens and alien ideas. After ten years of the Klan, it is in arms for defense . . . ” The Klan, he insists, is dedicated above all to “the idea of preserving and developing America first and chiefly for the benefit of the children of the pioneers who made America, and only and definitely along the lines of the purpose and spirit of those pioneers.”

According to Evans, the Klan hates no one, and simply seeks to protect the American homeland from invaders who threaten true Americans: “We are a protest movement—protesting against being robbed . . . our great cities . . . taken over by strangers . . . the Nordic American is today a stranger in large parts of the land his fathers gave him.”

And while Evans denounces the alien hordes, he also blames “liberals” (also referred to as “Mongrelized liberals”) for the civilizational crisis at hand, insisting that liberalism “provided no defense against the alien invasion, but instead has excused it—even defended it against Americanism. Liberalism is today charged in the mind of most Americans with nothing less than national, racial, and spiritual treason.”

As America is being besieged by enemies without and within, he insists that “the Klan alone faces the invader . . . the Klan is the champion, but it is not merely an organization. It is an idea, a faith, a purpose, an organized crusade,” one that indeed has “won the leadership in the movement for Americanism.” Standing firmly “against radicalism, cosmopolitanism, and alienism of all kinds,” Evans insists that the Klan alone stands for American Greatness without apologies: “We believe, in short, that we have the right to make America American and for Americans.”

The anticipations of Trump here are striking.

Trump does not explicitly denounce Catholics, Jews, Asians, and Blacks in the manner of Evans and his turn of the 20th century Klansmen, nor does he invoke the language of “Nordic” racial superiority in the manner of Evans, who praises “the instincts of loyalty to the white race, to the traditions of America, and to the spirit of Protestantism, which has been an essential part of Americanism ever since the days of Roanoke and Plymouth Rock. They are condensed into the Klan slogan: ‘Native, white, Protestant supremacy.’”

And yet, minus the reference to “instincts of loyalty to the white race,” it is easy to imagine Trump speaking in much the same way. The distinction between real, Anglo-Saxon Americans and aliens; the contempt for people of color; the obsession with stemming a literal alien invasion; the representation of liberals and radicals as traitors to the nation—these are the core themes of Trumpism.

Trump does not wear a white robe and pointy white hat, or claim to be a Grand Wizard, or burn crosses, or talk of Nordic racial superiority. He does display a remarkable solicitude for tiki torch-bearing neo-Nazis, Confederate battle flag carriers, violent Three Percenters, and Proud Boy insurrectionists.

But Trump is no Klansman. He is the twice-elected President of the United States. And yet his defensive, xenophobic, and frankly reactionary vision of “Americanism” bears a striking resemblance to the vision put forward a century ago by the Klan—a group whose ideology was, and is, closer to the center of American politics than we might like to believe.


Contributor’s note: I would like to thank Robert Orsi and Bob Ivie for their comments on this piece.



Our work is licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). Feel free to republish and share widely.


Jeffrey C. Isaac
Jeffrey C. Isaac is James H. Rudy Professor of Political Science at Indiana University, Bloomington. His books include: "Democracy in Dark Times"(1998); "The Poverty of Progressivism: The Future of American Democracy in a Time of Liberal Decline" (2003), and "Arendt, Camus, and Modern Rebellion" (1994).
Full Bio >

Wednesday, May 06, 2026

How Human Ecology Shapes Social Democracy – Analysis


May 5, 2026 
By Sandra Ericson


Human ecology offers a framework for understanding how social systems in Nordic countries and New York shape participation, trust, and collective well-being.

The United States is a nation of extraordinary wealth and extraordinary contradiction. Tens of millions of Americans live in material insecurity, while aggregate wealth continues to expand. Institutional trust remains fragile, and the systems meant to deliver stability—healthcare, housing, education—often do so unevenly. These are not random misfortunes. They are the predictable outcomes of a social order organized in particular ways, reflecting deeper assumptions about how individuals relate to one another and to the systems that govern their lives. The education system, in particular, can serve as a compass for shaping social systems.

Human ecology offers a way to understand these patterns and systems. It is the study of the relationship between human beings and the totality of their environment—biological, social, economic, and cultural. It asks not only what policies exist but also how entire systems of life are structured and how those structures shape human possibility over time. Culture does not merely influence human development abstractly—it shapes the brain at the neural level, organizing the architecture of attention, emotion regulation, moral reasoning, and social perception in patterns that persist into adulthood.

This perspective helps explain why Nordic societies have developed high levels of trust, equality, and social cohesion, while the United States continues to struggle with fragmentation and inequality. It also helps illuminate why new political movements in American cities are beginning to resonate with community-based ideas rooted in interdependence and shared well-being. The Global Bildung Network continues to connect educators, policymakers, and institutions working to integrate human development, civic participation, and social welfare into public life.

Human Ecology and the Foundations of Social Democracy

Nordic schools are not primarily understood as preparation for the labor market; they are understood as arenas for civic and human formation within the Bildung tradition of folk education. There, every student matters equally because society’s interest in every child is equal. American schools, by contrast, have long carried the dual burden of democratic aspiration and industrial sorting—simultaneously promising equality of opportunity while structuring themselves to reproduce economic hierarchy. This duality has become increasingly visible over time and shapes how educational systems function today.

Human ecology makes the structure underlying these outcomes visible. It frames individuals not as isolated actors, but as participants embedded within multiple, interacting systems—families, schools, economies, and governments—that shape their development and their life chances. From this perspective, social outcomes are not incidental. They are produced by the alignment—or misalignment—of these systems. Human communities flourish or fail based on how equitably they distribute resources, opportunity, and care.

Human ecology is the study of the relationship between human beings and the totality of their environment—biological, social, economic, and cultural. When applied in educational settings, it integrates this understanding into lived learning, allowing students to see how individual choices and collective systems interact in real time. Critically, this learning is experiential—lessons are lived in classroom and lab settings, not merely memorized—allowing students to understand interdependence as a practical reality rather than an abstract principle.

It cultivates what might be called ecological citizenship: the understanding that personal well-being and collective well-being are not competing values, but deeply entwined.

The Formative Window

The single most well-established finding in the science of human development is that childhood, from birth through adolescence, is the period during which the brain is most neuroplastic and most receptive to the values, habits of mind, and social identities that will define the person across a lifetime. Culture does not merely influence child development abstractly—it shapes the brain at the neural level, organizing the architecture of attention, emotion regulation, moral reasoning, and social perception in patterns that persist into adulthood.

These are not lessons that are easily replicated later in life. They gradually solidify into the cognitive and emotional infrastructure of the adult self, preparing it for independent living. This is one of the primary mechanisms by which cultures are formed. In this sense, efforts to cultivate more humanistic, ecologically grounded, and democratically oriented cultures are shaped in early life, through the thousands of daily interactions in which a child learns what kind of world they inhabit and what kind of person they are expected to become.

The Nordic Proof of Concept


This educational concept has been tested and validated across more than 150 years of Nordic history. The Nordic countries today rank among the world’s most equal, most trusting, and most consistently happy societies: Finland, Denmark, Iceland, Sweden, and Norway hold top spots in the 2025 World Happiness Report, and Denmark, Norway, and Finland rank first, fourth, and fifth, respectively, on the U.S. News Quality of Life Index. Citizens in Norway work an average of 27 hours per week and enjoy universal healthcare, free university tuition, and generous parental leave. These social outcomes were built over generations, beginning with a revolution in their education system. These developments also unfolded within relatively high-trust, socially cohesive societies, where shared norms and institutional continuity reinforced their effects over time. Norway’s 1936 Folk School Reform reflects the revolution’s long-term benefits for all the Nordic countries.

The 19th-century Danish theologian, poet, and philosopher Nikolai Frederik Severin Grundtvig watched an uneducated peasantry enter the democratic era unprepared for self-governance and concluded that no amount of Latin grammar or classical instruction would equip ordinary people for citizenship. What they needed was Bildung—a living education grounded in history, culture, and civic life. In 1844, the first folkehøjskole (folk high school) opened in Denmark, embodying this vision: no grades, no degrees, no formal credentials, but open discussion and treating every student as a whole person capable of self-directed growth. The schools spread rapidly across Scandinavia, becoming vital nodes in the labor movement, in cooperative economic organizing, and in the broad project of building participatory democracy from the ground up.


Bildung did not remain in the schools. Within five years of constitutional reforms in Norway, educational reforms followed, and when social democratic labor parties rose to power across Scandinavia in the 1930s, education reform was listed as a top priority alongside democratic rights and equal justice. Citizen-building didn’t stay in the schools but also became part of“third spaces” across towns throughout the region. By 1974, Norway’s curriculum had been reformed into an educational system designed for democracy. It imposed legal obligations on teachers to cultivate open-minded, participatory attitudes in their students. The result was not only a policy change but also a civilizational shift toward becoming a society that has learned, across generations, to govern itself from the inside out.

Finland today exemplifies this legacy in its educational outcomes. All Finnish teachers hold master’s degrees and are selected from the top third of university graduates. Despite spending 23 percent less per student than the United States—$11,212 annually versus $14,321—Finland ranks 8th globally in education, while the United States ranks 31st. When Finland first led the international PISA assessments in 2000, it did so with a school-to-school variance of only 8 percent—meaning even its weakest schools produced capable, flourishing students. The United States, by contrast, exhibits severe achievement gaps stratified by race and socioeconomic status, firmly structured into the education system by its reliance on local property-tax funding that concentrates resources in wealthy communities and starves poor ones.

The Roots of American Educational Failure

Understanding why American education has consistently failed to cultivate democratic, humanistic citizens in so many schools requires excavating its historical foundations. Horace Mann, the “father of American public education,” built the public school system influenced by three powerful forces: the emerging industrial age needing to grow a disciplined workforce; Calvinist Protestant theology, which prioritized moral self-regulation and hard work, deferring the benefits until later; and liberalism, which believed that civic life required literate, law-abiding citizens. Mann drew his structural model directly from Prussian compulsory schooling—a system designed by the Prussian state to produce obedient, productive subjects for industrial and military order. He imported its logic to Massachusetts and centralized oversight, standardized the curriculum, made attendance compulsory, and instituted professional teacher training through what were called the ‘normal’ schools.

Crucially, Mann also saw the public school as a mechanism of social control—a means of absorbing waves of Catholic immigrants, suppressing labor radicalism, and instilling in working-class children values of deference and non-rebellion. His 1848 Annual Report explicitly argued that common schooling would protect property and social order by shaping children before they could develop dangerous political consciousness. This ideological heritage—a confluence of religious orthodoxy, industrial capitalist requirements, and social order management—has never been fully transcended in the American educational tradition. It explains the persistent emphasis on rote learning, standardized measurement, competitive individual performance, and workforce preparation that defines American schooling today, and its persistent failure to cultivate the cooperative, democratic, and holistic civic formation that Grundtvig’s Bildung offered the Nordic countries.

The contrast in governing philosophy is notable. Where the Nordic model asks whether a child is flourishing as a full human being, the American model predominantly asks whether a student is meeting government benchmarks—a question shaped more by industrial production logic than by a broader philosophy of human development. The result is a society that produces workers and consumers far more reliably than it produces citizens engaged in shaping their own social and economic conditions.

The Transformation Only Education Can Deliver

Human ecology programs in U.S. public K–12 schools could address several of these systemic gaps. Graduates of a human ecology curriculum would enter adulthood with the tools to understand and navigate the local, state, and national systems shaping their lives and to recognize inequality as structural rather than natural. The social democratic principles at the curriculum’s core—such as interdependence, shared responsibility, equitable resource distribution—would be taught not as an ideology but as lived experience, practiced daily from kindergarten through high school graduation.

This concept gained national attention in the 1970s when Urie Bronfenbrenner at Cornell University began formalizing his human ecological model and presented its fullest early statement in his 1979 book, The Ecology of Human Development, which quickly influenced thinking about how programs and policies shape children’s environments. His work on Head Startin the 1960s and his later ecological systems theory framed laws, institutions, and social programs as broad national systems that powerfully shaped everyday settings like families and schools. He set up a template through the College of Human Ecology at Cornell University to enable and support multi‑level policy-thinking.

Bronfenbrenner’s model shifted thinking about both policy and human lives by showing how human development is shaped—from families and schools to workplaces, communities, and national culture. It contributed to ecological policy design by showing that laws, institutions, and social programs at the “outer” levels filter down into everyday settings, aligning across multiple levels rather than focusing only on individuals. For understanding human life, his policy template reframes people not as isolated actors but as players embedded in many dynamic systems over time, highlighting how historical events, economic cycles, and long‑term stress or support accumulate to influence people’s life chances and well‑being.

On the climate crisis, the case is especially compelling. Young people educated in place-based civic science, who learn to understand their local environment as a shared commons and connect it to global ecological challenges, develop what researchers identify as “a sense of belonging to something larger than themselves,” which buffers against despair and builds agency. Studies of adolescents engaged in environmental civic action confirm that collective, place-based learning builds young people’s conviction that coordinated effort can actually address the climate emergency. This kind of psychological agency is a key precondition for the political will that meaningful climate action requires, and it tends to emerge through sustained, lived learning rather than short-term messaging. It must be cultivated in schools, in schools where Human Ecology programs are core.

Learning environments that help students trace violence and inequality to structural exclusion and systemic forces cancan equip them with deeper analytical tools. Children educated to think ecologically understand that their prosperity is not in competition with others’—that the degradation of any part of the human system weakens the whole. On health, the effects are generational: because lessons are lived daily in family and community practice, socially beneficial values and healthy habits compound across generations, reducing the staggering medical and social costs the United States pays for homelessness, incarceration, public assistance, and social and civic fragmentation. Preventing these outcomes upstream is often more effective than addressing them after they emerge.

The Seed and the Harvest


History suggests that cultures do not change in election cycles. The Nordic countries did not become the world’s most equal and most genuinely democratic societies because of a single election or a single policy. They developed along this trajectory over generations, beginning with Grundtvig’s folk high schools in the 1840s, which emphasized education oriented toward cooperation, participation, and shared civic life. These developments also unfolded within relatively high-trust, socially cohesive societies, where shared norms and institutional continuity reinforced their effects over time. That orientation was formalized in law, education, and in the habits of civic life for more than a century. Its results, in happiness, health, equality, and democratic vitality, are widely recognized.

Mayor Zohran Mamdani’s New York is telling America that hunger for a better life exists in their city, too. Voters who turned out for free transit and rent freezes were not merely voting for policies; they were voting for a vision of life organized around human dignity and mutual responsibility. His election reflects a broader response to what American possibility might mean under changing conditions. But that vision cannot rest on a single gifted mayor. It requires a generation of citizens, educated to understand why it is right, why it works, and how to build it—not as followers of a charismatic leader, but as people who have known since childhood that they belong to one another.

The capacity to build such systems depends on how societies cultivate an understanding of interdependence, participation, and shared responsibility over time. These capacities are shaped across multiple domains—education, institutions, and civic life—rather than through any single reform. Planted early, these capacities can grow across generations. The children learning within these systems are not simply participants in the present—they are the conditions of the future. The question is not whether change is possible, but whether the systems that produce it are cultivated with intention.


Author Bio: Sandra Ericson is an author and retired educator. She chaired the Consumer Arts and Science Department at City College of San Franciscofor nearly three decades. She is a contributor to the Observatory.

Credit Line: This article was produced by Earth | Food | Life, a project of the Independent Media Institute. It is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0).