California shellfish farmers adapt to climate change

San Diego State University and Oregon State University researchers probe growers’ strategies for keeping the sustainable industry resilient as oceans turn more acidic

Peer-Reviewed Publication

SAN DIEGO STATE UNIVERSITY

 

IMAGE: SHELLFISH GROWERS AT HOG ISLAND OYSTER FARM IN TOMALES BAY, NORTHERN CALIFORNIA. view more 

CREDIT: COURTESY OF REMY HALE/HOG ISLAND OYSTER CO.

Because of their proximity to the ocean, Californians get to enjoy locally-sourced oysters, mussels, abalone and clams. Most of the shellfish consumed here come from aquaculture farms along the coast — from San Diego to Humboldt County. And because the animals are filter feeders that siphon tiny plankton out of seawater, growing them is environmentally sustainable. 

But due to rising greenhouse gas emissions, the ocean has become more acidic, conditions hostile to shellfish growth.

“There have been calls across the state and across the U.S. to increase aquaculture output because it's so sustainable. But then at the same time, it's a very vulnerable industry,” said Melissa Ward, a postdoctoral fellow at San Diego State University. 

In a new study, SDSU and Oregon State University researchers interviewed California shellfish growers to find out how they perceive ocean acidification, and to learn what strategies they think will help their operations adapt to changing environmental conditions. 

“This study is fairly unique in that we're getting information directly from the people who are being affected by change and learning directly from their experiences,” said geographer Arielle Levine, director of the sustainability program in SDSU’s College of Arts and Letters.. 

Ward added: “They're on the front lines of observing climate change and they also are going to be most well-suited to describe what they think they need to adapt to those changes.”

Growing threat

Burning coal, oil and natural gas emits carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. About a third of that CO2 is absorbed by the ocean, reducing pH levels. 

As the water becomes more acidic, the calcium carbonate shellfish need for their shells is less abundant.

“And so they're basically running out of building blocks to build shell with,” said Ward. “And that can be particularly challenging for a very very small shellfish that’s just forming.” 

Most shellfish are spawned in land-based hatcheries. When they’re about the size of a fingernail, they’re moved to floating nurseries in the ocean. 

“And at that point, they're just sort of subjected to whatever conditions and whatever food floats by in the water,” said Ward.

If the water is acidic, the baby shellfish may grow more slowly, or even die, making it harder for aquaculture farms to remain viable. 

Strategies for adaptation

Interviews with shellfish growers revealed that while they are concerned about the impact of ocean acidification on their operations, they often lack the scientific instrumentation to know when it’s happening.

Growers also worry about other environmental threats such as warmer water, heavy rainfall and pollution — which all contribute to the spread of marine diseases — as well as toxic algal blooms. 

“Sometimes, growers would lose 90, 100% of their shellfish in a given area, and they won't really know why,” said Ward. “It's sort of a story of multiple stressors;  you can imagine a time when the water is particularly warm or there's a rainfall event, and ultimately you may reach a tipping point that the shellfish in the water just can't remain resilient to.”

Many growers said they need access to scientific resources to pinpoint the environmental factors involved in large die-off events, and to potentially prevent them. 

Policy change

All of the shellfish growers felt that regulatory and permitting requirements for shellfish operations need to be adjusted to respond to the rapidly changing environment. For example, it might be wise to diversify a shellfish operation by growing a new species that is better adapted to ocean acidification. But obtaining the required permits for that can be onerous.

“California is likely the hardest state to get a permit for shellfish aquaculture, which is seemingly at odds with the messaging that's coming down from the top,” Ward said. While state leaders recognize that shellfish aquaculture is sustainable and an opportunity for economic growth, it can take years and hundreds of thousands of dollars for a grower to obtain a permit for a new species. “And they just can't afford that time and money,” she added. 

“We need to maintain the environmental protections that we have in California, but if we really want the industry to be resilient to environmental change, we have to kind of allow for flexibility in farm management.”

Another adaptive strategy identified by shellfish growers was a need for more networking opportunities — not only with other growers, but also with managers, scientists and policymakers — to share information and best practices for adapting to environmental change.

The study is published in the journal Ocean & Coastal Management. The researchers hope it will serve as a roadmap for improving the resilience of the aquaculture industry in California. 

“This work really draws a connection between environmental change that's happening and will continue to happen, and how that's not just affecting the species in the ocean, but also the people who rely on these species,” said Levine.

 

###

 

About San Diego State University 

San Diego State University is a major public research institution that provides transformative experiences for its more than 36,000 students. SDSU offers bachelor’s degrees in 96 areas, master’s degrees in 84 fields and doctorates in 23 areas, with additional certificates and programs at regional microsites. SDSU ranks as the number 1 California State University in federal research support, as one of the top public research universities in California. In addition to academic offerings at SDSU, SDSU Imperial Valley and SDSU Georgia, SDSU Global Campus offers online training, certificates and degrees in areas of study designed to meet the needs of students everywhere. Students participate in transformational research, international experiences, sustainability and entrepreneurship initiatives, internships and mentoring, and a broad range of student life and leadership opportunities. SDSU is committed to inclusive excellence and is known for its efforts in advancing diversity and inclusion. SDSU is nationally recognized for its study abroad initiatives, veterans’ programs and support of LGBTQA+ students, as well as its powerhouse Division I Athletics Program. About 50% of SDSU’s undergraduate and graduate students are students of color. The university resides on Kumeyaay land and was most recently recognized as an Asian American Native American Pacific Islander-Serving Institution (AANAPISI). SDSU is also a long-standing Hispanic-Serving Institution (HSI). The university’s rich campus life and location offers opportunities for students to lead and engage with the creative and performing arts, career and internship opportunities with SDSU’s more than 491,000 living alumni, and the vibrant cultural life of the greater San Diego and U.S.- Mexico region.

 

---

JOURNAL

Ocean & Coastal Management

DOI

10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106155 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Survey

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

California shellfish farmers: Perceptions of changing ocean conditions and strategies for adaptive capacity

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

16-May-2022

COI STATEMENT

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acoustic sensors pinpoint shooters in urban setting #ASA182

Modeling and optimizing sensor networks for a specific environment will help missions narrow in on shooter locations

Reports and Proceedings

ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

 

IMAGE: LUISA STILL, OF SENSOR DATA AND INFORMATION FUSION, WILL DISCUSS THE IMPORTANT FACTORS IN DETERMINING SHOOTER LOCALIZATION ACCURACY AT THE 182ND ASA MEETING. view more 

CREDIT: LUISA STILL

DENVER, May 23, 2022 – During a gunshot, two sound events occur: the muzzle blast and the supersonic shock wave. Acoustic sensors, such as single or arrays of microphones, can capture these sounds and use them to approximate the location of a shooter.

As part of the 182nd Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America at the Sheraton Denver Downtown Hotel, Luisa Still, of Sensor Data and Information Fusion, will discuss the important factors in determining shooter localization accuracy. Her presentation, "Prediction of shooter localization accuracy in an urban environment," will take place May 23 at 12:45 p.m. Eastern U.S.

In an urban setting, buildings or other obstacles can reflect, refract, and absorb sound waves. The combination of these effects can severely impact the accuracy of shooter localization. Preemptively predicting this accuracy is crucial for mission planning in urban environments, because it can inform the necessary number of sensors and their requirements and positions.

Still and her team used geometric considerations to model acoustic sensor measurements. This modeling, combined with information on sensor characteristics, the sensor-to-shooter geometry, and the urban environment, allowed them to calculate a prediction of localization accuracy.

"In our approach, the prediction can be interpreted as an ellipse-shaped area around the true shooter location," said Still. "The smaller the ellipse-shaped area, the higher the expected localization accuracy."

The group compared their accuracy prediction to experimental performance under various geometries, weapons, and sensor types. The localization accuracy depended significantly on the sensor-to-shooter geometry and the shooting direction with respect to the sensor network. The smaller the distance between the shooting line and a sensor, the more accurate they could be with their prediction of the source. Adding more sensors increased the accuracy but had diminishing returns after a certain point.

"Each urban environment is too individual (e.g., in terms of layout, building types, vegetation) to make a general recommendation for a sensor set up," said Still. "This is where our research comes in. We can use our approach to recommend the best possible setup with the highest accuracy for a given location or area."

###

----------------------- MORE MEETING INFORMATION -----------------------

USEFUL LINKS

Main meeting website: https://acousticalsociety.org/asa-meetings/  
Technical program: https://eventpilotadmin.com/web/planner.php?id=ASASPRING22  
Press Room: https://acoustics.org/world-wide-press-room/

WORLDWIDE PRESS ROOM

In the coming weeks, ASA's Worldwide Press Room will be updated with additional tips on dozens of newsworthy stories and with lay language papers, which are 300 to 500 word summaries of presentations written by scientists for a general audience and accompanied by photos, audio and video. You can visit the site during the meeting at http://acoustics.org/world-wide-press-room/.

PRESS REGISTRATION

We will grant free registration to credentialed journalists and professional freelance journalists. If you are a reporter and would like to attend, contact AIP Media Services at media@aip.org.  For urgent requests, staff at media@aip.org can also help with setting up interviews and obtaining images, sound clips, or background information.

ABOUT THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA

The Acoustical Society of America (ASA) is the premier international scientific society in acoustics devoted to the science and technology of sound. Its 7,000 members worldwide represent a broad spectrum of the study of acoustics. ASA publications include The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America (the world's leading journal on acoustics), JASA Express Letters, Proceedings of Meetings on Acoustics, Acoustics Today magazine, books, and standards

###

Diamond mirrors for high-powered lasers

Diamonds can withstand the heat from high-powered, continuous beam lasers

Peer-Reviewed Publication

HARVARD JOHN A. PAULSON SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCES

 

IMAGE: ILLUSTRATION OF A HIGH-POWERED CONTINUOUS LASER HITTING NANOSTRUCTURES ON A DIAMOND MIRROR. view more 

CREDIT: (CREDIT: LONCAR LAB/HARVARD SEAS)

Just about every car, train and plane that’s been built since 1970 has been manufactured using high-power lasers that shoot a continuous beam of light. These lasers are strong enough to cut steel, precise enough to perform surgery, and powerful enough to carry messages into deep space. They are so powerful, in fact, that it’s difficult to engineer resilient and long-lasting components that can control the powerful beams the lasers emit. 

Today, most mirrors used to direct the beam in high-power continuous wave (CW) lasers are made by layering thin coatings of materials with different optical properties. But if there is even one, tiny defect in any of the layers, the powerful laser beam will burn through, causing the whole device to fail. 

If you could make a mirror out of a single material, it would significantly reduce the likelihood of defects and increase the lifespan of the laser. But what material would be strong enough?

Now, researchers at the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) have built a mirror out of one of the strongest materials on the planet: diamond. By etching nanostructures onto the surface of a thin sheet of diamond, the research team built a highly reflective mirror that withstood, without damage, experiments with a 10-kilowatt Navy laser. 

"Our one-material mirror approach eliminates the thermal stress issues that are detrimental to conventional mirrors, formed by multi-material stacks, when they are irradiated with large optical powers,” said Marko Loncar, the Tiantsai Lin Professor of Electrical Engineering at SEAS and senior author of the paper. “This approach has potential to improve or create new applications of high-power lasers.” 

The research is published in Nature Communications. 

Loncar’s Laboratory for Nanoscale Optics originally developed the technique to etch nanoscale structures into diamonds for applications in quantum optics and communications. 

“We thought, why not use what we developed for quantum applications and use it for something more classical,” said Haig Atikian, a former graduate student and postdoctoral fellow at SEAS and first author of the paper. 

Using this technique, which uses an ion beam to etch the diamond, the researchers sculpted an array of golf-tee shaped columns on the surface on a 3-milimeter by 3-milimeter diamond sheet. The shape of the golf tees, wide on top and skinny on the bottom, makes the surface of the diamond 98.9% reflective. 

“You can make reflectors that are 99.999% reflective but those have 10-20 layers, which is fine for low power laser but certainly wouldn’t be able to withstand high powers,” said Neil Sinclair, a research scientist at SEAS and co-author of the paper. 

To test the mirror with a high-power laser, the team turned to collaborators at the Pennsylvania State University Applied Research Laboratory, a Department of Defense designated U.S. Navy University Affiliated Research Center.

There, in a specially designed room that is locked to prevent dangerous levels of laser light from seeping out and blinding or burning those in the adjacent room, the researchers put their mirror in front of a 10-kilowatt laser, strong enough to burn through steel.  

The mirror emerged unscathed. 

“The selling point with this research is that we had a 10-kilowatt laser focused down into a 750-micron spot on a 3-by-3-millimeter diamond, which is a lot of energy focused down on a very small spot, and we didn’t burn it,” said Atikian. “This is important because as laser systems become more and more power hungry, you need to come up with creative ways to make the optical components more robust.”

In the future, the researchers envision these mirrors being used for defense applications, semiconductor manufacturing, industrial manufacturing, and deep space communications. The approach could also be used in less expensive materials, such as fused silica. 

Harvard OTD has protected the intellectual property associated with this project and is exploring the commercialization opportunities.

The research was co-authored by Pawel Latawiec, Xiao Xiong, Srujan Meesala, Scarlett Gauthier, Daniel Wintz, Joseph Randi, David Bernot, Sage DeFrances, Jeffrey Thomas, Michael Roman, Sean Durrant and Federico Capasso, the Robert L. Wallace Professor of Applied Physics and Vinton Hayes Senior Research Fellow in Electrical Engineering at SEAS. 

This research was performed in part at the Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS), a member of the National Nanotechnology Coordinated Infrastructure Network (NNCI), which is supported by the National Science Foundation under NSF award no. 1541959. It was supported in part by the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (MURI, grant FA9550-14-1-0389), the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA, W31P4Q-15-1-0013), STC Center for Integrated Quantum Materials and NSF Grant No. DMR-1231319.

---

JOURNAL

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s41467-022-30335-2 

CAPTION

Zoomed SEM image of the mirror (Credit: Loncar Lab/Harvard SEAS)

CREDIT

(Credit: Loncar Lab/Harvard SEAS)

Skydiving salamanders live in world's tallest trees

Salamander living in redwoods is able to maneuver in freefall, suggesting adaptation to living at heights

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - BERKELEY

 

IMAGE: THE WANDERING SALAMANDER, ANEIDES VAGRANS, IS ABOUT 4 INCHES (10 CENTIMETERS) LONG AND LIVES ITS ENTIRE LIFE IN THE CROWNS OF REDWOOD TREES MORE THAN 150 FEET ABOVE THE GROUND. RESEARCHERS DISCOVERED THAT IT HAS ADAPTED TO ITS HIGH-RISE LIFESTYLE BY DEVELOPING THE ABILITY TO PARACHUTE AND GLIDE WHEN FALLING. view more 

CREDIT: CHRISTIAN BROWN

Salamanders that live their entire lives in the crowns of the world's tallest trees, California's coast redwoods, have evolved a behavior well-adapted to the dangers of falling from high places: the ability to parachute, glide and maneuver in mid-air.

Flying squirrels, not to mention numerous species of gliding frogs, geckos, and ants and other insects, are known to use similar aerial maneuvers when jumping from tree to tree or when falling, so as to remain in the trees and avoid landing on the ground.

Similarly, the researchers suspect that this salamander's skydiving skills are a way to steer back to a tree it’s fallen or jumped from, the better to avoid terrestrial predators.

"While they're parachuting, they have an exquisite amount of maneuverable control," said Christian Brown, a doctoral candidate at the University of South Florida (USF) in Tampa and first author of a paper about these behaviors. "They are able to turn. They are able to flip themselves over if they go upside down. They're able to maintain that skydiving posture and kind of pump their tail up and down to make horizontal maneuvers. The level of control is just impressive."

The aerial dexterity of the so-called wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans) was revealed by high-speed video footage taken in a wind tunnel at the University of California, Berkeley, where the salamanders were nudged off a perch into an upward moving column of air simulating free fall.

“What struck me when I first saw the videos is that they (the salamanders) are so smooth — there's no discontinuity or noise in their motions, they're just totally surfing in the air,” said Robert Dudley, UC Berkeley professor of integrative biology and an expert on animal flight. “That, to me, implies that this behavior is something deeply embedded in their motor response, that it (falling) must happen at reasonably high frequencies so as to effect selection on this behavior. And it's not just passive parachuting, they're not just skydiving downwards. They're also clearly doing the lateral motion, as well, which is what we would call gliding.”

The behavior is all the more surprising because the salamanders, aside from having slightly larger foot pads, look no different from other salamanders that aren’t aerially maneuverable. They have no skin flaps, for example, that would tip you off to their parachuting ability.

"Wandering salamanders have big feet, they have long legs, they have active tails. All of these things lend themselves to aerial behaviors. But everybody just assumed that was for climbing, because that's what they use those features for when we're looking at them," Brown said. "So, it's not really a dedicated aerodynamic control surface, but it functions as both. It helps them climb, and it seems to help them parachute and glide, as well."

Among the questions the researchers hope to answer in future research are how salamanders manage to parachute and maneuver without obvious anatomical adaptations to gliding and whether many other animals with similar aerial skills have never been noticed before.

"Salamanders are sluggish, you don't think of them as having particularly fast reflexes. It's life in the slow lane. And flight control is all about rapid response to dynamic visual cues and being able to target and orient and change your body position," Dudley said. "So, it's just kind of odd. How often can this be happening, anyway, and how would we know?"

A paper describing the behavior will be published May 23 in the journal Current Biology.

Life in the canopy

Using the wind tunnel, Brown and UC Berkeley graduate student Erik Sathe compared the gliding and parachuting behavior of A. vagrans — adults are about 4 inches (10 centimeters) from snout to tip of tail — with the abilities of three other salamander species native to Northern California, each with varying degrees of arboreality — that is, the propensity to climb or live in trees. The wandering salamander, which probably spends its entire life in a single tree, moving up and down but never touching the ground, was the most proficient skydiver. A related species, the so-called arboreal salamander, A. lugubris, which lives in shorter trees, such as oaks, was nearly as effective at parachuting and gliding.

Two of the least arboreal salamanders — Ensatina eschscholtzii, a forest floor-dwelling salamander, and A. flavipunctatus, the speckled black salamander, which occasionally climbs trees — essentially flailed ineffectively for the few seconds they were airborne in the wind tunnel. All four species are plethodontid, or lungless, salamanders, the largest family of salamanders and mostly found in the Western Hemisphere.

"The two least arboreal species flail around a lot. We call it ineffective, undulating motion because they don't glide, they don't move horizontally, they just kind of hover in the wind tunnel freaking out," Brown said. "The two most arboreal species never actually flailed."

Brown encountered these salamanders while working in California's Humboldt and Del Norte counties with nonprofit and university conservation groups that mark and track the animals that live in the redwood canopy, primarily in old growth forest some 150 feet off the ground. Using ropes and ascenders, the biologists regularly climb the redwoods — the tallest of which rise to a height of 380 feet — to capture and mark wandering salamanders. Over the past 20 years, as part of a project led by James Campbell-Spickler, now director of the Sequoia Park Zoo in Eureka, the researchers discovered that most of their marked salamanders could be found in the same tree year after year, although at different heights. They live primarily in fern mats growing in the duff, the decaying vegetable matter that collects in the junctions of large branches. Brown said that few marked wandering salamanders from the redwood canopy have been found on the ground, and most of those were found dead.

Brown noticed, when picking them up to mark them, that the salamanders were quick to leap out of his hands. Even a light tap on a branch or a shadow passing nearby were enough to get them to jump from the redwood canopy. Given their location high above the forest floor, their nonchalant leaps into thin air were surprising.

"They jump, and before they've even finished toeing off, they've got their forelimbs splayed out, and they're ready to go," he said. "So, the jump and the parachute are very closely tied together. They assume the position immediately."

When he approached Dudley, who has studied such behavior in other animals, he invited Brown to bring some of the salamanders into his wind tunnel to record their behavior. Using a high-speed video camera shooting at 400 frames per second, Brown and Sathe filmed the salamanders for as long as they floated on the column of air, sometimes up to 10 seconds.

They then analyzed the frames to determine the animals’ midair posture and to deduce how they used their legs, bodies and tails to maneuver. They typically fell at a steep angle, only 5 degrees from vertical, but based on the distances between branches in the crowns of redwoods, this would usually be sufficient for them to reach a branch or trunk before they hit the ground. Parachuting reduced their free-fall speed by about 10%.

Brown suspects that their aerial skills evolved to deal with falls, but have become part of their behavioral repertoire and perhaps their default method of descent. He and USF undergraduate Jessalyn Aretz found, for example, that walking downward was much harder for the salamander than walking on a horizontal branch or up a trunk.

"That suggests that when they're wandering, they're likely walking on flat surfaces, or they're walking upward. And when they run out of habitat, as the upper canopy becomes drier and drier, and there's nothing else for them up there, they could just drop back down to those better habitats," he said. "Why walk back down? You're already probably exhausted. You've burned all your energy, you're a little 5 gram salamander, and you've just climbed the tallest tree on Earth. You're not going to turn around and walk down — you're going to take the gravity elevator."

Brown sees A. vagrans as another poster child for old growth forests that is akin to the spotted owl because it is found primarily in the crowns of the tallest and oldest redwoods, although also in Douglas fir and Sitka spruce.

“This salamander is a poster child for the part of the redwoods that was almost completely lost to logging — the canopy world. It is not there in these new-growth forests created by logging companies,” he said. “Perhaps it would help not just efforts in conserving redwoods, but restoring redwoods, so that we could actually get canopy ecosystems. Restoring redwoods to the point of fern mats, to the point of salamanders in the canopy — that would be a new bar for conservation.”

In the meantime, this denizen of old growth forests has a lot to tell us about evolution and perhaps the origin of flight, said Dudley.

"It (gliding) is a novelty, something unexpected in an otherwise well-studied group of animals, but it illustrates the urgency with which animals that are living in trees must evolve aerial capacity, even if they don't have wings," Dudley said. "Flight, in the sense of controlled aerial behavior, is very common. They're controlling their body posture, and they're moving laterally. This predisposes many, many things that are living in trees to ultimately evolve flapping flight, which is probably hard to evolve and why it has only turned up three times on the planet today."

Co-authors of the paper with Brown and Dudley are Sathe and Stephen Deban, professor of integrative biology at the University of South Florida.

---

JOURNAL

Current Biology

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Gliding and Parachuting by Arboreal Salamanders (Genus: Aneides)

Wind tunnel performance of non [VIDEO] | EurekAlert! Science News Releases

High-speed video reveals a big difference in how salamanders react to falling. While ground-dwelling (nonarboreal) salamanders seem helpless during freefall in a vertical wind tunnel, arboreal salamanders maneuver confidently. This suggests that the tree-dwellers have adapted to routine falls, and perhaps use falling as a way to quickly move around in the canopies of the world's tallest trees. The white spots are paper disks attached with water in order to track the motion of the head, body and tail.

CREDIT

Video produced by Roxanne Makasdjian with footage courtesy of Christian Brown

These salamanders parachute and glide 

from the tallest trees

Peer-Reviewed Publication

CELL PRESS

 

VIDEO: ANEIDES VAGRANS PARACHUTING IN A VERTICAL WIND TUNNEL AT AN AIRSPEED APPROXIMATELY CORRESPONDING TO THE ANIMAL’S TERMINAL VELOCITY. view more 

CREDIT: CHRISTIAN BROWN

“Wandering salamanders” live in some of the world’s tallest trees. They also are known to jump when disturbed. Now, researchers report in the journal Current Biology on May 23 that these salamanders rely on postures much like those of skydiving humans to help slow and control their fall.

“Although hundreds of species of lungless salamanders are known to climb, aerial behavior had not been described,” said Christian Brown, a doctoral candidate at the University of South Florida and lead author on the study. “Our investigation of aerial behavior revealed that highly arboreal species of salamanders, especially the wandering salamander (Aneides vagrans), reliably engage in parachuting and gliding to slow and direct their descent.”

Brown first read about the wandering salamander in a National Geographic magazine in high school, and he says that he never stopped thinking about them. Years later, while working with wandering salamanders at Humboldt State University (now CalPoly Humboldt), he saw that the amphibians would readily jump from his hand or a redwood branch before quickly and consistently assuming skydiving postures. He wanted to know whether and how this unexpected aerial behavior came into play in nature.

In the new study, he and colleagues including Erik Sathe, Robert Dudley, and Stephen Deban describe the salamanders’ aerial performance in which they maintain stable gliding postures by adjusting their legs and tail. In wind-tunnel experiments, the salamanders parachuted consistently, slowing their vertical speed by up to 10% while falling. They also coupled parachuting with undulations of their tail and torso to effect gliding at non-vertical angles about half of the time.

“To observe salamanders, which are generally associated with ponds and streams, in the air is a bit unexpected in and of itself,” Brown said. “Most surprising to us was the exquisite level of control that the more arboreal salamanders had in the vertical wind tunnel. Wandering salamanders were especially adept and seemed to instinctively deploy skydiving postures upon first contact with the airstream.

“These salamanders were not only able to slow themselves down, but also used fine-scale control in pitch, roll, and yaw to maintain upright body postures, execute banking turns, and glide horizontally. This level of aerial control was unexpected because these salamanders do not seem to possess conspicuous features for aerial control.”

Brown said what he finds most noteworthy is that the salamanders, and presumably other animals, don’t necessarily need flashy control surfaces such as webbing or skin flaps to parachute and glide. He wonders what other animals might have hidden skydiving abilities. Brown also hopes that the findings will help attract attention to this unique species and its old-growth, canopy world.

“Scientists have barely scratched the surface in studying the redwood canopy ecosystem and the unique fauna it has shaped through evolutionary time,” he says. “With the climate changing at an unprecedented rate, it is vitally important that we collect more data on animals like wandering salamanders so we may better understand, protect, and preserve this delicate ecosystem.”

In the meantime, he’s using computational fluid dynamics and 3D reconstruction software to determine how the salamanders generate lift. He says that future research should include salamanders with more diverse morphologies and examine the sensory cues that lead to their aerial behaviors. 

CAPTION

A. vagrans jumping (GIF)

CREDIT

Christian Brown

Current Biology, Brown et al. “Gliding and parachuting by arboreal salamanders” https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(22)00602-9

Current Biology (@CurrentBiology), published by Cell Press, is a bimonthly journal that features papers across all areas of biology. Current Biology strives to foster communication across fields of biology, both by publishing important findings of general interest and through highly accessible front matter for non-specialists. Visit http://www.cell.com/current-biology. To receive Cell Press media alerts, contact press@cell.com.

---

JOURNAL

Current Biology

DOI

10.1016/j.cub.2022.04.033 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Experimental study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Gliding and parachuting by arboreal salamanders

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

23-May-2022

Epidemiologist and health security expert says clinicians should prepare for monkeypox

‘Unusual’ outbreak larger and more widespread than previous outbreaks outside of Africa

Peer-Reviewed Publication

AMERICAN COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS

Epidemiologist and health security expert says clinicians should prepare for monkeypox

‘Unusual’ outbreak larger and more widespread than previous outbreaks outside of Africa

Significant number of cases have occurred among men who have sex with men, though cause is unclear

 

FREE full text:  https:// www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-1581

URLs go live when the embargo lifts

The current monkeypox outbreak is more widespread than previous outbreaks outside of Africa and should prompt all clinicians to be attuned to the possibility that patients presenting with febrile illness and rash may be infected, according to the authors of a new commentary from the Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security at the Bloomberg School of Public Health. The authors also note that a significant number of these new cases have occurred among men who have sex with men (MSM), though the cause is unclear. These and other important facts about the current monkeypox outbreak are explained in a new commentary published in Annals of Internal Medicine.

 

Currently, several dozen monkeypox cases have been reported in Europe, the UK and North America, concerning epidemiologists and public health experts around the world. What distinguishes these cases — all occurring outside of the endemic region of the virus — is that person-to-person transmission is occurring, with the majority of the cases seemingly unlinked to travel from an endemic country, with the appearance of multiple, so far unlinked clusters.  In addition, a significant proportion, though not all, of the cases are occurring in MSM, and many of these cases are being diagnosed at sexually transmitted infection (STI) clinics. The authors emphasize that this does not necessarily mean that monkeypox is sexually transmitted.

 

As a member of the orthopox viral family, of which smallpox is also a member, it is possible that the rise in monkeypox outbreaks in recent years is related to diminished population immunity to smallpox over time. Smallpox vaccination could prevent cases and smallpox antivirals may treat monkeypox cases, as well.

 

Monkeypox typically presents with fever and rash that starts in the mouth, then moves to the face, followed by the extremities, including palms and soles in a tell-tale centrifugal pattern. Primary care physicians, urgent care physicians, emergency medicine physicians, dermatologists, and those working in STI clinics may be the most likely to identify new monkeypox patients should they continue to appear. Clinicians who suspect monkeypox should alert state health officials to initiate testing, as commercially available test for monkeypox.

Media contacts: For an embargoed copy, please contact Angela Collom at acollom@acponline.org. To speak with an author, please contact Margaret Miller at margaret.miller@jhu.edu.

-------------------------------------------------

---

JOURNAL

Annals of Internal Medicine

DOI

10.7326/M22-1581 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Commentary/editorial

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

A Novel International Monkeypox Outbreak

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

23-May-2022

SEE LA REVUE GAUCHE - Left Comment: Search results for MONKEYPOX 

Worldwide shortage of health workers threatens effective health coverage

Peer-Reviewed Publication

INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH METRICS AND EVALUATION

SEATTLE—More than 43 million additional health workers are needed to meet targets for universal health coverage around the world, according to a new peer-reviewed study by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) at the University of Washington’s School of Medicine that was published today in The Lancet. The largest gaps were observed in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and North Africa and the Middle East.

“These are the most comprehensive estimates to date of the global health care workforce,” said senior author Dr. Rafael Lozano, Director of Health Systems at IHME. “Health care workers are essential to the functioning of health systems, and it’s very important to have these data available so that countries can make informed decisions and plan for the future.”

The researchers looked at shortages in four categories: physicians, nurses and midwives, dental personnel, and pharmaceutical personnel. In 2019, they estimated that more than 130 countries had shortages of physicians and more than 150 had shortages of nurse and midwives. When comparing current levels of health care workers to the minimum levels needed to meet a target score of 80 on the universal health coverage (UHC) effective service coverage index, researchers estimated a shortage of more than 43 million health care workers, including 30.6 million nurses and midwives and 6.4 million physicians.

“We found that the density of health care workers is strongly related to a nation’s level of social and economic development,” said lead author Dr. Annie Haakenstad, Assistant Professor of Health Metrics Sciences at IHME. “There are different strategies and policy approaches that may help with addressing worker shortages, and these should be tailored to the individual situation in each country. We hope that these estimates can be used to help prioritize policy interventions and inform future planning.”

The study revealed more than a 10-fold difference in the density of health care workers across and within regions in 2019. Densities ranged from 2.9 physicians for every 10,000 people in sub-Saharan Africa to 38.3 per 10,000 in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, and Central Asia. Cuba also stood out, with a density of 84.4 per 10,000 compared to 2.1 in Haiti.

Similar disparities were observed in measuring numbers of nurses and midwives, with a density of 152.3 per 10,000 in Australasia compared to 37.4 per 10,000 in Southern Latin America. Despite steady increases in the health care workforce between 1990 and 2019, substantial gaps persisted.

The researchers cited existing literature that highlights factors that contribute to worker shortages, including out-migration of health workers, war and political unrest, violence against health care workers, and insufficient incentives for training and retention. They noted that high-income locations should follow WHO guidelines on responsible recruitment of health personnel to avoid contributing to workforce gaps in lower-income regions.

These findings show how ill-prepared the world was when the COVID-19 pandemic swept across the world, taxing health systems that already were short of crucial frontline workers. Having these estimates today will help policymakers, hospitals, and medical clinics prepare for future pandemics by turning their attention to training and recruitment. The authors also note that there is still much to learn about the impact of the pandemic on the health workforce. This includes gender dynamics in human resources for health (HRH) and how the departure of women from formal employment for care-taking duties at home may have depleted the health workforce, among other stressors on HRH during the pandemic.

The full dataset from the study is available at the Global Health Data Exchange.

A video news release that is embargoed until May 23 6:30 p.m. EDT/23:30 UK time is available for download and viewing. A transcript of the video news release is available for download, as well.

For media interviews, contact media@healthdata.org.

An independent population health research organization based at the University of Washington School of Medicine, the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation (IHME) works with collaborators around the world to develop timely, relevant, and scientifically valid evidence that illuminates the state of health everywhere. In making our research available and approachable, we aim to inform health policy and practice in pursuit of our vision: all people living long lives in full health.

---

JOURNAL

The Lancet

DOI

10.1016/S0140-6736(22)00532-3 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Computational simulation/modeling

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Measuring the availability of human resources for health and its relationship to universal health coverage for 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

23-May-2022