Saturday, December 16, 2023

 

NSF-funded project provides digital maps to improve accessibility and navigation for persons with disabilities


Lehigh University researcher awarded grant for MABLE: Mapping for Accessibility in BuiLt Environments, using crowdsensing, AI and robotics to empower individuals with responsive maps and turn-by-turn instructions through a digital app.


Grant and Award Announcement

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

MABLE Phonescreen 

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USING CROWDSENSING, AI AND ROBOTICS, MABLE: MAPPING FOR ACCESSIBILITY IN BUILT ENVIRONMENTS EMPOWERS INDIVIDUALS WITH RESPONSIVE MAPS AND TURN-BY-TURN INSTRUCTIONS THROUGH A DIGITAL APP TO HELP THEM NAVIGATE INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS SUCCESSFULLY.  
THE NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION-FUNDED MABLE PROJECT AT LEHIGH UNIVERSITY PROVIDES PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES INDEPENDENCE TO EXPERIENCE LARGE EVENTS, CONFERENCES AND EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS.

(IMAGE SHOWS A SMARTPHONE SCREEN WITH AN APP INDICATING A USER SELECTED A SINGLE CANE/CRUTCH AND PREFERENCE FOR USING AN ELEVATOR. BEHIND THE PHONE SCREEN IS AN ORANGE BACKGROUND AND, IN WHITE, THE WORDS "REIMAGINE NAVIGATION.")

 

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CREDIT: LEHIGH UNIVERSITY




Vinod Namboodiri, joint faculty member of Lehigh University’s College of Health and P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science, has been awarded Phase 2 funding from the National Science Foundation’s (NSF) Convergence Accelerator to further develop a digital app to help persons with disabilities navigate indoor environments successfully.

MABLE: Mapping for Accessibility in BuiLt Environments provides persons with disabilities independence to experience large events, conferences and educational programs. Using crowdsensing, AI and robotics, MABLE empowers individuals with responsive maps and turn-by-turn instructions through a digital app to help them navigate indoor environments successfully.  

Key users include those with visual or mobility impairments, such as people with low vision and wheelchair users, as well as other persons with planning and navigation assistance needs.

“The premise of the challenge that I’ve been trying to solve is ‘How do you make it easier for everyone?’” said Namboodiri. “Not necessarily those who know the building well, but anyone in unfamiliar environments. Even those without disabilities often struggle.”

Namboodiri’s team was one of the 16 teams that participated in Phase 1 of the NSF’s Convergence Accelerator, Track H: Enhancing Opportunities for Persons with Disabilities. At the end of Phase 1, the teams participated in a formal pitch and proposal evaluation. In December 2023, the NSF selected MABLE and five other projects to move forward in Phase 2, investing $30 million across all projects with up to $5 million in funding for each project.

In Phase 2, Namboodiri and his team will continue to apply Convergence Accelerator fundamentals to develop solution prototypes and to build a sustainability model to continue impact beyond NSF support. By the end of the 24-month Phase 2 effort, teams are expected to provide high-impact solutions that address societal needs at scale.

Namboodiri’s project and Convergence Accelerator funding connect directly with the College of Health’s core focus on advancing health equity. Specifically, the College of Health recently started a research cluster focused on disability health equity—with Namboodiri at its head— coinciding in focus with the Convergence Accelerator’s Track H. 

Additionally, the College of Health takes a comprehensive and multidisciplinary approach to health research, and emphasizes the importance of Community Based Participatory Research (CBPR) and community involvement in the pursuit of health equity. Similarly, Convergence Accelerator research topics begin through gathering input from the community, meet a societal need at scale, and are built upon foundational research and are suitable for a multidisciplinary, convergence research approach.

“A convergence approach between researchers, innovators, and persons with disabilities spanning organizations and communities across multiple sectors is crucial to ensure these NSF-funded solutions address barriers to employment, freedom of movement and quality of life for persons with disabilities,” said Douglas Maughan, head of the NSF Convergence Accelerator program. “The selected Phase 2 teams are fostering strong partnerships to ensure their use-inspired solutions assist a wide range of people.”

The NSF’s Convergence Accelerator transitions basic research and discovery into practice through innovation processes like human-centered design, user discovery and team science, as well as integration of multidisciplinary research and partnerships. By making timely investments, such as Namboodiri’s project, the Convergence Accelerator aims to solve high-risk societal challenges through use-inspired convergence research.

Read the NSF’s press release for more information.

NSF awards $6M to Lehigh University to speed up translation of research into real-world application


The new Accelerating Research Translation (ART) program addresses the gap between academic research and practical solutions for society’s complex problems.


Grant and Award Announcement

LEHIGH UNIVERSITY

ART Leadership Team 

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THE ART LEADERSHIP TEAM AT LEHIGH UNIVERSITY, FROM LEFT: DOMINIC PACKER, ASSOCIATE VICE PROVOST FOR RESEARCH; LEE KERN, PROFESSOR OF SPECIAL EDUCATION AND DIRECTOR OF THE CENTER FOR PROMOTING RESEARCH TO PRACTICE; HIMANSHU JAIN, THE T.L. DIAMOND DISTINGUISHED CHAIR IN ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE, PROFESSOR OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING, AND DIRECTOR OF THE INSTITUTE FOR FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS AND DEVICES (I-FMD); HENRY ODI, DEPUTY VICE PRESIDENT FOR EQUITY AND COMMUNITY AND ASSOCIATE PROVOST FOR ACADEMIC DIVERSITY; AND JOHN COULTER, SENIOR ASSOCIATE DEAN FOR RESEARCH IN THE P.C. ROSSIN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND APPLIED SCIENCE,

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CREDIT: LEHIGH UNIVERSITY




The National Science Foundation has awarded Lehigh University $6 million to increase the translation of scientific discoveries by faculty, graduate students and postdoctoral researchers into prototypes, products and programs that will benefit society.

The NSF’s Directorate for Technology Innovation and Partnerships (founded in 2022) provided the four-year award to an interdisciplinary, university-wide team led by John Coulter, senior associate dean for research in the P.C. Rossin College of Engineering and Applied Science, as part of the new federal Accelerating Research Translation (ART) program

The award will support Lehigh’s work to speed up and support its research activities in engineering, science, health, humanities, business, education and myriad other areas that have the potential to lead to products and services for the general good. Lehigh also will train graduate students and postdoctoral researchers in translational research.  

“While it’s essential to make discoveries and do fundamental research, as a university we must also be effective in translating new knowledge to solve important problems in the world. This is how we enhance the impact of the research done by our faculty, staff and students,” said Lehigh Provost Nathan Urban. “We are excited that NSF has recognized and decided to support Lehigh’s efforts to take ideas and discoveries from the lab and develop them into practical solutions to societal and economic challenges.”

A portion of the funding will support seed translational research projects that are on the “cusp” of being applied to practical outcomes, and the rest will support education and training as well as other research translation enhancement activities.   

“This is a high-priority initiative,” Coulter said. “Lehigh will create and operate a comprehensive, inclusive and accessible research translation ecosystem that will guide researchers and project teams along the paths of venture creation, research translation into existing industry, and societal impact."  

The investments are not just important to Lehigh, but to funding agencies as well, Coulter said. “This is a national and international trend to have research be more use-inspired, more connected to the end users … and more rapidly translated for positive societal impact.  That's what this is meant to do.”

Carnegie Mellon University will serve as a peer mentor institution, helping Lehigh leverage its existing strengths to grow its translational research work and transform its culture. 

The first-ever awards address a long-standing gap between academic research and practical solutions for society’s complex problems. 

“On the faculty side, we all say we want impact,” said Dominic Packer, associate vice provost for research at Lehigh and a member of the ART leadership team. “Some of the greatest impact is when you discover something new and it actually creates something that changes how doctors deliver medicine, or is a new invention that people put to use out in the field, or is an intervention for kids in schools.” 

But translating that research into usable products or services can be challenging, he said. 

“Every university has this problem. It's sometimes called the Valley of Death between work that happens on a campus and then actually gets into the world.” he said. “It's in part because, as researchers, we don't have those skill sets. We're not business people. We've never thought entrepreneurially for the most part. …This is a program to really help elevate that.”

The NSF award advances the goals outlined in Lehigh’s strategic plan, Inspiring the Future Makers. The 10-year plan outlines a bold vision for the university centered around breaking boundaries to address societal challenges, innovate in academics and research, and cultivate collaborations and partnerships to amplify Lehigh’s global, national and regional impact. The plan aims to allow Lehigh to find pragmatic solutions to the world’s problems through research and scholarship.

The work will build on Lehigh’s strengths and past successes, such as the innovative Pasteur Partners PhD (P3) Fellowship, a launchpad for advanced students who are focused on creating immediate impact in their fields through use-driven research. 

In all, 18 academic institutions across the nation were awarded the ART funding, which totaled more than $100 million. 

“NSF endeavors to empower academic institutions to build the pathways and structures needed to speed and scale their research into products and services that benefit the nation," said NSF Director Sethuraman Panchanathan. "The Accelerating Research Translation program in NSF’s new Technology, Innovation and Partnerships Directorate identifies, and champions institutions positioned to expand their research translation capacity by investing in activities essential to move results to practice." 

In its proposal, Lehigh indicated that the funding could prove transformational, especially for Ph.D. education as the university implements its strategic plan and helps students with practical questions: How do you make a business plan? How do you talk to potential investors? How do you ideate and take things from one’s intellectual world into the real world? 

“Lehigh, despite the great research we do, does not have a great track record of startup companies, of patents, of that kind of translational work,” Packer said. “So we really think this is a chance for us to elevate that and start us, in some ways, on a new pathway. … We're aiming to double research activity. We aim to more than double—maybe triple or quadruple— translational work, because we have so much room to grow.”

Kate Bullard, director of research development at Lehigh, said each institution that received funding will have ambassadors who will regularly gather in Washington, D.C., to share experiences and lessons learned.

“It's not just the work that's going to happen here,” Bullard said. “But we're going to be part of a national conversation around research translation, and I think that's massively important.”

The Lehigh team intends to build an inclusive capacity and infrastructure for research translation, provide accessible education and training, and drive a culture change toward research translation throughout the university community. 

To help accomplish these goals, Lehigh will develop one-credit course modules with incentives for participation, a fellows program and a summer research translation bootcamp. Lehigh also plans to add personnel, expand its existing undergraduate and graduate programming in research translation, and mentor students through career options and offerings.

Research translation will be emphasized at all orientation sessions for new faculty, graduate students and postdocs and research scientists. 

Additionally, Lehigh aims to grow its involvement with Ben Franklin Technology Partners, which provides funding, business and technical expertise and other resources to early-stage and established companies to help with growth. It also hopes to utilize a Lehigh Research Translation External Advisory Council, and form external partner networks, such as a New Ventures Executives Network to lead new startups and an Entrepreneurs-in-Residence program.

“We’re at a moment of big, big challenges [in society], and the federal agencies can't fund enough to solve them,” Bullard said. “The federal government can't do everything. So how do we form partnerships that solve these big problems? It's training graduate students and postdocs to tackle these problems.”

The ART Leadership Team at Lehigh

In addition to Coulter as principal investigator (PI) and Packer as co-PI, other co-PIs are:

Lee Kern, professor of special education and director of the Center for Promoting Research to Practice at Lehigh

Henry Odi, deputy vice president for equity and community and associate provost for academic diversity

Himanshu Jain, the T.L. Diamond Distinguished Chair in engineering and applied science, professor of materials science and engineering, and director of the Institute for Functional Materials and Devices (I-FMD) at Lehigh. 

Three faculty members will lead primary research-translation ecosystem components:

Mike Lehman, director of Lehigh’s technical entrepreneurship program, professor of practice.

Neal Simon, professor of biological sciences

Hannah Dailey '02 '06G '09 Ph.D., associate professor of mechanical engineering and mechanics

Additional members of the Lehigh senior personnel team are:

— Anand Jagota, vice provost for research and founding chair of the bioengineering program
Lesley Chow, associate professor, bioengineering, materials science and engineering
Andreea Kiss, the Ferdinand Thun ‘56 Chair in Family Business
Rick Smith, director of technology transfer

Kevin Major, research engagement officer, I-FMD
Lisa Getzler, vice provost for entrepreneurship
Won Choi, epidemiologist; professor, Department of Community and Population Health in the College of Health; associate dean, research and graduate studies.
Minyi Dennis, associate professor of special education


CYBER CRIMINAL CAPITALISM

A study from IMDEA Software researchers reveals hidden fortunes and surprising overestimations in cybercrime revenue


IMDEA Software researchers show that cybercriminals’ Bitcoin revenue is largely underestimated and may be up to 39 times higher


Peer-Reviewed Publication

IMDEA SOFTWARE INSTITUTE



To what extent methodological limitations and incomplete data impact the revenue estimations of cybercriminal groups using the Bitcoin blockchain was largely unknown. A new study, conducted by IMDEA Software Institute researchers Gibran Gomez, Kevin van Liebergen, and Juan Caballero challenges existing figures regarding cybercriminals' Bitcoin earnings to date. The study, entitled "Cybercrime Bitcoin Revenue Estimations: Quantifying the Impact of Methodology and Coverage", recently presented at the ACM CCS 2023 congress, reveals the full scale of the financial impact of cybercriminal activity.

In general, it’s largely accepted that cybercriminal revenue is underestimated due to the lack of coverage on cybercriminal campaigns, like the complete set of Bitcoin addresses they use to receive payments from their victims. This latest research, for the first time, is able to quantify how large that underestimation may be. Additionally, the research shows that some estimation methodologies may hugely overestimate the revenues, and they implement an estimation tool that avoids such methodological errors.

The study's findings come from a meticulous analysis of more than 30,000 payment addresses used by various cybercriminal groups, engaged in activities such as ransomware, clippers, sextortion, Ponzi schemes, giveaway scams, and cryptocurrency exchange scams. A key contribution of this research is that the authors are able to quantify for the first time, how large the underestimation may be. For this, they analyze the DeadBolt ransomware, which encrypts the data hosted in Internet-connected storage servers. The researchers are able to identify the complete set of payment addresses belonging to DeadBolt, estimating its revenue at $2.47 million, a figure 39 times higher than previous estimates. These results not only shed new light on the magnitude of cybercrime, but also highlight the importance of innovative approaches to collecting accurate data in the fight against online criminal activity. 

Cryptocurrency payments are widely used by cybercriminals. For example, according to the U.S. Federal Trade Commission in 2022, cryptocurrencies were the most reported payment method by fraud victims, above other payment methods such as credit cards, wire transfers and bank transfers. Among cryptocurrencies, Bitcoin rules, followed by Ethereum, and much further behind by other cryptocurrencies such as Monero and Cardano.

This groundbreaking research will undoubtedly have a profound impact on the cybersecurity and law enforcement communities, and will spark a fresh look at how to combat cybercrime and dismantle its financial networks. The study is a testament to the importance of constantly evolving methodologies and tools in the fight against digital criminal enterprises.

 

Using AI to pinpoint hidden sources of clean energy underground


New method to scan the Earth for hydrogen deposits


Reports and Proceedings

OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY




SAN FRANCISCO – As efforts to transition away from fossil fuels strengthen the hunt for new sources of low-carbon energy, scientists have developed a deep learning model to scan the Earth for surface expressions of subsurface reservoirs of naturally occurring free hydrogen. 

Researchers used the algorithm to help narrow down the potential whereabouts of ovoids or semicircular depressions (SCDs) in the ground that form near areas associated with natural or “gold hydrogen” deposits. Though these circular patterns often appear in areas of low elevation, they can be hidden by agriculture or other vegetation. Recent discoveries of these circles in the U.S., Mali, Namibia, Brazil, France and Russia have unveiled that they exist in greater numbers than previously thought.  

To help uncover these nearly invisible semicircular depressions, two recent papers describe how lead authors Sam Herreid and Saurabh Kaushik, both postdoctoral scholars at the Byrd Polar and Climate Research Center at The Ohio State University, combined their model with global satellite imagery data to identify SCDs.  

Their team compiled a list of known SCD locations to train their algorithm to search the globe. After using remote sensing data to analyze what these sites look like from above, they drew on geomorphic and spectral patterns to determine what sites around the world are most likely to be associated with SCDs related to geologic hydrogen.  

Through their observations, the project found that AI demonstrates a unique ability to map out surface expressions of potential subsurface hydrogen reservoirs around the world, as well as establish a baseline for further investigation of hydrogen-associated sites. Their work was presented this week at poster sessions at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union.  

Scientists have long been aware of hydrogen’s potential as one of nature’s cleanest and most efficient energy sources. Now, as governments invest in cleaner alternatives, interest in natural hydrogen is rapidly surging, said Joachim Moortgat, the project’s principal investigator and an associate professor of earth sciences at Ohio State

“Hydrogen in general is a very attractive energy source,” Moortgat said. “If you burn it, its only by-product is water, and unlike wind or solar energy, hydrogen can be stored and transported, so there are all kinds of industries trying hard to make the switch.” 

Since gold hydrogen is also produced continuously within Earth’s crust, some believe that access to a low-carbon energy resource that is nearly devoid of greenhouse gas emissions could reshape the global energy landscape. Yet researchers have found that locating hydrogen requires the development of new exploration tools, said Moortgat.  

“One reason they’re difficult to find is that they probably occur in different kinds of geologies and locations than where you would find oil or gas,” he said. “But with the AI tools we develop, we map everything that could potentially be an SCD.” 

Unfortunately, while researchers can use satellite data to narrow down areas of interest, real hydrogen deposits can easily be confused for other circular-looking land features, such as lakes, golf courses or crop circles.  

And as countries scramble to expedite the search for hydrogen sources, many of them are already developing new ways to access this promising new energy, said Herreid.  

“This work feels like it’s contributing in a proactive sense to mitigating the climate crisis,” said Herreid, a glaciologist who previously used AI to assist with modeling the impact of climate change on glaciers. “It’s very exciting to be involved in a project that’s really rapidly evolving.”  

Abroad, Europe is already working on ways to take advantage of their stores of gold hydrogen, and at home in the U.S., laws like the Inflation Reduction Act are including provisions to expand the clean energy production industry.  

Despite how fast-moving the field currently seems to be, it’ll take at least a few more years before natural hydrogen reservoirs are successfully integrated as a reliable source of clean energy. To that end, what researchers should focus on now is how they should go about deepening our understanding of these hydrogen systems, said Moortgat.  

“The biggest challenge is that we need to find more SCDs and then really investigate how these things form,” he said. “Once we discover a lot more, we will be in a better position to again use AI tools to find similar ones worldwide.” 

Ian M. Howat of Ohio State was also a co-author. 

#

Contact: Joachim Moortgat, Moortgat.1@osu.edu 

Written by: Tatyana Woodall, Woodall.52@osu.edu 

 

Researchers use environmental justice questions to reveal geographic biases in ChatGPT


Peer-Reviewed Publication

VIRGINIA TECH

Researchers use environmental justice questions to reveal geographic biases in ChatGPT 

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A U.S. MAP SHOWS COUNTIES WHERE RESIDENTS COULD (BLUE) OR COULD NOT (PINK) RECEIVE LOCAL-SPECIFIC INFORMATION ABOUT ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE ISSUES.

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CREDIT: PHOTO COURTESY OF JUNGHWAN KIM.




Virginia Tech researchers have discovered limitations in ChatGPT’s capacity to provide location-specific information about environmental justice issues. Their findings, published in the journal Telematics and Informatics, suggest the potential for geographic biases existing in current generative artificial intelligence (AI) models.

ChatGPT is a large-language model developed by OpenAI Inc., an artificial intelligence research organization. ChatGPT is designed to understand questions and generate text responses based on requests from users. The technology has a wide range of applications from content creation and information gathering to data analysis and language translation.

A county-by-county overview

“As a geographer and geospatial data scientist, generative AI is a tool with powerful potential,” said Assistant Professor Junghwan Kim of the College of Natural Resources and Environment. “At the same time, we need to investigate the limitations of the technology to ensure that future developers recognize the possibilities of biases. That was the driving motivation of this research.”

Utilizing a list of the 3,108 counties in the contiguous United States, the research group asked the ChatGPT interface to answer a prompt asking about the environmental justice issues in each county. The researchers selected environmental justice as a topic to expand the range of questions typically used to test the performance of generative AI tools. Asking questions by county allowed the researchers to measure ChatGPT responses against sociodemographic considerations such as population density and median household income.

Key findings indicate limitations

Surveying counties with populations as varied as Los Angeles County, California, with a population of 10,019,635, and Loving County, Texas, with a population of 83, the generative AI tool showed a capacity to identify location-specific environmental justice challenges in large, high-density population areas. However, the tool was limited in its ability to identify and provide contextualized information on local environmental justice issues.

  • ChatGPT was able to provide location-specific information about environmental justice issues for just 515 of the 3018 counties entered, or 17 percent.
  • In rural states such as Idaho and New Hampshire, more than 90 percent of the population lived in counties that could not receive local-specific information.
  • In states with larger urban populations such as Delaware or California, fewer than 1 percent of the population lived in counties that cannot receive specific information.

Impacts for AI developers and users

With generative AI emerging as a new gateway tool for gaining information, the testing of potential biases in modeling outputs is an important part of improving programs such as ChatGPT.

“While more study is needed, our findings reveal that geographic biases currently exist in the ChatGPT model,” said Kim, who teaches in the Department of Geography. “This is a starting point to investigate how programmers and AI developers might be able to anticipate and mitigate the disparity of information between big and small cities, between urban and rural environments.”

Kim has previously published a paper on how ChatGPT understands transportation issues and solutions in the U.S. and Canada. His Smart Cities for Good research group explores the use of geospatial data science methods and technology to solve urban social and environmental challenges.

Enhancing future capabilities of the tools

Assistant Professor Ismini Lourentzou of the College of Engineering, a co-author on the paper, cited three areas of further research for large-language models such as ChatGPT:

  • Refine localized and contextually grounded knowledge, so that geographical biases are reduced
  • Safeguard large-language models such as ChatGPT against challenging scenarios such as ambiguous user instructions or feedback
  • Enhance user awareness and policy so that people are better informed of the strengths and weaknesses, particularly around sensitive topics

“There are a lot of issues with the reliability and resiliency of large-language models,” said Lourentzou, who teaches in the Department of Computer Science and is an affiliate of the Sanghani Center for Artificial Intelligence and Data Analytics. “I hope our research can guide further research on enhancing the capabilities of ChatGPT and other models.”

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How can Europe restore its nature?


Final vote of the EU Parliament in early 2024

Peer-Reviewed Publication

HELMHOLTZ CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH - UFZ

Intensive agriculture 

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INTENSIVE AGRICULTURE

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CREDIT: ANDRÉ KÜNZELMANN/UFZ




The ‘Nature Restoration Law’ (NRL) requires member states of the EU to implement restoration measures on at least 20 per cent of land and marine areas by 2030, and in all ecosystems in need of restoration by 2050. This includes specific targets to rewet peatlands and to increase pollinator populations. The NRL has already overcome various hurdles: most recently, it was approved by the EU Parliament’s Environment Committee, after delegations of the Parliament and the Council negotiated the final text.

But will the regulation really achieve its aims? The authors, including scientists leading large European projects on nature restoration and biodiversity, analysed experiences with other European environmental directives and policies, and evaluated the prospects of the NRL to be successful. 

“The NRL avoids several pitfalls that often obstruct the implementation of European policies and regulations, showing that the Commission learned from past experiences” says Prof. Dr Daniel Hering from the University of Duisburg-Essen, first author of the study. “The regulation sets ambitious targets and timelines, and implementation steps are clearly laid out. It also saves time as it does not need to be transposed into national law.” At the same time, national implementation will be crucial for the NRL’s success. “While targets are precisely defined and binding, the steps to achieve them need to be decided by individual European countries and most of them are voluntary” says Prof. Dr Josef Settele from Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), one of the study’s authors.

Key to the implementation will be the cooperation of nature restoration with land users, in particular with agriculture. “Intensive agriculture is still a key driver for biodiversity loss in Europe”, says senior author Dr Guy Pe’er. “But targets for agriculture and nature restoration could be coordinated, with opportunities for both”. Agriculture directly benefits from healthy soils and pollinator populations and from increased water storage capacity in the landscape that are all targets of the NRL.

The authors conclude that funds provided by the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy need to be used for achieving the NRL’s aims: a statement to be intensively debated in science and application.

Overall, the authors provide a positive outlook for the NRL, but warn that ambitious national implementation and cooperation with economic sectors, such as agriculture, will eventually determine the success of nature restoration in Europe.

 

Researchers, Coast Salish people analyze 160-year-old indigenous dog pelt in the Smithsonian’s collection


Analysis conducted to pinpoint the origin and sudden disappearance of the culturally significant coast salish woolly dog


Peer-Reviewed Publication

SMITHSONIAN

Forensic reconstruction of a woolly dog 

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FULL-BODY FORENSIC RECONSTRUCTION OF A WOOLLY DOG BASED ON A 160-YEAR-OLD PELT IN THE SMITHSONIAN’S COLLECTION AS WELL AS ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS.

THE RECONSTRUCTED WOOLLY DOG STANDS AGAINST A STYLIZED BACKGROUND OF A COAST SALISH WEAVING MOTIF FROM A HISTORIC DOG-WOOL BLANKET. THE PORTRAYAL OF THE WEAVING MOTIF WAS DESIGNED UNDER ADVISEMENT OF THE STUDY’S COAST SALISH ADVISORY GROUP.

RESEARCHERS FROM THE Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History LED A NEW ANALYSIS THAT SHEDS LIGHT ON THE ANCESTRY AND GENETICS OF WOOLLY DOGS, A NOW EXTINCT BREED OF DOG THAT WAS A FIXTURE OF INDIGENOUS COAST SALISH COMMUNITIES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST FOR MILLENNIA. THE STUDY’S FINDINGS, PUBLISHED TODAY, DEC. 14, IN THE JOURNAL Science, INCLUDE INTERVIEWS CONTRIBUTED BY SEVERAL COAST SALISH CO-AUTHORS, INCLUDING ELDERS, KNOWLEDGE KEEPERS AND MASTER WEAVERS, WHO PROVIDED CRUCIAL CONTEXT ABOUT THE ROLE WOOLLY DOGS PLAYED IN COAST SALISH SOCIETY.

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CREDIT: KAREN CARR




Researchers from the Smithsonian’s National Museum of Natural History led a new analysis that sheds light on the ancestry and genetics of woolly dogs, a now extinct breed of dog that was a fixture of Indigenous Coast Salish communities in the Pacific Northwest for millennia. Anthropologist Logan Kistler and evolutionary molecular biologist Audrey Lin analyzed genetic clues preserved in the pelt of “Mutton,” the only known woolly dog fleece in the world, to pinpoint the genes responsible for their highly sought-after woolly fur.

The study’s findings, published today, Dec. 14, in the journal Science, include interviews contributed by several Coast Salish co-authors, including Elders, Knowledge Keepers and Master Weavers, who provided crucial context about the role woolly dogs played in Coast Salish society.

“Coast Salish traditional perspective was the entire context for understanding the study’s findings,” said Kistler, the museum’s curator of archaeobotany and archaeogenomics.

Coast Salish tribal nations in Washington state and British Columbia bred and cared for woolly dogs for thousands of years. Prized for their thick undercoats, the dogs were sheared like sheep and often kept in pens or on islands to carefully manage their breeding and to care for the canines’ health and vitality. Coast Salish weavers used the dogs’ wool to craft blankets and other woven items that served a variety of ceremonial and spiritual purposes. Woolly dogs themselves possessed spiritual significance and were often treated as beloved family members. As emblems for many Coast Salish communities, woolly dogs adorned woven baskets and other art forms.

By the mid-19th century, this once thriving dog wool-weaving tradition was in decline. In the late 1850s, naturalist and ethnographer George Gibbs cared for a woolly dog named Mutton. When Mutton died in 1859, Gibbs sent his pelt to the nascent Smithsonian Institution, where the fleece has resided ever since. However, few were aware of the pelt’s existence until it was rediscovered in the early 2000s.

Lin first learned about Mutton when she was a Peter Buck postdoctoral fellow at the museum in 2021.

“When I saw Mutton in person for the first time, I was just overcome with excitement,” said Lin, who is now a postdoctoral researcher at the American Museum of Natural History. “I had heard from some other people that he was a bit scraggly, but I thought he was gorgeous.”

She was surprised to find out that virtually no work had been done on the genetics of woolly dogs, which disappeared around the turn of the 20th century. She teamed up with Kistler and they reached out to several Coast Salish communities to gauge their interest in working together on a potential research project on woolly dogs.

Many in the Coast Salish communities were eager to share their knowledge.

“We were very excited to participate in a study that embraces the most sophisticated Western science with the most established Traditional Knowledge,” said Michael Pavel, an Elder from the Skokomish/Twana Coast Salish community in Washington, who remembers hearing about woolly dogs early in his childhood. “It was incredibly rewarding to contribute to this effort to embrace and celebrate our understanding of the woolly dog.”

To complement the perspectives they received from Pavel and other Coast Salish people from British Columbia and Washington state (the text from their interviews is available in the study’s supplementary materials), Lin, Kistler and their colleagues began analyzing Mutton’s genetic code. They sequenced the woolly dog genome and compared it with the genomes of ancient and modern breeds of dogs to determine what set woolly dogs apart. They also identified certain chemical signatures called isotopes in Mutton’s pelt to determine the dog’s diet and teamed up with noted natural history illustrator Karen Carr to create a life-like reconstruction of what Mutton looked like in the 1850s. Carr’s work is the first in-depth reconstruction of a Coast Salish woolly dog in nearly three decades.

Based on the genetic data, the team estimated that woolly dogs diverged from other breeds up to 5,000 years ago—a date that lines up with archaeological remains from the region. They also discovered that Mutton was genetically similar to pre-colonial dogs from Newfoundland and British Columbia. The researchers estimate that nearly 85% of Mutton’s ancestry can be linked to pre-colonial dogs. This ancient ancestry is surprising because Mutton lived decades after the introduction of European dog breeds. This makes it likely that Coast Salish communities continued to maintain woolly dogs’ unique genetic makeup until right before the dogs were wiped out.

In total, the team analyzed more than 11,000 different genes in Mutton’s genome to determine what gave woolly dogs their fluffy fleece and wool fibers that could be spun together to create yarn. They identified 28 genes that have links to hair growth and follicle regeneration. These included a gene that causes a woolly hair phenotype in humans, and another linked to curly hair in other dogs. Similar genes were even activated in the genomes of woolly mammoths.

However, Mutton’s genetics could tell the researchers little about what caused the dogs to decline. Traditionally, scholars have speculated that the arrival of machine-made blankets to the region in the early 19th century made woolly dogs expendable. But insights from Pavel and other traditional experts revealed that it was improbable that such a central part of Coast Salish society could be replaced.

Instead, woolly dogs were likely doomed by numerous factors impacting the Coast Salish tribal nations after European settlers arrived. Due to disease and colonial policies of cultural genocide, displacement and forced assimilation, it likely became increasingly difficult or forbidden for Coast Salish communities to maintain their woolly dogs.

“It was thousands of years of very careful maintenance lost within a couple of generations,” Lin said.

But despite their disappearance, the memory of woolly dogs is still embedded into Coast Salish society. And Pavel thinks their understanding of woolly dogs is only getting clearer thanks to the new research effort.

“All of our communities held a certain aspect of knowledge about the woolly dog,” Pavel said. “But when woven together, as a result of participating in this study, we now have a much more complete understanding.”

The study included authors affiliated with Vancouver Island University, University of Utah, University of Victoria, The Evergreen State College, Skokomish Nation, Squamish Nation, Musqueam First Nation, Karen Carr Studio, Queen Mary University of London, Texas A&M University, Simon Fraser University, The Francis Crick Institute, University of East Anglia, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, University of Oxford, University of York, Centre for Paleogenetics in Sweden, Stockholm University, Swedish Museum of Natural History, University of Copenhagen, the National Institutes of Health in the United States, Memorial University of Newfoundland, University of California at Davis, University of Copenhagen and Cardiff University.

This research was supported by the Smithsonian, European Molecular Biology Organization, the Vallee Foundation, the European Research Council, the Wellcome Trust, the Francis Crick Institute, Cancer Research UK, the Medical Research Council and Canada’s Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council.

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