By AFP
February 14, 2026
Harsh conditions and weak infrastructure make mining in Greenland an arduous task - Copyright AFP/File ADALBERTO ROQUE
Laetitia COMMANAY
Greenland’s natural resources, including potential vast rare earths deposits vital to the AI boom, have attracted attention since US President Donald Trump showed interest in the Danish self-governing territory.
Harsh conditions and weak infrastructure make mining a difficult task, however.
Only two mines are operational.
Lumina Sustainable Materials runs an anorthosite mine (a type of rock used in building and industrial materials) backed by Canadian-Swiss investors, and Canada-listed Amaroq operates a gold mine.
As climate change melts sea ice and opens up new shipping routes around Greenland, commercial interest is rising.
Data from Greenland’s Mineral Resources Authority shows 138 active mining licences (as of February 13), held by 63 companies and individuals.
An AFP review of this official data outlines the current state of Greenland’s mining industry.
– Limited mining –
Only nine of the active permits are exploitation licences authorising production and mining.
To obtain these 30-year licences, companies must first explore a designated area and demonstrate that sufficient resources exist for commercial exploitation.
The two firms operating Greenland’s existing mines hold such permits, along with several other companies.
US mining company Critical Metals Corp holds the only active permit to exploit rare earths for a deposit in Kalaalit Nunaat, which is still years from becoming operational.
British firm GreenRoc Mining Plc obtained a licence in December 2025 and plans to exploit a graphite deposit that is expected to produce around 80,000 tonnes of graphite concentrate per year, a company spokesperson told AFP.
Commercial production is expected to begin in 2029.
Other companies with recently issued exploitation permits include an anorthosite mining project backed by investors from Denmark and Luxembourg, and a molybdenum project backed by the European Union and run by Canadian company Greenland Resources.
The remaining exploitation permits are held by companies with projects on hold or seeking to divest.
“The path from exploration to exploitation is inherently long and complex, often taking many years” a Greenland Mineral Resources Authority spokesperson told AFP.
Projects can be discontinued “due to lack of viable resources, economic feasibility, environmental assessments or social considerations”, the spokesperson added.
– Over 70 types of minerals explored –
Nearly two-thirds of licences are exploration permits.
Other types of licences include permits for sand extractions, small-scale exploration or scientific research.
They grant companies exclusive access to specified areas where they can look for “all mineral resources except hydrocarbons and radioactive elements, unless otherwise stipulated”, according to the application procedure detailed online.
These active licences show the supposed breadth of Greenland’s mineral assets.
Over 70 different types of minerals and resources are explored and mined, according to an AFP analysis.
Gold is mentioned in 49 permits, copper in 36 and nickel in 24.
Rare earth elements are mentioned in 17 licences, with more permits referencing specific rare earths such as cerium or terbium.
Three oil exploration licences are also owned by British firm White Flame Energy and are active until late 2028.
Greenland contains over 31 billion barrels of oil equivalent of oil and natural gas, according to estimates by the US Geological Survey.
All mining activities take place along Greenland’s coasts, where conditions are milder, particularly in the southeastern regions of Sermersooq and Kujalleq.
About 80 percent of Greenland is covered by ice, which can be up to three kilometres (two miles) thick in parts of the island’s interior.
Surveying and mining under such a thick ice sheet is impossible, according to experts, leaving large areas of the territory unexplored.
Greenland prepares next generation for mining future
By AFP
February 14, 2026
Students are given vocational training at the Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum - Copyright AFP/File ADALBERTO ROQUE
Nioucha ZAKAVATI
At the Greenland School of Minerals and Petroleum, a dozen students in hi-viz vests and helmets are out for the day learning to operate bulldozers, dump trucks, excavators and other equipment.
The Greenlandic government is counting on this generation to help fulfill its dream of a lucrative mining future for the vast Arctic territory coveted by US President Donald Trump.
Founded in 2008, the school, based in Sisimiut in the southwest of the island, offers students from across Greenland a three-year post-secondary vocational training.
Apart from their practical classes, the students, aged 18 to 35, also learn the basics of geology, rock mechanics, maths and English.
Teacher Kim Heilmann keeps a watchful eye on his students as they learn to manoeuvre the heavy equipment.
“I want them to know it’s possible to mine in Greenland if you do it the right way,” he told AFP.
“But mostly the challenge is to make them motivated about mining,” he added.
The remote location of Greenland’s two operational mines, and the ensuing isolation, puts many people off, the school’s director Emilie Olsen Skjelsager said.
A Danish autonomous territory, Greenland gained control over its raw materials and minerals in 2009.
The local government relies heavily on Danish subsidies to complement its revenues from fishing, and is hoping that mining and tourism will bring it financial independence in the future so that it can someday cut ties with Denmark.
“The school was created because there is hope for more activities in mining, but also to have more skilled workers in Greenland for heavy machine operating and drilling and blasting, and exploration services,” Olsen Skjelsager said.
By the end of their studies, some of the students — “a small number, maybe up to five” — will go on to work in the mines.
The rest will work on construction sites.
– Lack of skills –
Greenland is home to 57,000 people, and has historically relied on foreign workers to develop mining projects due to a lack of local know-how.
“We have some good people that can go out mining and blasting and drilling and all that kind of stuff,” explained Deputy Minister of Minerals Resources, Jorgen T Hammeken-Holm.
“But if you have a production facility close to the mining facility, then you need some technical skills in these processing facilities,” he said.
“There is a lack of educated people to do that.”
Going forward, geologists, engineers and economists will be needed, especially as Greenland’s traditional livelihoods of hunting and fishing are expected to gradually die out as professions.
The students’ tuition is paid by the Greenland government, which also gives them a monthly stipend of around 5,000 kroner ($800).
Inside the school, a glass case displays some of the minerals that lie — or are believed to lie — under Greenland, including cryolite, anorthosite and eudialyte, which contains rare earth elements essential to the green and digital transitions.
“New mine sites have been searched (for) all over Greenland,” said Angerla Berthelsen, a 30-year-old student who hopes to find a job in the mining sector one day.
There are “lots of possibilities” in Greenland, he said, sounding an optimistic note.
– Doubts over deposits –
But questions remain about Greenland’s actual resources, with the existence and size of the deposits still to be confirmed.
According to the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), Greenland is home to 24 of the 34 critical raw materials identified by the EU as essential for the green and digital transitions.
“A large variety of geological terrains exists, which have been formed by many different processes. As a result, Greenland has several types of metals, minerals and gemstones,” it says in a document on its website.
“However, only in a few cases have the occurrences been thoroughly quantified, which is a prerequisite for classifying them as actual deposits,” it stressed.
Deputy minister Hammeken-Holm said it was “more or less a guess” for now.
“Nobody knows actually.”
In addition, the island — with its harsh Arctic climate and no roads connecting its towns — currently doesn’t have the infrastructure needed for large-scale mining.
There are currently only two operational mines on the island — one gold mine in the south, and one for anorthosite, a rock containing titanium, on the west coast.
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