SPACE/COSMOS

Blue Origin Lands its Booster Rocket on a Barge at Sea

The company's success will broaden the commercial spaceflight market

Blue Origin's New Glenn rocket atop its landing barge (Blue Origin)

Published Nov 16, 2025 8:43 PM by The Conversation

 

[By Dr. Wendy N. Whitman Cobb]

Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket successfully made its way to orbit for the second time on Nov. 13, 2025. Although the second launch is never as flashy as the first, this mission is still significant in several ways.

For one, it launched a pair of NASA spacecraft named ESCAPADE, which are headed to Mars orbit to study that planet’s magnetic environment and atmosphere. The twin spacecraft will first travel to a Lagrange point, a place where the gravity between Earth, the Moon and the Sun balances. The ESCAPADE spacecraft will remain there until Mars is in better alignment to travel to.

And two, importantly for Blue Origin, New Glenn’s first stage booster successfully returned to Earth and landed on a barge at sea. This landing allows the booster to be reused, substantially reducing the cost to get to space.

Blue Origin launched its New Glenn rocket and landed the booster on a barge at sea on Nov. 13, 2025.

As a space policy expert, I see this launch as a positive development for the commercial space industry. Even though SpaceX has pioneered this form of launch and reuse, New Glenn’s capabilities are just as important.

New Glenn in context

Although Blue Origin would seem to be following in SpaceX’s footsteps with New Glenn, there are significant differences between the two companies and their rockets.

For most launches today, the rocket consists of several parts. The first stage helps propel the rocket and its spacecraft toward space and then drops away when its fuel is used up. A second stage then takes over, propelling the payload all the way to orbit.

While both New Glenn and Falcon Heavy, SpaceX’s most powerful rocket currently available, are partially reusable, New Glenn is taller, more powerful and can carry a greater amount of payload to orbit.

Blue Origin plans to use New Glenn for a variety of missions for customers such as NASA, Amazon and others. These will include missions to Earth’s orbit and eventually to the Moon to support Blue Origin’s own lunar and space exploration goals, as well as NASA’s.

NASA’s Artemis program, which endeavors to return humans to the Moon, is where New Glenn may become important. In the past several months, several space policy leaders, as well as NASA officials, have expressed concern that Artemis is progressing too slowly. If Artemis stagnates, China may have the opportunity to leap ahead and beat NASA and its partners to the lunar south pole.

These concerns stem from problems with two rockets that could potentially bring Americans back to the Moon: the space launch system and SpaceX’s Starship. NASA’s space launch system, which will launch astronauts on its Orion crew vehicle, has been criticized as too complex and costly. SpaceX’s Starship is important because NASA plans to use it to land humans on the Moon during the Artemis III mission. But its development has been much slower than anticipated.

In response, Blue Origin has detailed some of its lunar exploration plans. They will begin with the launch of its uncrewed lunar lander, Blue Moon, early next year. The company is also developing a crewed version of Blue Moon that it will use on the Artemis V mission, the planned third lunar landing of humans.

Blue Origin officials have said they are in discussions with NASA over how they might help accelerate the Artemis program.

New Glenn’s significance

New Glenn’s booster landing makes this most recent launch quite significant for the company. While it took SpaceX several tries to land its first booster, Blue Origin has achieved this feat on only the second try. Landing the boosters – and, more importantly, reusing them – has been key to reducing the cost to get to space for SpaceX, as well as others such as Rocket Lab.

That two commercial space companies now have orbital rockets that can be partially reused shows that SpaceX’s success was no fluke.

With this accomplishment, Blue Origin has been able to build on its previous experience and success with its suborbital rocket, New Shepard. Launching from Blue Origin facilities in Texas since 2015, New Shepard has taken people and cargo to the edge of space, before returning to its launch site under its own power.

New Glenn is also significant for the larger commercial space industry and U.S. space capabilities. It represents real competition for SpaceX, especially its Starship rocket. It also provides more launch options for NASA, the U.S. government and other commercial customers, reducing reliance on SpaceX or any other launch company.

In the meantime, Blue Origin is looking to build on the success of New Glenn’s launch and its booster landing. New Glenn will next launch Blue Origin’s Blue Moon uncrewed lander in early 2026.

This second successful New Glenn launch will also contribute to the rocket’s certification for national security space launches. This accomplishment will allow the company to compete for contracts to launch sensitive reconnaissance and defense satellites for the U.S. government.

Blue Origin will also need to increase its number of launches and reduce the time between them to compete with SpaceX. SpaceX is on pace for between 165 and 170 launches in 2025 alone. While Blue Origin may not be able to achieve that remarkable cadence, to truly build on New Glenn’s success it will need to show it can scale up its launch operations.

Dr. Wendy N. Whitman Cobb is Professor of Strategy and Security Studies at the US Air Force School of Advanced Air and Space Studies.

This article appears courtesy of The Conversation and may be found in its original form here. 

The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.

A fast and high-precision satellite-ground synchronization technology in satellite beam hopping communication

Beijing Institute of Technology Press Co., Ltd

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image: 

Fig. 3. Block diagram of a typical forward hopping beam loading principle.

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Credit: Space: Science & Technology

With the advancement of Internet applications, the global demand for broadband satellite communication services is incessantly escalating. Furthermore, there exists an exponential surge in the requisition for the capacity of satellite communication systems. In response to this evolving demand, the domain of satellite communication technology is progressively evolving toward the realm of high-throughput satellite (HTS) communication systems. The typical technical characteristics of HTS are: (a) the satellite adopts multibeam technology for beam overlapping coverage of the service area, which improves the quality of the wireless link while realizing the spatial dimension segmentation; (b) based on this, the system adopts multiple frequency multiplexing to improve the communication capacity of a single satellite; (c) gateway stations are tightly coupled with user beam clusters to complete two-hop communication, which makes multiple gateway stations share the communication resources of the same satellite, forming a spatial isolation of the gateway stations, and once again realizing the frequency multiplexing of the gateway station links. A key requirement for future multibeam broadband satellite communication systems is the ability to flexibly adjust beam capacity according to changes in business distribution, in order to meet time-varying business requirements. Beam hopping technology provides an efficient solution to achieve the efficient use of frequency resources and power resources. At the same time, the use of beam hopping makes the beam hopping of satellite payload need to match the business signals of ground signal stations, bringing about the need for synchronization of beam hopping between satellite and ground. In a review article recently published in Space: Science & Technology, scholars from Xidian University, CAST-Xi’an Institute of Space Radio Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Global Big Data Technologies Centre, University of Technology Sydney jointly analyze the synchronization problem of satellite to ground hopping beam, propose a signaling-assisted fast synchronization method of hopping beam for satellite to ground synchronization.

First, the basic principle of HTS hopping beam communication is introduced and the key technologies involved in the satellite hopping beam communication system is analyzed. Beam hopping in HTS system is a special way of load design, the on-satellite antenna is a full-coverage multibeam antenna, but the transponder resources are shared among multiple beams in time-sharing, which is essentially a signal hopping between different beams in time sharing on demand, and it is a beam-hopping system from the point of view of the user's use, and Fig. 3 gives a schematic diagram of the working principle of the hopping load of a typical forward link of HTS satellites. There are 3 key technologies of hopping beam communication in the HTS system. (1) Beam-hopping high-precision satellite-ground synchronization technology. Since beam-hopping is essentially a time-division system, if the service signal sent by the gateway station and the satellite beam-hopping load time are not synchronized, resulting in the mismatch between the satellite beam switching time and the forward service signal, it will directly affect the normal reception of the user terminal. (2) Low signal-to-noise demodulation of high-speed burst signals. In the beam-hopping communication system, beam-hopping causes the continuous time-division multiplexing (TDM) signal of the traditional forward link to become a burst TDM signal. As a result, the ground receiver needs to adapt to demodulation in burst mode, which necessitates fast synchronization of the ground demodulator. (3) Efficient resource management techniques for beam-hopping systems. The significant advantage of the hopping beam technology is that it can dynamically allocate resources according to the service volume of different wave positions, which makes the resource use efficiency of the whole system optimal. In order to give full play to the advantages of the hopping beam system, it is necessary to study the highly efficient resource allocation technology used in the hopping beam. Among the above key technologies, the hopping beam satellite-ground synchronization is the most important technology, which is the key to the successful operation of the system.

Then, a forward hopping beam synchronization method based on independent signaling carrier assistance is proposed. In order to complete high-precision forward hopping beam synchronization, simplify the complexity of hopping beam synchronization and enhance the flexibility of hopping beam application, the paper proposes a satellite-Earth hopping beam synchronization method with on-satellite synchronization to the ground gateway station, the basic principle of this method is to send an auxiliary hopping beam synchronization signal in one direction through the ground gateway station, and the on-board hopping beam controller will synchronize the hopping beam synchronization signal and then drive and control the switching of the hopping beam switch to achieve the star-ground synchronization. The whole signaling signal adopts burst transmission mode. The whole beam-hopping synchronization control signal consists of 2 parts: the first part is the fixed pseudo-random (PN) capture sequence with long length, and the second part is the control information. 1. A fixed-length PN sequence is used for satellite control signal burst detection, which requires good correlation; it is recommended that the length of the PN sequence is more than 128 bit. 2. Time synchronization sequence for assisting is to achieve high precision time deviation estimation. 3. The control information is recommended to be encoded by RM(7,64) in the DVB-S2X standard, which is characterized by a BER still better than 10e−9 at Es/N0=0dB. The block diagram of the on-satellite processing flow is given in Fig. 14. Step 1: Perform AD sampling and quadrature frequency conversion on the input signal to ensure 8 sampling points per symbol; Step 2: Perform serial-to-parallel conversion on the frequency-converted I/Q data to generate 8-channel parallel data; Step 3: Under the control of the demodulation master control module, the 8-channel parallel data are time-differentiated and then hard-judged; Step 4: correlating the 8-channel data sequence after the hard judgement of the dedifferencing with the local differential PN sequence in time, performing the detection of the correlation peak, comparing the size of the correlation value with the threshold value, and when the correlation value is larger than the threshold value, taking the point with the largest correlation peak among the adjacent 8 positions as the time reference point; Step 5: The data with the largest correlation peak all the way goes to the control information Reed-Muller (RM) decoding, and the beam control information is extracted.

Last, a high-precision synchronization method based on guide frequency assistance for HTS forward hopping beam star-Earth synchronization is proposed. Accurate timing deviation estimation is the key to the time synchronization of the hopping beam system, which affects the performance of the whole system. This paper adopts a light-weight high-precision timing deviation estimation method, which uses alternation as an auxiliary sequence to achieve high-precision timing deviation estimation while reducing complexity. The sequence is modulated by BPSK, and presents sinusoidal signal characteristics after root-raised cosine pulse shaping at the sender end and matched filtering at the receiver end, and the comparison of its waveform with the standard sinusoidal signal. Considering the transmission performance, the commonly used shaping factor parameter α = 0.35 can be selected, in which the normalized error between the shaped sequence waveform and the sinusoidal signal is less than 5e−3. A clock deviation 4-sample point estimation algorithm is given for a signal design as above. The four-sample point estimation algorithm for clock deviation in this paper is as:

τ = 1/π * angle[(A − jB)(A + jB)] = 1/π * angle(A2 + B2)

where A = x(4m) − x(4m + 2), B = x(4m + 1) + x(4m + 3), x(n) are four consecutive sampling points, and τ is an unbiased estimator of the timing deviation ε. Furthermore, simulation evaluation of the algorithm is carried out. The modulation method is selected as BPSK, the shaping coefficient is 0.35, the length of the sequence is 64, and the normalized simulation sampling parameters are set: TS = 100, T = 400, and the values of ε are taken in [0,1], and the values of δ are taken in [−0.5,0.5]. The simulation results in Fig. 22. Results show that the estimation accuracy of timing deviation can reach within 2% without frequency bias under the condition of Eb/N0=10dB. The carrier phase deviation has no effect on the algorithm. The estimation performance of the algorithm is consistent when the normalized frequency bias is in the range of ±10%. In conclusion, the algorithm given in this paper not only improves the time synchronization accuracy of the beam-hopping system, but also reduces the complexity of the processing, compared to that of the traditional method of adopting the digital squared filter, which has the significant advantages of high estimation accuracy and lightweight engineering implementation for the application background.

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Fig. 14. Beam hopping synchronization control signal on-satellite demodulation process.

Credit

Space: Science & Technology

Journal

Space Science & Technology

DOI

10.34133/space.0159 

Article Publication Date

22-Nov-2024

 

Low-glutamate diet linked to brain changes and migraine relief in veterans with Gulf War Illness

Georgetown University Medical Center

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SAN DIEGO -- Veterans with Gulf War Illness experienced significant improvement in migraine symptoms after following a diet low in glutamate, a component of flavor enhancing food additives commonly found in processed foods, according to new research presented by Georgetown University and American University scientists. Brain scans also revealed decreased cortical thickness in patients on the diet — providing evidence, for the first time, that the improvement in symptoms was linked to measurable changes in the brain. 

The findings point to a potential low-cost treatment option for veterans struggling with chronic neurological symptoms since the 1990-1991 Gulf War. Because cortical thickening has previously been linked to migraines more broadly, the study also suggests that a low-glutamate diet could provide relief to a much larger population. 

“This was exciting, because it shows that the brain itself is responding and changing,” said the study’s senior author Ashley VanMeter, PhD, professor of neurology at Georgetown University School of Medicine.  “This isn’t a psychological reaction. These are actual changes in the brain related to the diet.”

The findings were presented November 16 during at the annual meeting of the Society for Neuroscience in San Diego.

Gulf War Illness is a chronic condition affecting more than a quarter of veterans who served in the first Gulf War. It can cause an array of debilitating musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal, and neurologic symptoms, including migraines, and is thought to be caused by exposure to neurotoxic chemicals during the war. 

Glutamate, which is found in high levels in processed foods and also occurs naturally in some foods like tomatoes and mushrooms, is the most abundant excitatory neurotransmitter in the nervous system, where it is known to play a role in mediating pain. 

The new research, which was funded by the Department of Defense (DOD W81XWH1710457), grew out of a collaboration with Kathleen Holton, PhD, MPH, a nutritional neuroscientist at American University, who developed the low-glutamate diet and has been researching it as an approach to managing neurological conditions. The low-glutamate diet is currently being studied in a large multi-site clinical trial to confirm these findings in patients with Gulf War Illness. 

“This was an exciting opportunity to see if we can do something for these veterans who have literally been suffering since the 1990s,” VanMeter said.

For the study, researchers first used brain scans to compare differences in cortical thickness between patients with Gulf War Illness and a group of healthy patients. Those with Gulf War Illness had a significantly thicker right visual cortex. This group was also significantly more likely to report experiencing migraines than the healthy group. 

Then in a follow-up study, researchers had patients with Gulf War Illness follow a low-glutamate diet. After a month, scans showed that cortical thickness in this group was significantly reduced. 

Researchers also observed a “big, big decrease” in migraines and headaches, VanMeter noted. 

“More than half of the Gulf War veterans had migraines before the diet, and that dropped to under 20% after following the diet for one month,” she said. “So it was a very significant drop.”

Holton said the findings support the team’s theory that glutamate may be contributing to the symptoms of Gulf War Illness by driving excitotoxicity, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress in the brain; and that these three processes then continue to trigger each other in an ongoing cycle. 

“We think this is one of the reasons people who are susceptible to dietary glutamate tend to have prolonged symptoms over time,” she explained. 

The researchers noted that other symptoms also improved in the low-glutamate group, including significant reductions in widespread pain, fatigue, mood issues, and cognitive dysfunction. The team plans to publish additional findings from their current ongoing study. 

While not universal, thickening of the visual cortex, part of the brain linked to vision, is common among migraine sufferers, especially those whose migraines occur with aura, or visual disturbances. 

That raises the question of whether a low-glutamate diet could also benefit the wider population of migraine sufferers, potentially even as an alternative to medication, VanMeter said. 

“This is a very doable diet,” she said. “It’s a healthy diet, it’s not that hard to follow, and it’s a very low-cost way of treating what for some individuals is a chronic and debilitating condition.” 

Holton noted that the study also adds to a growing body of evidence about how ultra-processed foods impact health.

“This speaks to the fact that diet can not only make us sick, but can also acutely treat our symptoms,” she said.

Follow-up research is underway to expand on the findings and investigate if weakening of the blood-brain barrier plays a role in glutamate sensitivity.

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Addition authors of the study include Crowder HD, Booker DT, Dragoi SM, Baraniuk JN.

The authors report having no having no personal financial interests related to the study.

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Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Migraine symptoms and cortical thickness differences in Gulf War Illness (GWI) are significantly reduced following a low glutamate diet

Article Publication Date

15-Nov-2025

Physician responses to patient expectations affect their income

Findings may help explain lower incomes for women, racialized, immigrant physicians

Canadian Medical Association Journal

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Physician responses to patient expectations can affect physician incomes and may help explain lower incomes for many women, racialized, and immigrant physicians, found a new study published in CMAJ (Canadian Medical Association Journal) https://www.cmaj.ca/lookup/doi/10.1503/cmaj.250665.

Researchers from McMaster University aimed to understand persistent identity-related income differences among physicians practising in Canada. They conducted a qualitative study that included interviews with 55 Ontario family physicians.

“Pay disparities related to gender, race, and immigration status persist among Canadian physicians, even within specialties and after adjusting for hours worked,” says Dr. Meredith Vanstone, professor, Department of Family Medicine and Canada Research Chair in Ethical Complexity in Primary Care at McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario. “This is seen in family medicine, even though physicians are typically paid via standardized fee schedules. Our study demonstrates that physician responses to the expectations they perceive from patients may contribute to these pay gaps. They told us that patient expectations differ depending on their identities and the identities of the patients.”

“Physicians respond to perceived patient expectations by adjusting their practice and behaviour, including the way they interact, the length of an appointment, and the services they provide,” says Dr. Monika Dutt, PhD candidate at McMaster University and family physician. “These are decisions that may ultimately impact income.”

As more women and international medical graduates are practising medicine in Canada, income inequalities are important to understand and address, particularly as incomes for medical specialties with high proportions of women physicians have been declining relative to incomes in other specialties.

Key points:

• Physicians perceived that their identities and the identities of their patients influenced the expectations patients had of them. For example, patients expected women physicians to spend more time with them and to provide more emotional support. This additional time per visit can reduce the number of patient appointments and, thus, income.
• Study participants reported that patients often preferred physicians of the same gender for certain types of care, including pelvic exams, pregnancy, menopause, erectile dysfunction, and prostate exams. In Ontario, billing fees for intrauterine device (IUD) insertion and cervical cancer screening are low compared with fees for other services.
• Many patients preferred care from physicians from the same cultural or linguistic background. Generally viewed as positive by the physicians in the study, this could pose challenges if patients expected preferential care or services similar to those offered in their home country. As well, racialized physicians described sometimes needing to spend extra time educating patients or engaging in advocacy; this reduces time spent with other patients and affects income. 

“Since providing longer, more comprehensive patient interactions limits the number of appointments or services that physicians can provide, women may experience financial disadvantages in compensation models that depend on roster size or patient volume,” the authors write.

To address pay disparities, the authors suggest that compensation models could adjust for extra time required for some types of care. The fee schedule should be examined to make sure that services associated with female anatomy (e.g., pelvic exams, IUD insertion) are not underpaid.

“Ontario family physicians are responsive to the expectations of their patients. This is not necessarily a bad thing, as it is likely to result in satisfied patients whose needs are well met,” Dr. Vanstone emphasizes.

“These findings may be relevant to physician workforce planning and ensuring team-based care that accounts for physician backgrounds and skills to improve patient outcomes,” the authors conclude.

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Journal

Canadian Medical Association Journal

DOI

10.1503/cmaj.250665 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Family physician pay inequality: a qualitative study exploring how physician responses to perceived patient expectations may explain gender, race, and immigration status pay differences

Article Publication Date

17-Nov-2025