Robin McKie Science Editor
Sun, 5 November 2023
Photograph: Lawren Lu/Alamy
In 1937, a brown, eyeless beetle was found in a few caves in Slovenia. The new species was unexceptional apart from one feature. Its discoverer decided to name it after Adolf Hitler.
Anophthalmus hitleri has an objectionable sound to modern ears. Nor is it alone. Many species’ names recall individuals or ideas that offend: the butterfly Hypopta mussolinii, for example, while several hundred plant species carry names based on the word caffra which is derived from a racial slur once used in Africa. Similarly Hibbertia, a genus of flowering plants, honours George Hibbert, an English slave owner.
As a result, many scientists are pressing for changes to be made to the international system for giving official scientific names to plants and animals to allow the deletion and substitution of past names if they are deemed objectionable. Current taxonomy regulations, which do not allow such changes, must be altered, they say.
Other scientists disagree. Arguing over names that some think are unacceptable while searching for alternatives would waste time and create confusion. Species names should remain inviolate once they have been agreed by taxonomists, they argue, and changes should only be allowed if a mistake in designation has been made or an earlier designation is found to have been overlooked.
The row now threatens to become a major international dispute. “People have very, very strong opinions one way or the other about this,” said botanist Sandra Knapp, of the Natural History Museum in London. “There’s been a certain amount of shouting about it but we have to discuss issues like this. We cannot avoid them.”
As a result, Knapp has arranged for a discussion before voting on the issue occurs at the next International Botanical Congress, which will be held in Madrid in July 2024. One motion put forward by a group of botanists calls for a committee to be set up with powers to judge whether scientific names for plants that are now considered unacceptable should be suppressed or changed.
Anophtalmus hitleri, a beetle named after Adolf Hitler. Photograph: Dpa Picture Alliance Archive/Alamy
Plant naming is only a part of the taxonomic controversy, however. Naming animals after racists, fascists and other controversial figures causes just as many headaches as those posed by plants. Last week, the American Ornithological Society announced it was changing the common names of dozens of birds because of their associations with racist or misogynist individuals. And many zoologists want this process to be expanded so they permit changes to be made to a species’ full scientific name. It is proving to be an awkward, controversial process, however.
Scaptia beyoncea, ahorse fly named after singer Beyoncé. Photograph: Reuters
Earlier this year, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) said it would consider the issue and later announced that on careful reflection it would not consider changing its rules. It would not allow species’ names to be altered merely because some researchers found them offensive. Renaming would be disruptive while replacement names could one day be seen as offensive “as attitudes change in the future”, it announced in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.
Hibbertia, a flower named after slave owner George Hibbert. Photograph: Stephanie Jackson/Alamy
The decision triggered a furious response. “In which other spheres of human endeavour is anything still named after Hitler?” said Estrela Figueiredo, of the Nelson Mandela University in South Africa. “The codes must change and adapt, like the rest of society.”
In the wake of the ICZN announcement, the same journal later published a series of editorials from scientists who challenged the commission’s stance. Some criticised the commission because it lacked geographic representation. “It does not include anyone from the African continent,” they wrote. Others accused it of “operating in a vacuum outside of social norms of accountability”. All pressed for the creation of an ICZN ethics committee to review problematic names on a case-by-case basis.
The issue has opened up major divisions, the journal’s editor, Jeff Streicher told the Observer. “It has become very clear that we need to have a discussion about this issue right now.”
One radical solution has been proposed by scientists who say species should simply not be named after individuals. About 20% of the 1.5m animals that have been classified to date have been named after a specific person. These are known as eponyms and Anophthalmus hitleri provides an example. These should simply be banned from taxonomy, it is argued.
“The naming of species to honour people was too often a political act, and given the demographic of scientists of the 19th to 20th centuries, those commemorated were almost universally white, upper-class, male Europeans,” said biologist Ricardo Rocha from Oxford University, one of the authors of a paper published in Nature Ecology & Evolution that advocates such a ban.
Nor is being named after a controversial figure good for a species. Thanks to its name, Anophthalmus hitleri has become the focus of a trade in which specimens have been bought up by neo-Nazi enthusiasts, a process now said to be driving the creature towards extinction.
What’s in a name?
The system for naming a species was formalised by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in the 18th century and involves identifying an animal or plant by giving it a double name in Latin or Greek: a generic name which identifies its genus and a second specific name which distinguishes the particular species within that genus.
Hence we get names like Tyrannosaurus rex, the “king of the tyrant lizards”.. The first part is the genus Tyrannosaurus which is derived from the Greek “tyrant lizards” and rex, which is Latin for king.
Many other scientific names have more prosaic roots and are often derived from figures revered by those who discover them. Hence Scaptia beyonceae, a horse fly named after Beyonce; Leucothoe eltoni, a tiny crustacean named after Elton John and Anelosimus biglebowski, a spider named after the film, The Big Lebowski. For his part, David Attenborough has had his name given to more than 50 newly discovered species and some new genera.
Not every scientific name is given as a sign of honour, however. In 2017, researchers named a moth Neopalpa donaldtrumpi because it had pale blond head scales and small genitalia.
Wild kingdom
The ‘akikiki populations in Hawaii are critically endangered due to malaria-carrying mosquitoes. - San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
There are only five known ‘akikiki left in the wild, and the bird species native to Hawaii could be dangerously close to going extinct within months.
The small gray bird’s once plentiful populations have faced decimation as global warming enables malaria-carrying mosquitoes to penetrate mountain peaks where the birds live.
Conservationists are ramping up efforts to protect the critically endangered birds by scaling towering trees and collecting the birds’ eggs so they can hatch and live in a safe environment.
Meanwhile, nearly 80 bird species are about to be renamed so they aren’t connected with names that have been deemed offensive.
Curiosities
At first glance, the body of a sea star doesn’t have an obvious head.
But a starfish doesn’t really have a body at all, new research suggests. Instead, the unusual marine animal is “just a head crawling along the seafloor,” said Laurent Formery, a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University and the University of California, Berkeley.
Starfish belong to a group called echinoderms, which share a common ancestor with humans and animals. But at some point, their body plans wildly diverged.
Using new analytical techniques, researchers detected genetic evidence suggesting that starfish evolved their unique body plan over time.
Explorations
You don’t want to miss these surprising reads:
— If you’ve ever suspected your feline of having “cattitude,” it’s true. Cats have at least 276 distinct facial expressions, according to new research conducted in a cat café.
No comments:
Post a Comment