Why birds and foxes could act as early warning systems of antibiotic resistance across ecosystems

Copyright Istvan Gerenyi/Pexels

By Indrabati Lahiri

Published on 16/04/2026 - EURONEWS

The study was conducted across wild, urban and rural areas, highlighting the widespread nature of antibiotic resistance.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been a growing problem for a number of years now, with resistance against antimicrobials key for human medicine being especially worrying

However, new research has found that wildlife such as foxes and birds could be critical early warning systems for antibiotic resistance at the ecosystem level.

The study, which was first published in the Frontiers of Microbiology journal, evaluates the presence of enzyme-encoding genes in wildlife faecal samples, which can prove resistance to essential antibiotics like third-generation cephalosporins (3GCs), used to treat sepsis, pneumonia and meningitis.

These genes can spread through bacterial groups like ESKAPE, which are particularly resistant and can often sidestep antibacterial agents. One ESKAPE group bacterium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, has even spread much beyond systems and places directly exposed to antibiotics and can cause severe infections in humans.

“We isolated a high-risk ST307 clone of K pneumoniae and NDM-5 carbapenemase, an enzyme variant that can inactivate antibiotics, from wildlife living far from human activity,” Dr Mauro Conter, an associate professor at the Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences at the University of Parma, said.

“This confirms the role of wildlife as reservoirs of clinically relevant resistance, which means that wildlife surveillance could provide an early warning system of resistance spreading beyond clinical settings.”

Birds and foxes provide warning signs of antibiotic resistance

The study included almost 500 faecal samples from crows, magpies, red foxes and several species of water birds.

These were taken while animals were moving as usual through rural, urban and wild areas, collecting AMR across regions and ecosystems without having received antibiotics themselves. They were tested for Klebsiella spp, a bacterial genus that includes K pneumoniae and other highly dangerous pathogens.

Klebsiella spp in particular produce carbapenemases, which can render last-resort antibiotics used to treat severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria useless.

Related

• Drought is fuelling antibiotic resistance worldwide, study finds
• Foodborne illnesses grown antibiotic resistant across Europe, agencies warn

The results showed that birds are primarily responsible for dispersing resistance by air over long distances, whereas foxes contribute most to short-range AMR dissemination on land.

Klebsiella spp was present in 32 samples, while K pneumoniae was in 2% of samples, mainly in foxes and waterbirds.

“Even a 2% prevalence in wildlife represents environmental contamination by high-risk clones. K pneumoniae readily spills over through water and waste routes, creating a continuous human-animal-environment resistance cycle,” Conter noted.

Compared to 2024 data, K pneumoniae isolates in this research also had higher resistance to almost all antibiotic classes.

“Our study showed that wildlife resistance exceeds clinical rates,” explained Conter.

“100% of K pneumoniae isolates from wildlife in our study were resistant to 3GCs. Compared to this, only 19.6% of K pneumoniae isolates from human patients in Italy were resistant to 3GCs, according to the latest European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control surveillance data.”

How to fight antibiotic resistance at ecosystem levels

To curb the growing trend of AMR bacteria across wildlife and ecosystems not directly exposed to antibiotics, companies and governments alike need to take active steps to reduce antibiotic pollution in wastewater.

Similarly, sewage treatment needs to be enhanced, while antimicrobials in livestock should be used more cautiously to limit the use of key antibiotics in human medicine.

However, the study still has limitations regarding transmission links between wildlife and humans and the prevalence of resistance.

Larger studies could highlight the real diversity of bacteria present in wildlife. However, they can be expensive and challenging to implement.

“What we see is a complex problem that requires ‘one health’ solutions addressing antibiotic pollution, climate-driven wildlife behavioral changes, and bacterial population dynamics,” Conter noted.

“Our data justify routine wildlife AMR monitoring as a public health early warning system, guiding environmental interventions before resistance reaches clinical settings.”

 

Cornell researchers document one of the largest known ground-nesting bee populations

Cornell University

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ITHACA, N.Y. -- To save money, Rachel Fordyce parked her car for free at Ithaca’s East Hill Plaza and walked through East Lawn Cemetery to her job as a technician in an entomology lab on Cornell’s campus. One spring day in 2022, she walked in to work with a jar full of bees.

“These are all over the cemetery,” she told her boss, Bryan Danforth, professor of entomology in the College and Agriculture and Life Sciences. They identified the bees as Andrena regularis (also known as the "regular mining bee"), a wild, solitary, ground-nesting species that is an important pollinator.

Fordyce’s jar of bees led to the discovery that the Ithaca cemetery is home to one of the largest and oldest recorded aggregations of ground nesting bees in the world, with an estimated 5.5 million individual bees. That’s the equivalent of more than 200 honeybee hives in a 1.5-acre plot of land, and more than three times the population of Manhattan.  

“I’m sure there are other large bee aggregations that exist around the world that we just haven’t identified, but in terms of what is in the literature, this is one of the largest,” said Steve Hoge ’24, first author of a new study published April 13 in the journal Apidologie. The research delves into the biology of these economically important but understudied wild bees, using those at East Lawn Cemetery as a case study. Hoge conducted the research as an undergraduate working in Danforth’s lab .  

The paper describes a novel method for documenting many aspects of bee biology, reveals how such wild bees are extremely important agricultural pollinators for high-value specialty crops, such as the apples, one of New York's most iconic and valuable commodities, and points to the importance of cemeteries as preserves of biological diversity.

“The research elevates the value of solitary ground-nesting bees and shows just how abundant these bees are, how important they are as crop pollinators, and that we need to be aware of these nest sites and preserve them,” Danforth said.

Historical bee observation data revealed that A. regularis has been collected in the East Lawn Cemetery as far back as the early 1900s; the cemetery itself was founded in 1878. 

The discovery adds credence to claims that cemeteries serve as preserves of biodiversity. Older cemeteries, particularly in urban centers in Europe, are known to be refuges for rare plants, insects, birds and mammals. Indeed, Keven Morse, East Lawn Cemetery’s superintendent, whose family has been involved with the private nonprofit business for the last 46 years, said he has observed deer, nesting geese, hawks, foxes and coyotes on the grounds. And of course, bees, which he said have never stung him. “I just felt bad having to mow in certain areas,” he said. “There’s probably three or four sections where they really migrate heavy, there’s a lot of them.” 

The peacefulness, the lack of pesticides and the fact that, overall, the ground is rarely disturbed, all make cemeteries good habitat for bees, Danforth said. 

A. regularis and other ground nesting bees are vastly understudied, even though 75% of bees are solitary ground nesters. “It’s the most common lifestyle for bees,” Danforth said. When Hoge began the study, he searched the scientific literature for information on A. regularis and found the most comprehensive and useful article dated back to 1978, which created an opportunity to more fully describe the bee’s biology.

Like most solitary, ground-nesting bees, female A. regularis dig subterranean nests and lay eggs in brood cells provisioned with pollen and nectar. The eggs hatch into larvae and develop into adults underground.

“This species overwinters as adults, which is relatively rare, and that’s part of the reason why they come up out of the ground so early in the spring, timed to the apple bloom,” as well as other fruit trees and early blooming wildflowers, said Hoge, who majored in biology and society in the College of Arts and Sciences and is now a research assistant in the Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital at Harvard, with plans to attend medical school in the fall. In New York, A. regularis emerges around April, when temperatures begin to regularly hit 70 degrees at midday.

Cornell Orchards, around one-third of a mile away, provides a large resource of blooming flowers in early spring. This might partly explain the cemetery’s enormous population of A. regularis, along with the area’s sandy soil, which these bees prefer, Danforth said. 

In the study, the authors applied a new method to measure population size and to understand sex ratios and the timing of when males and females emerge from the ground in spring. They employed emergence traps, which are small mesh tents that are open on the bottom and sit over less than a square meter of ground. A funnel leads to a glass jar that traps insects.

“You capture a whole community of animals coming out of the ground with this approach,” Danforth said. 

The team set 10 traps between March 30 and May 16, 2023. They collected 3,251 individuals representing 16 species of bees, flies and beetles, with A. regularis as the dominant species, according to the paper. 

By counting how many bees were caught in each trap, the team calculated average bee density, or the number of bees emerging from a square meter of ground. Researchers then extrapolated that number to the total area of the cemetery, about 6,000 square meters. Given that different traps captured different numbers of bees, they calculated that the total population of A. regularis ranged from as few as 3 million to as many as 8 million, with an average of 5.5 million total bees.

The traps revealed that the males emerge first in bursts of activity when the weather warms in April. Days later, the females emerge. “The males come out first and wait for the females, so that they have the best opportunities to mate and pass on their genes,” Hoge said, confirming that A. regularis follows a pattern noted in other early spring bee species. 

The traps also allowed the team to identify and confirm brood parasitism by nomad (or “cuckoo”) bees (Nomada imbricata), which emerge later than A. regularis and at a slower rate, as they wait for the ground bees to provision their brood cells. They then lay their eggs in the brood cells of A. regularis. The nomad’s larva kills the larva of their miner bee host, and then feed on the pollen and provisions in the cell. 

Danforth and the team have created a global ground-nesting bee citizen science project, where people around the world can report on ground nesting bees and aggregations they observe in their daily lives. 

“These populations are huge, and they need protection,” Danforth said. “If we don’t preserve nest sites, and someone paves over them, we could lose in an instant 5.5 million bees that are important pollinators.”

Co-authors include postdoctoral researchers Jordan Kueneman and Katherine Odanaka, undergraduate students Steve Hoge '24 and Cassidy Dobler '26, and lab technician Rachel Fordyce. 

The study was funded by the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, the National Science Foundation, and the Federal Capacity Funds program.  

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Journal

Apidologie

DOI

10.1007/s13592-026-01256-6 

Article Title

Emergence dynamics and host-parasite associations in a large aggregation of Andrena regularis (Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Andrenidae)

Article Publication Date

13-Apr-2026

 

Wildlife trade increases pathogen transmission

University of Lausanne

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A study conducted at the Department of Ecology and Evolution of the University of Lausanne (Unil) quantifies the impact of wildlife trade on the exchange of germs and parasites between animals and humans. It was published on 9 April 2026 in the journal Science.

Hedgehogs, elephants, pangolins, bears or fennec foxes: many wild species are sold as pets, hunting trophies, for traditional medicine, biomedical research, or for their meat or fur. These practices, whether legal or illegal, concern one quarter of all mammal species.

The team led by Cleo Bertelsmeier, Associate Professor at the Department of Ecology and Evolution (DEE) of the Faculty of Biology and Medicine at Unil, assessed the role of international wildlife trade in the transmission of pathogens between animals and humans. While this link has seemed obvious since Covid-19 – reminding that the sale of animals at the Wuhan market was singled out – “no precise quantification had been carried out until now,” explains Jérôme Gippet, first author of the study published on 9 April 2026 in Science.

Forty years of trade data analysed

The team combined forty years of legal and illegal wildlife import-export data with compilations of host–pathogen relationships. Their analyses, conducted in collaboration with U.S. researchers (Yale University, University of Maryland and University of Idaho), led to the following result: wild mammals that are traded are 1.5 times more likely to share infectious agents with humans than those that are not involved in trade. “In other words, these species have a 50% higher probability of sharing at least one virus, bacterium, fungus or parasite with us.” And that is not all: the risk is even higher when species are traded illegally or alive (for example as exotic pets).

The most striking finding according to the research team is that “the length of time an animal has been present in trade plays a key role: on average, a species shares one additional pathogen with humans for every ten-year period spent on the market,” emphasizes Jérôme Gippet, former postdoctoral researcher at the DEE, now at the University of Fribourg.

Wildlife in all its forms

The work focuses on wild mammals, meaning species that have not been domesticated and on which humans have therefore not exerted selective pressure, unlike cats, dogs, cattle or camels. These may be individuals captured from the wild or bred in captivity, for example for fur production. This category also includes new exotic pets – fennec foxes, otters, African pygmy hedgehogs, leopard cats or sugar gliders, to name but a few – whose buying and selling are fuelled by their popularity on social media. The data analysed cover both the trade in live specimens and in animal-derived products (fur, skins, scales, horns, etc.).

“It is important to understand that the probability of being infected by playing a piano with ivory keys or wearing fur is almost nonexistent. The problem lies at the beginning of the chain: someone had to hunt the animal, skin it, transport it…,” explains Jérôme Gippet. “Thus, even if the danger is not immediate, our consumption choices indirectly fuel the transmission of pathogens to humans. This calls our purchasing practices into question,” adds Cleo Bertelsmeier, who led the study.

At the intersection of ecology and public health

The team led by Cleo Bertelsmeier initially became interested in wildlife trade because it is a source of biological invasions (see related news in French). Individuals can escape or be released into the wild and cause harm to local ecosystems. But this activity can also have two other consequences: first, the risk of species extinction due to overexploitation of natural populations; second, the risk of pathogen exchange with humans, which is the focus of this latest Science publication, a phenomenon that can lead to epidemics or even pandemics. Covid-19 is only one example among others: in 2003, the United States notably faced an outbreak of monkeypox transmitted by prairie dogs sold as pets.

Strengthening biosurveillance

The results of the study highlight the need to improve biosurveillance of animals and animal-derived products in order to detect infectious agents and assess their potential for transmission to humans. Currently, the main multilateral agreement governing international trade in wild species, CITES, focuses exclusively on preventing extinction.

“Our finding that wild mammals share, on average, one additional pathogen with humans for every decade of presence on the global market highlights that the number of contacts plays a decisive role. To reduce disease emergence, these opportunities for encounters must be limited, and therefore the overall volume of trade,” states Jérôme Gippet.

“In my view, our work clearly shows how fundamental research can shed light on public health issues. It provides key elements to better understand host–pathogen dynamics and prevent future epidemics,” concludes Cleo Bertelsmeier.

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Journal

Science

DOI

10.1126/science.adw5518 

Article Title

Wildlife trade drives animal-to-human pathogen transmission over 40 years

Article Publication Date

9-Apr-2026

Related News Releases

• Wildlife trade increases pathogen transmission
  (University of Lausanne)

Parasitic Tapeworm — A Risk To Domestic Dogs And Humans — Found In Washington State  Coyotes

A new University of Washington study detected a parasitic tapeworm that can infect domestic dogs and humans in the intestines of one-third of coyotes surveyed in Washington. This coyote (not part of the study) was spotted in Seattle’s Discovery Park last fall. CREDIT: Samantha Kreling/University of Washington

 April 7, 2026  

By Eurasia Review

New evidence suggests that a disease-causing tapeworm that has been spreading across the United States and Canada has arrived in the Pacific Northwest. The tapeworm, called Echinococcus multilocularis, lives as a parasite in coyotes, foxes and other canid species and can cause severe disease if passed to domestic dogs or humans

E. multilocularis has long been recognized as a public health threat in parts of the Northern hemisphere, including Europe and Asia, but was considered extremely rare in North America until approximately 15 years ago, when cases in humans and dogs began cropping up in Canada and the midwestern U.S., indicating that the parasite was spreading.

This study, led by University of Washington researchers, is the first to detect E. multilocularis in a wild host on the west coast of the contiguous U.S. Researchers surveyed 100 coyotes in the Puget Sound region, and found E. multilocularis in 37 of them. The results were published in PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases.

“This parasite is concerning because it has been spreading across North America. There have been numerous cases of dogs getting sick, and a handful of people have also picked up the tapeworm,” said lead author Yasmine Hentati, who recently graduated from the UW with a doctorate in environmental and forest science. “The fact that we found it here in one-third of our coyotes was surprising, because it wasn’t found anywhere in the Pacific Northwest until earlier this year.”

When E. multilocularis infects an animal or person, it causes cancer-like cysts to form in the liver and sometimes other organs. If untreated, infection can be fatal.

However, not all carriers become sick. E. multilocularis has a complex life cycle that involves multiple hosts. Canids, which host adult parasites, can support thousands of worms in their intestines without becoming sick. The worms shed eggs that are then passed in their feces.

Rodents — another host — become infected by eating food contaminated with coyote feces. Once consumed, the parasite eggs migrate to the liver and form cysts, ultimately weakening or killing the rodents. The parasite’s life cycle begins again when coyotes prey upon infected rodents.

Humans and domestic dogs are categorized as accidental hosts. Humans may pick up the parasite by consuming tapeworm eggs — in food that is contaminated with coyote or dog feces, for example — and can develop a disease called alveolar echinococcosis, characterized by slow-growing metastatic cysts. Symptoms may not appear for five to 15 years after exposure, which complicates diagnosis and treatment.

Alveolar echinococcosis is considered the third most important food-borne illness globally, and one of the top 20 neglected tropical diseases by the World Health Organization. Many countries have developed robust protocols for tracking it.

Domestic dogs that are exposed to E. multilocularis may or may not become sick, depending on where the parasite is in its life cycle at exposure. It is more common for dogs to carry the parasite and shed eggs without developing disease, but dogs that are exposed to parasite eggs may develop the same cancer-like cysts as other infected animals.

“To minimize the risk of dogs getting infected with E. multilocularis, owners should not let them prey on rodents or scavenge their carcasses,” said co-author Guilherme Verocai, an associate professor and director of the Parasitology Diagnostic Laboratory at the Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences.

Owners can also give dogs preventative medication for worms and ticks and ensure routine veterinary care, which should include diagnostic tests for parasites, Verocai said.

Although the researchers found E. multilocularis in more than one-third of local coyotes tested, there is little evidence of the infection spreading to other hosts. One study reported seven cases of the parasite in dogs in Washington, Oregon and Idaho since 2023, five of which were in Washington. Few human cases have been reported in the U.S., and none on the West Coast.

“The reason that it’s so high in coyotes is because they are regularly eating raw rodents, and that is the primary way for them to get infected. Most domestic dogs are not eating the raw livers of wild rodents,” Hentati said.

Before the uptick in the 2010s, there were several reports of E. multilocularis on remote islands in northwestern Alaska. Those cases were caused by a parasite with different origins than the current outbreak. Genetic analysis pins the earlier cases to a tundra variant while these recent cases are driven by a more infectious variant with European origins. The coyotes in this study carried the newer variant, now thought to be the predominant variant in the U.S. and Canada.

Neither Canada nor the U.S. require dogs to undergo deworming upon arrival, which may explain the spread. Previous studies also proposed that E. multilocularis could have come over in red foxes imported for hunting 100 years ago, but no one knows for sure.

“The main takeaway is that Echinococcus multilocularis is here, it’s pretty prevalent in the local coyote population and people should be aware of potential risks,” Hentati said.

 

March research news from the Ecological Society of America

Ecological Society of America

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image: 

A study in Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment uses data on shorebirds like these to demonstrate a new approach to understanding and protecting migratory birds amid habitat change.

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Credit: Tong Mu

The Ecological Society of America (ESA) presents a roundup of five research articles recently published across its esteemed journals. Widely recognized for fostering innovation and advancing ecological knowledge, ESA’s journals consistently feature illuminating and impactful studies. This compilation of papers explores supply and demand along birds’ migration routes, scavenging by smaller carnivores, polar bear adaptation to a thawing Arctic, how different forestry approaches affect Europe’s birds and beaver impacts on tundra ecosystems.

From Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment:

Measuring the supply and demand of bird migration
Author contact: Tong Mu (tmu@princeton.edu)

Pinpointing where migrating birds most need help has long been difficult, because changes in their numbers at any one site can reflect not just local conditions but also shifting circumstances elsewhere along their journeys. To address this challenge, the authors of a new study introduce a simple but powerful metric grounded in two ideas they call “demand” (how intensely birds use a site) and “supply” (the site’s capacity to provide needed resources, such as food and shelter). By comparing bird demand with habitat supply, the metric can be used to assess and compare the relative conditions of stopover sites along migratory routes. Sites with high demand but low supply may represent potential bottlenecks — places heavily used by migrating birds yet limited in resources — while sites with ample supply but lighter use may be of lower conservation concern. Because this framework can be applied across entire migration routes, it can enhance management and conservation efficiency by helping prioritize sites to safeguard and shedding light on which factors may be limiting migratory bird populations throughout their ranges.

Read the article: A “demand and supply” approach to monitoring habitat and population changes of migratory birds

From Ecology:

Mid-size carnivores selective about scavenging
Author contact: Wesley Binder (wesley.binder@oregonstate.edu)

Research in the western U.S. suggests that scavenging by mid-sized carnivores differs depending on which large predator did the killing. Camera traps and GPS tracking of coyotes and red foxes in Yellowstone National Park showed that both so-called “mesocarnivores” took advantage of the scraps left over by wolves and cougars. Unexpectedly, however, the preferences of the two mesocarnivores differed markedly: foxes were frequently encountered at cougar kills but only rarely at wolf kills, while coyotes largely avoided cougar kills and stuck closer to wolves. Overlapping lifestyles may account for these associations to some degree, as wolves and coyotes are typically active during the day, whereas cougars and red foxes are most active after dusk. But cougars are also known to actively hunt coyotes for food, a behavior rarely displayed by wolves, which may explain why coyotes shy away from the big cats. Still, being kin is no guarantee of safety: wolves often attack coyotes lurking around kill sites because they perceive their smaller cousins to be rivals for limited resources. The research provides new insights into how the presence of large carnivores shapes the behavior of mesocarnivores, knowledge that may aid global management and conservation of carnivores of all sizes.

Read the article: Species-specific interactions with apex carnivores yield unique benefits and burdens for mesocarnivores

From Ecological Monographs:

Polar bears barely adapting to climate change
Author contact: L. Ruth Rivkin (ruth.rivkin@umanitoba.ca)

As polar bears struggle with multiple accelerating challenges in a rapidly warming Arctic, scientists have now pulled together the first comprehensive review of what we know about how the species is responding evolutionarily to these changes. Although genetic variation is essential for adapting to shifting environmental conditions, the review finds that this capacity is becoming more constrained in some — but not all — populations of polar bears. Shrinking sea ice is making it harder for bears to hunt and interact with each other, interfering with normal population mixing and, in some regions, leading to signs of significant inbreeding. Climate change, along with subsistence hunting and other human pressures, may also be causing bears to become smaller, a typical response to warmer conditions and more unpredictable food supplies. Despite these changes, however, scientists have detected little evidence of true physiological adaptation; instead, bears appear to be coping primarily by altering their behavior, such as hunting for new kinds of prey. By bringing together scattered genetic and ecological studies, the review highlights an urgent need to integrate these data streams to improve monitoring and protection of wide-ranging animals like polar bears, especially in regions of the world where climate change is already causing significant upheaval.

Read the article: Climate-linked evolution and genetics in a warming Arctic

From Ecological Applications:

Balancing timber and wildlife in Europe’s managed forests
Author contact: João Manuel Cordeiro Pereira (jmpereira94@hotmail.com)

Different approaches for balancing logging and biodiversity in European forests have varying — and sometimes contrasting — impacts on both birds and the insects they feed on, according to a recent study. Analysis of 1,394 bird surveys conducted across 135 forest plots in southern Germany showed that management practices that create more natural forest conditions, namely variable retention (leaving some living and dead trees and downed logs during harvest) and close-to-nature forestry (replacing uniform evergreen monocultures with uneven-aged stands of a variety of trees) often supported higher abundances of certain bird species, particularly those that nest in cavities or rely on diverse forest structure. Yet the direction of these responses varied widely among birds, underscoring that no single management strategy benefits all birds and that a mosaic of differently structured forests is likely needed. Invertebrates like insects and spiders also responded to these forestry practices, but bird numbers did not simply track the amount of their prey; rather, birds and invertebrates tended to respond in parallel to features such as higher shares of broadleaf trees or richer understories. Overall, the results point to the importance of moving beyond evergreen-dominated monocultures to support birds and their prey in Europe’s managed forests.

Read the article: Disentangling the effects of multifunctional forestry practices on the abundances of birds and their invertebrate prey

From Ecosphere:

Eager beavers busy moving north
Author contact: Georgia M. Hole (georgia.m.hole@durham.ac.uk)

Integrating physical evidence with remote-sensing techniques has enabled researchers to map the expansion of beavers into the Canadian Arctic, shedding additional light on the myriad ways they are transforming polar ecosystems. Natural clues — felled trees, browsed vegetation and altered waterways — left behind by the industrious engineers indicate that beavers have continuously occupied the study region bordering the Arctic Ocean since around 2008. In turn, the use of satellite imagery reveals some of the ways in which beavers are altering northern landscapes, such as rapid formation of ponds upstream from dams, creation of extensive wetland systems and rerouting of waterways. The results underscore the usefulness of linking different lines of evidence for determining beaver movement into Arctic regions and for anticipating their impacts on fragile tundra environments.

Read the article: Dendrochronology and remote sensing reveal beaver occupancy and colonization dynamics in an expanding Arctic population

 

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The Ecological Society of America, founded in 1915, is the world’s largest community of professional ecologists and a trusted source of ecological knowledge, committed to advancing the understanding of life on Earth. The 8,000 member Society publishes six journals and a membership bulletin and broadly shares ecological information through policy, media outreach and education initiatives. The Society’s Annual Meeting attracts thousands of attendees and features the most recent advances in ecological science. Visit the ESA website at https://www.esa.org

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