Key Takeaways:
- King Abdullah II’s Aug. 18–24 China visit is framed as Jordan seeking economic and diplomatic “optionality”—more Chinese investment, tech, and air links—without dropping U.S. security ties or Gulf partners.
- Signed MoUs span industry, e-commerce, aviation, energy, water, minerals, AI, and tourism; the author says the test is jobs, exports, skills, and local control of data and infrastructure, not ceremony.
- Amman and Beijing also aligned on Hormuz navigation, U.S.–Iran ceasefire talks, and a two-state Palestine line with Hashemite Jerusalem custodianship—treated as shared interest in pausing regional wars, not a bloc switch.
King Abdullah II’s state visit to China from August 18 to 24, 2026, was not simply another stop on the familiar circuit of Middle Eastern diplomacy. It came at a moment when the region is being forced to reconsider some of its oldest assumptions about power, security, economic dependence, and the role of external actors. The Middle East is no longer a region in which one outside power can effortlessly define the political agenda while everyone else adjusts. China is expanding its economic and diplomatic footprint, Gulf states are pursuing greater strategic autonomy, regional powers are asserting their own agendas, and countries such as Jordan are increasingly compelled to think in terms of flexibility rather than alignment. Against this backdrop, King Abdullah’s journey to Beijing was best understood as an exercise in strategic diversification—an attempt to enlarge Jordan’s economic and diplomatic options without dismantling the partnerships on which its security has traditionally depended.
The official Jordanian account makes the purpose of the visit clear. The Royal Hashemite Court’s account of the King’s talks with President Xi Jinping describes the relationship as nearly five decades old and emphasizes Jordan’s readiness to expand cooperation with China in agriculture, pharmaceuticals, food, engineering, tourism, education, and culture. The joint statement issued by Jordan and China goes further, placing the relationship within a broader framework of political coordination, economic cooperation, technological development, regional diplomacy, and Global South engagement. From Beijing’s perspective, the emphasis is equally revealing. Chinese President Xi Jinping called for deeper alignment between the two countries’ development strategies, while Chinese state media highlighted cooperation in traditional sectors alongside artificial intelligence, the digital economy, green energy, advanced manufacturing, and industrial innovation. The message is therefore larger than the language of friendship normally associated with state visits. Amman and Beijing are trying to convert political trust into strategic utility. That is the real story.
A Relationship Moving Beyond Diplomatic Courtesy
Jordan and China established diplomatic relations in 1977 and elevated them to a strategic partnership in 2015. The fiftieth anniversary of diplomatic relations will arrive in 2027, giving the current moment a useful historical marker. But anniversaries, however politically convenient, do not themselves create strategic relationships. What matters is whether the institutions, businesses, universities, and governments on both sides can turn political confidence into durable cooperation.
The Chinese-Jordanian relationship has already accumulated considerable political capital. During his meeting with Xi, King Abdullah reaffirmed Jordan’s commitment to the One-China policy, while Beijing reiterated its support for Jordan’s sovereignty, security, development, and regional role. The two governments also reaffirmed their willingness to coordinate on issues of mutual interest and to deepen political trust.
That political language is important precisely because it establishes the boundaries of trust. Jordan does not have to become a Chinese ally, and China does not need Jordan to become an anti-American partner. The relationship can instead occupy a more pragmatic space: one based on sovereignty, development, economic interdependence, and diplomatic coordination. This distinction is essential to understanding Jordanian foreign policy.
Amman has historically avoided putting all of its strategic eggs in one basket. Its security relationship with the United States remains fundamental. Its economic and political links with Europe remain substantial. Its ties with the Gulf are indispensable. At the same time, Jordan has increasingly recognized the value of Asian markets, Chinese technology, and alternative sources of investment. That is not inconsistency. It is hedging.
In an increasingly uncertain international system, a middle state does not necessarily gain security by choosing one great power and excluding another. It can sometimes gain more security by maintaining enough relationships that no single external actor can determine the limits of its strategic choices. Jordan’s relationship with China should therefore be understood as strategic optionality rather than geopolitical realignment.
The Economics Key to Pragmatism
The real challenge begins when the diplomatic ceremonies end. Jordan does not need another partnership celebrated for its symbolism but remembered for its limited economic impact. It needs investment that changes the structure of its economy. That means factories rather than announcements, exports rather than headlines, skills rather than slogans, and productive enterprises rather than memoranda that remain in government archives.
The August agreements offer some encouraging indications that both sides understand this. According to the Royal Hashemite Court’s detailed account of the agreements, Jordan and China signed memoranda covering e-commerce, civil aviation, industrial and supply chains, legal and judicial cooperation, science and technology, mineral resources, energy, environment and climate change, media, tourism, and academic cooperation. The two sides also signed an arrangement between Royal Jordanian and Air China intended to broaden commercial and operational cooperation and support new air routes.
This is much more significant than a generic declaration of friendship. An agreement on industrial and supply-chain cooperation suggests an attempt to connect Jordanian economic activity with Chinese production networks. The e-commerce agreement points toward a digital dimension. Cooperation in science and technology opens another channel for knowledge transfer. The aviation agreement could help transform physical connectivity into commercial connectivity. But Jordan should judge all of this by one demanding question:
What does the partnership produce inside Jordan?
Many questions pop up in the mind of Jordanian people: Does this partnership create jobs? Does it expand exports? Does it strengthen Jordanian companies? Does it transfer technical expertise? Does it generate research? Does it integrate local businesses into global supply chains? Does it reduce the country’s economic vulnerabilities? Those are the metrics that matter. The danger for any developing country is to confuse the presence of foreign capital with economic transformation. Capital can build infrastructure without creating domestic productive capacity. A more ambitious strategy would use Chinese capital and technology to create Jordanian capabilities that remain after the investor, project, or contract changes. That should be the central economic doctrine of the next phase of the relationship.
Shanghai and Shenzhen: Looking at the Future Rather Than the Past
One of the most revealing aspects of the King’s visit was its geographical itinerary. Beijing was the political center. Shanghai and Shenzhen were the economic laboratories. The Royal Hashemite Court reported that the King met Chinese business leaders in Shanghai, where discussions focused on investment and expertise exchange in pharmaceuticals, food, engineering, agriculture, and aviation. In Shenzhen, meanwhile, the King visited companies working in robotics, advanced air mobility, and smart logistics, while discussing research, innovation, and digital transformation. Those visits were revealing. Jordan was not merely looking for Chinese money. It was looking at how China creates economic ecosystems.
Shanghai represents global commerce, finance, logistics, research, and advanced industry. Shenzhen represents entrepreneurship, electronics, robotics, digital technology, venture capital, and rapid commercialization. For Jordan, the important lesson is not that these cities can simply be copied. They cannot. The lesson is that economic modernization requires the interaction of capital, technology, institutions, skilled people, infrastructure, and entrepreneurial culture.
Jordan already has a significant reservoir of educated professionals. Its problem has been converting human capital into enough productive employment and export capacity. This is where Chinese cooperation could become genuinely valuable. A serious partnership should connect Jordanian universities, technology companies, research institutions, startups, vocational colleges, and industrial firms with Chinese counterparts. Scholarships are useful. Conferences are useful. Memoranda are useful. But joint laboratories, engineering programs, internships, technology incubators, industrial apprenticeships, research centers, and co-developed products would be far more consequential.
The most valuable legacy of the Beijing visit may therefore not be a single Chinese investment project. It could be the emergence of a generation of Jordanians who understand both the Chinese and Arab economic environments. That is a strategic capital.
Artificial Intelligence Without Strategic Naivety
Artificial intelligence is likely to become one of the most visible areas of future cooperation. Chinese President Xi explicitly called for deeper cooperation in emerging sectors, including the digital economy and artificial intelligence, while Jordanian officials have identified technological innovation and AI as areas for exploration.
Jordan should embrace that opportunity—but without becoming intellectually intoxicated by the technology itself. AI is useful only when it solves real problems. Jordan could develop specialized applications in Arabic-language technology, healthcare, education, agriculture, water management, public administration, tourism, cybersecurity, logistics, and small-business productivity. Such applications could potentially give Jordan a niche in the wider Arab digital economy. The opportunity is particularly interesting because Jordan has something many larger economies struggle to build quickly: a relatively strong pool of educated, multilingual professionals. But technology also creates dependency.
The strategic competition of the twenty-first century is not limited to aircraft carriers, missiles, and military bases. It increasingly revolves around data, cloud infrastructure, telecommunications, digital standards, algorithms, chips, cybersecurity, supply chains, and technological ecosystems. Jordan therefore needs a technology partnership with China that is ambitious without becoming dependent.
Data governance, cybersecurity, intellectual property, interoperability, procurement standards, and national control over sensitive systems must be treated as strategic questions rather than technical details. Welcoming Chinese technology is not the same thing as surrendering technological sovereignty. In fact, the more sophisticated a partnership becomes, the more carefully sovereignty has to be protected.
Energy and Water Are the Real Test of Strategic Partnership
Artificial intelligence may dominate headlines, but energy and water are likely to determine whether the partnership actually improves Jordan’s national resilience. Jordan’s energy requirements and severe water constraints are not abstract development problems. They affect the country’s fiscal position, industrial competitiveness, food security, social stability, and long-term strategic resilience. China’s strengths in solar manufacturing, batteries, electric vehicles, grid technology, renewable energy, water treatment, and industrial efficiency make these natural areas for cooperation.
The joint statement explicitly calls for greater cooperation in energy, agriculture, green economic development, environmental protection, and other areas, while the agreements signed during the visit include dedicated cooperation on energy, environmental and climate issues, and mineral resources. Jordan should use this opening strategically.
Chinese cooperation could help develop battery-storage capacity, smart grids, renewable-energy systems, electric public transportation, water-treatment technology, wastewater recycling, precision irrigation, and digitally managed water networks. But again, the objective should not be simply to import equipment. Jordan should demand training, maintenance capabilities, research cooperation, local procurement, and knowledge transfer. A country becomes more resilient when it can operate and maintain the technology it imports. Otherwise, dependency merely changes its form.
Tourism and the Air Silk Road
Tourism is another area where the relationship could become much more tangible for ordinary Jordanians. Jordan has something that cannot be manufactured: Petra, Wadi Rum, Jerash, the Dead Sea, Irbid, Um Qais,Ajloun, Aqaba, Mount Nebo, Amman, and a remarkable concentration of archaeological and religious heritage. The question is whether Jordan can connect those assets to the Chinese tourism market. The King’s meeting with Trip.com in Shanghai focused on tourism promotion, smart marketing, cultural heritage, and stronger air connections. The Royal Hashemite Court has reported that Jordan and China agreed to pursue direct air links, while the civil-aviation memorandum seeks to develop what it describes as the “Air Silk Road”.
That could matter considerably. Direct flights are not merely an aviation issue. They are economic infrastructure. They reduce transaction costs, encourage tourism, facilitate business travel, increase educational exchange, and make investment relationships easier to sustain. But connectivity requires more than aircraft. Jordan needs Chinese-language tourism platforms, payment systems familiar to Chinese travelers, trained guides, targeted digital marketing, specialized tourism packages, and sustained promotion.
The tourism partnership could also strengthen smaller Jordanian businesses. Visitors should not simply pass through international hotel chains. They should spend money with local restaurants, guides, artisans, transport providers, cultural institutions, and communities. That is how diplomacy becomes economic development.
The Geopolitical Dimension Is Becoming Impossible to Ignore
The most consequential development during the visit, however, may have had little to do with economics. King Abdullah and Xi also discussed the broader Middle Eastern crisis. The joint statement called for maintaining the U.S.-Iran ceasefire, restoring normal passage through the Strait of Hormuz, and reaching a comprehensive solution through dialogue and negotiations that addresses the roots of regional tensions. It also reaffirmed the importance of sovereignty, territorial integrity, international law, and diplomatic mechanisms for resolving disputes. This moves the relationship into a different category.
Jordan and China are no longer talking only about trade. They are talking about the regional order. That matters because Jordan has a direct stake in the security architecture of the Middle East. Any prolonged conflict involving Iran, the Gulf, Israel, or the major international powers can affect Jordan’s economy, trade routes, energy security, tourism, border security, and diplomatic environment.
China, meanwhile, increasingly sees regional instability as a threat to its economic interests and broader international strategy. The Strait of Hormuz is a good example. It is not simply a geographic chokepoint. It is one of the arteries of the global energy economy. When Beijing and Amman jointly emphasize the restoration of normal navigation, they are speaking not only about Middle Eastern security but about the vulnerability of the global economic system to geopolitical shocks. That is where their interests intersect.
The repeated U.S.–Iran ceasefires provide an important backdrop to understanding the strategic logic of King Abdullah II’s China visit and the increasingly consequential Jordan–China relationship. Since the outbreak of the 2026 war, Washington and Tehran have already moved through two major ceasefire arrangements—the initial April truce and the more substantive June interim agreement, which established a 60-day negotiating framework—yet neither succeeded in producing a durable political settlement.
With the June arrangement expiring in August, the two sides returned to indirect negotiations, and reports on August 26 suggested that another ceasefire might have been reached; if confirmed, it would constitute the third major pause in hostilities and, more importantly, reveal the limits of military coercion in resolving the underlying strategic dispute. For Amman, this cycle of escalation, ceasefire and renewed bargaining is not an abstract diplomatic drama: every rupture between Washington and Tehran carries immediate consequences for Jordan’s energy security, trade routes, tourism, border stability, airspace and wider economic environment, while instability around the Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz can rapidly transmit shocks across the entire region.
It is precisely against this backdrop of managed instability that Jordan’s deepening engagement with Beijing assumes greater strategic significance. China has an interest in preventing a prolonged regional conflict because its economic interests, energy supplies and commercial corridors depend upon stability, while Jordan has an equally direct interest in preventing another cycle of war from overwhelming an already fragile regional equilibrium. The convergence gives Amman and Beijing a potentially important diplomatic space: Jordan brings its geographic position, Arab diplomatic networks and intimate knowledge of the region, while China brings economic weight, political influence and a growing willingness to engage in Middle Eastern diplomacy.
King Abdullah’s visit to Beijing should therefore be understood not simply as an exercise in economic diversification but as part of Jordan’s broader effort to build strategic resilience in an era of recurring ceasefires and incomplete wars. Amman cannot determine whether Washington and Tehran will fight or negotiate, nor can Beijing impose a settlement upon them; but both Jordan and China have an interest in ensuring that temporary pauses do not become merely intermissions before the next escalation.
The emerging Jordan–China partnership consequently acquires a significance beyond trade, technology and infrastructure: it offers Amman another diplomatic channel through which to navigate a Middle East in which wars are increasingly paused rather than ended, alliances are increasingly fluid, and middle powers must cultivate multiple relationships simply to preserve room for manoeuvre. For Jordan, Beijing is therefore not an alternative to Washington but another pillar of strategic insurance; for China, Jordan is not merely another Arab market but a politically credible partner positioned at one of the region’s most sensitive crossroads. The three ceasefires, if the latest one is confirmed, would consequently tell us something larger about the regional order: the age of decisive victory may be giving way to an era of negotiated pauses, controlled escalation and permanent bargaining—and countries such as Jordan are preparing accordingly.
Palestine: Where Amman and Beijing Find Significant Diplomatic Convergence
The Palestinian issue provides perhaps the clearest example of political convergence. For Jordan, Palestine is inseparable from its national security and regional identity. The issue touches Jordan’s borders, demographic stability, Jerusalem, humanitarian concerns, and the Hashemite custodianship of Islamic and Christian holy sites.
For China, Palestine is increasingly embedded in Beijing’s broader argument for a political settlement based on international law, sovereignty, and the establishment of a Palestinian state. During the talks, Xi reaffirmed China’s position that the Palestinian question lies at the heart of the Middle East issue and called for renewed efforts toward a two-state solution. Chinese state media presented the discussion as part of Beijing’s broader push for political settlement and regional stability.
The joint statement went further, expressing support for maintaining the Gaza ceasefire, ensuring humanitarian assistance, supporting Palestinian membership in the United Nations, and preserving Jordan’s Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem’s Muslim and Christian holy sites.
For Jordan, Chinese diplomatic weight can therefore be useful. For China, Jordan provides something equally valuable: a respected Arab interlocutor with longstanding regional relationships and a direct stake in the Palestinian question. Neither country can impose a settlement. But diplomacy does not always work through imposition. Sometimes its power lies in shaping the political space in which eventual settlements become possible.
Jordan Is Not Choosing Beijing Over Washington
This is where the visit is most likely to be misunderstood. A deeper Chinese-Jordanian partnership does not automatically mean that Jordan is drifting away from Washington. In fact, interpreting it that way would miss the logic of Jordanian foreign policy. Jordan has no rational interest in replacing one dependency with another.
Its relationship with the United States remains fundamental to its defense and security architecture. Europe remains an important economic and political partner. The Gulf remains central to Jordan’s financial and economic ecosystem. China brings another set of assets: investment, manufacturing capacity, technology, infrastructure expertise, and access to Asian markets.
Why would Jordan voluntarily surrender any of these relationships? It would not. The smarter strategy is to maintain them simultaneously. That is strategic optionality. It is also why Washington should not automatically interpret every Chinese investment in Jordan as a geopolitical defeat for the United States. A stronger Jordanian economy can actually serve American interests. A Jordan with better infrastructure, more jobs, stronger energy resilience, and greater technological capacity is likely to be more stable and more capable of supporting regional security.
The danger would arise only if Washington and Beijing turn Jordan into a zero-sum contest. Jordan has little interest in becoming a chessboard. And Beijing has little reason to insist that it must become one.
The Chinese View: Development Cooperation as Regional Stabilization
Chinese media coverage offers another important window into how Beijing sees the relationship. Xinhua’s account of Xi’s meeting with King Abdullah emphasized “alignment of development strategies,” portraying the relationship primarily through the language of modernization and practical cooperation. That framing is consistent with the Chinese government’s broader emphasis on development as an instrument of stability.
China Daily similarly emphasized the political and developmental dimensions of the summit, while Global Times went a step further by framing the visit as potentially allowing development cooperation between China and Jordan to contribute to regional stability. That Chinese framing should be taken seriously, but not uncritically.
For Beijing, economic engagement and strategic influence are not necessarily separate categories. Infrastructure, technology, trade, tourism, education, and political relationships can reinforce one another. That does not make Chinese engagement inherently malign. It does mean that Jordan should understand the relationship in full.
Economic partnerships have geopolitical consequences. A new aviation corridor changes connectivity. A digital partnership creates technological relationships. An industrial agreement creates supply-chain dependencies. An academic exchange creates institutional networks. A tourism campaign creates social familiarity. Over time, these layers accumulate. That is how influence is built in the twenty-first century—not always through military bases or formal alliances, but through networks of interdependence.
The Real Test
The most important question now is whether the agreements signed in Beijing will survive the return of the delegations to Amman. The Royal Hashemite Court has documented an unusually broad portfolio of agreements: e-commerce, civil aviation, industrial and supply chains, legal cooperation, science and technology, minerals, energy, environment, media, tourism, academic exchange, and air transport. That breadth is impressive. But breadth can also become a weakness. Too many priorities can produce institutional diffusion. Governments sign agreements across dozens of sectors and then discover that nobody has sufficient resources to implement them.
Jordan therefore needs a disciplined implementation mechanism. Every major agreement should have a responsible institution, financing model, timeline, measurable objectives, and reporting mechanism. The public should eventually be able to ask: How many jobs were created? How much investment arrived? How much was exported? How many Jordanian companies joined Chinese supply chains? How many engineers and technicians were trained? How many joint research projects were established? How much energy was saved? How much water was conserved? How many Chinese tourists arrived? How many direct flights were launched? These are the numbers that will determine whether the strategic partnership has substance. Implementation must become the new language of diplomacy.
A New Geometry of Jordanian Foreign Policy
The larger significance of the China visit lies in what it tells us about the future of Jordanian foreign policy. Jordan is operating in a world that is becoming less hierarchical and more fragmented. The United States remains extraordinarily powerful, but China has become an indispensable economic and technological power. Gulf states are pursuing greater autonomy. Turkey is expanding its regional influence. India is becoming more important. Europe remains economically significant. Middle Eastern states increasingly refuse to accept the assumption that their foreign policy must be organized around the preferences of one external power.
Jordan is adapting to this reality. Its strategy is not to abandon the West. Nor is it to join a Chinese bloc. It is to build room for maneuver. That is a rational response for a middle state living at the intersection of competing strategic systems. The China relationship can provide Jordan with new investment channels, technological partnerships, industrial opportunities, diplomatic support, and access to Asian markets. Its Western partnerships can continue to provide security, defense cooperation, finance, trade, education, and political support.
There is no contradiction unless the great powers decide there must be one. And that is precisely why Jordan’s strategic balancing matters. It is not passive neutrality. It is an attempt to turn geopolitical competition into national opportunity.
From Strategic Partnership to Strategic Capability
King Abdullah II’s visit to China has opened a potentially important new chapter in the relationship between Amman and Beijing. But the historical significance of the visit will not ultimately be measured by the number of meetings held in Beijing or the number of documents signed. It will be measured by what changes in Jordan.
If Chinese investment helps Jordanian companies enter global supply chains, the partnership will matter. If Chinese technology helps Jordan manage its water crisis, strengthen renewable energy, and modernize transport, the partnership will matter. If cooperation produces research laboratories, engineers, entrepreneurs, and scientists, the partnership will matter. If direct air links bring Chinese tourists and investors to Jordan, the partnership will matter. If diplomatic coordination gives Jordan greater room to maneuver in a turbulent Middle East, the partnership will matter. But if the agreements remain largely symbolic, the opportunity will be diminished.
The history of international diplomacy is full of strategic partnerships that sounded impressive on paper and produced little beyond ceremonial declarations. Jordan and China now have the opportunity to avoid that fate. The principle should be simple: A strategic partnership becomes meaningful when it creates strategic capability. Diplomatic statements establish intent. Agreements establish frameworks. Investment creates assets. Technology creates possibilities. But skills, institutions, productive industries, and human capital create lasting power.
For Jordan, the objective should therefore not be to choose between Washington and Beijing. It should be to use its relationship with both—and with Europe, the Gulf, and other emerging powers—to strengthen the country’s own capacity to make independent choices. For China, the challenge is equally clear. If Beijing wants its relationship with Jordan to be regarded as a genuine model of South-South cooperation, it must demonstrate that its engagement can produce local value, knowledge transfer, sustainable investment, and tangible development rather than simply expanding Chinese commercial influence.
That is the real test of the partnership. King Abdullah’s visit has created the opening. The next decade will determine whether Jordan and China use it. For now, one conclusion stands out. Jordan is not moving from Washington to Beijing. It is moving from dependence toward optionality. And in a Middle East increasingly defined by uncertainty, strategic optionality may be one of the most valuable forms of power a middle state can possess.
References
- China Daily. (2026, August 24). Xi holds talks with Jordan’s king. China Daily.
- Global Times. (2026, August 24). Xi holds talks with Jordan’s king; Visit empowers development co-op to serve as a pillar of regional stability. Global Times.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026a, August 24). King holds talks with China president. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026b, August 24). Jordan, China issue joint statement following conclusion of talks between King, China president. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026c, August 24). King, China president witness signing of agreements, MoUs. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026d, August 18). King meets with CEOs of leading Chinese companies in Shanghai. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026e, August 20). King visits Shenzhen showcase of Chinese companies operating in advanced air mobility, robotics, meets their senior executives. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026f, August 19). King discusses tourism, cultural cooperation opportunities in Shanghai. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Royal Hashemite Court. (2026g, August 17). King interviewed by China’s Xinhua News Agency. Royal Hashemite Court.
- Stimson Center. (2022). Jordan-China relations: Taking stock of bilateral relations at 45 years. Stimson Center.
- Xinhua. (2026a, August 24). Xi calls on China, Jordan to further deepen alignment of development strategies. Xinhua.
- Xinhua. (2026b, August 24). Xi holds talks with Jordan’s king. Xinhua.
About Dr. Shehab Al-Makahleh
Dr. Shehab Al-Makahleh is a senior political advisor for a number of countries and president of Canada-based Geostrategic Media Center and director of the Jordan-based Middle East Institute. Al-Makahleh is a non-resident fellow at a number of British, American and Middle Eastern think-tanks. He has contributed many policy papers and op-eds to many international think-tanks in different languages. He has been a keynote speaker at world political, security and military conferences. Al-Makahleh has published 10 books on political and economic developments and world leadership. He is the author of Into the Terrorist Mind and His Majesty King Abdullah II’s Trait: Teacher and Leader. He has published many policy papers in the US, Russia and the UK. He has published scores of articles, Op-Eds in American, Chinese, British, Russian, French, South Korean and Middle Eastern outlets. He has been lecturing at well-known universities in the Middle East and abroad. You may follow him [ @Geostrat_ME] and [@ShehabMakahleh].
View all posts by Dr. Shehab Al-Makahleh →
