Sunday, September 21, 2025

ATTACK ON FREE SPEECH

Donald Trump’s Most Authoritarian Week Yet

Andrew Perez, Nikki McCann Ramirez and Asawin Suebsaeng
Sat, September 20, 2025 
ROLLING STONE



It was clear Donald Trump and his allies would ramp up their crackdown against any and all opposition in the wake of the assassination of right-wing activist Charlie Kirk — and this week, the president’s second administration unleashed its most authoritarian blitz yet.

The Trump administration got late-night host Jimmy Kimmel’s show taken off the air by threatening companies’ broadcast licenses if they continued to run his show. Trump and his team threatened to strip the tax-exempt status of liberal nonprofit groups, while the president called for left-wing activists to be jailed for protesting him at dinner. Trump announced he’ll once again try to designate “antifa” — America’s disparate anti-fascist movement — as a terrorist group, with no legitimate basis, clarifying once again where he stands on the whole fascism question.

Meanwhile, the administration worked toward its goal to deport a legal U.S. resident for speaking out against Israel’s relentless assault on Palestine. Reports trickled out that Trump would fire a U.S. attorney for failing to bring charges against one of his enemies, before Trump publicly called for his departure and he quit.

This ugly, authoritarian week didn’t happen in a vacuum. Trump just last month mused about how Americans want a “dictator,” and the administration now appears to be using Kirk’s shocking murder as an excuse to escalate Trump’s ongoing campaign for total power.

The ramp-up began on Monday, as Vice President J.D. Vance hosted Kirk’s podcast from the White House and huddled with Stephen Miller, Trump’s deputy White House chief of staff and the man responsible for leading his mass vengeance campaign.

“You have the crazies on the far left who are saying, ‘Stephen Miller and J.D. Vance, they’re going to go after constitutionally protected speech. No, no, no,” Vance said, before immediately pledging to go after a network of liberal nonprofits that supposedly “foments, facilitates, and engages in violence.”

During the discussion, Miller repeatedly invoked Kirk’s death to justify the effort to shut down liberal groups.

“The last message that Charlie sent me was — I think it was just the day before we lost him — was that we needed to have an organized strategy to go after the left-wing organizations that are promoting violence in this country,” Miller said. He added, “With God as my witness, we are going to use every resource we have at the Department of Justice, Homeland Security, and throughout this government to identify, disrupt, dismantle, and destroy these networks.”

As the MAGA movement worked to get people fired for sharing negative thoughts about Kirk, conservative media outlets honed in on comments Kimmel made in the wake of his killing — twisting Kimmel’s words to make them seem like a fireable offense. And on Wednesday, Trump’s Federal Communications Commission (FCC) chairman, Brendan Carr, began issuing explicit threats, demanding that broadcasters take Jimmy Kimmel Live! off the air.

Speaking with right-wing influencer Benny Johnson, Carr pressured broadcasters to tell ABC: “‘Listen, we are going to preempt, we are not going to run Kimmel anymore, until you straighten this out because we, we licensed broadcaster, are running the possibility of fines or license revocation from the FCC.’”

Carr added, “We can do this the easy way or the hard way. These companies can find ways to take action on Kimmel, or there is going to be additional work for the FCC ahead.”

Within hours, ABC had indefinitely suspended Kimmel’s show and two large broadcast companies, Nexstar and Sinclair, announced they wouldn’t run it. (Note: The companies all have regulatory matters before the FCC.) Sources told Rolling Stone that while multiple executives at ABC and its parent company, Disney, did not feel that Kimmel’s comments merited a suspension, they caved to pressure from Carr.

“They were terrified about what the government would do, and did not even think Jimmy had the right to just explain what he said,” a person familiar with the internal situation said on Thursday, calling the decision “cowardly.”

Throughout Trumpland and the federal government, there was a heightened sense of glee over their silencing of Kimmel. Administration officials feel emboldened by the multiple scalps they’ve now collected — first Stephen Colbert, now Kimmel — to the point that they’re confident they have momentum to pressure corporate bosses to get rid of Trump’s late-night nemeses over at other networks.

Two Trump advisers told Rolling Stone that potential FCC investigations of Comcast are being viewed as a plausible route to pressure the NBC brass into sidelining, or dumping, late-night host Seth Meyers, whom Trump similarly despises. Aides at the White House and Republican National Committee often monitor the latest from liberal late-night shows, including Meyers’ program, to see if there’s any sound bite that Trump and company can quickly exploit — and that focus has only intensified in the aftermath of the Kirk slaying, two of those aides note.

The Trump administration’s threats against broadcasters have come under criticism from some conservatives. Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) described Carr’s “easy way or the hard way” line as being something “right out of Goodfellas,” calling it “dangerous as hell.” The editorial board at Rupert Murdoch’s Wall Street Journal called out “the Carr FCC’s abuse of its power.”

Sen. Cynthia Lummis (R-Wyo.), on the other hand, has apparently decided the First Amendment is no longer sacrosanct, because someone murdered Kirk. “Under normal times, in normal circumstances, I tend to think that the First Amendment should always be sort of the ultimate right. And that there should be almost no checks and balances on it,” Lummis said, according to Semafor. “I don’t feel that way anymore.”

Trump, himself, seemed eager on Thursday to threaten more media companies over their coverage as he spoke with reporters on Air Force One, saying that the networks “give me only bad press” and “maybe their license should be taken away.”

The same day as Kimmel’s ouster, Trump declared that he would attempt to designate “antifa” — short for anti-fascist — a terrorist organization. Given that the anti-fascist movement lacks any sort of centralized system of organization or leadership, it’s unclear how the administration would enforce such a designation or the scope of those it would target.

When an NPR reporter asked Trump on Air Force One how he would target antifa, he said, “We’re going to see. Did they have anything to do with your network? We’re going to find out.”

Trump also this week called on a group of protesters who bothered him to be jailed. Activists from the anti-war group CodePink recently located the president at Joe’s Seafood near the White House as he ventured out to see the city streets during his military deployment to the nation’s capital. The protesters made it into the restaurant near Trump and shouted at him: “Free D.C.! Free Palestine! Trump is the Hitler of our time!”

Trump is mad about it. “They should be put in jail, what they’re doing to this country is really subversive,” he said on Monday, adding that he asked Attorney General Pam Bondi to look into bringing “criminal RICO” racketeering cases against them. On Thursday, Trump said of the protesters, “I think they were a threat.”

Amid Trump’s attacks on free expression and a free press, one of the president’s most sustained attacks on speech received less attention as it turned more ugly.






On Wednesday, it was reported that the Trump administration could soon deport Mahmoud Khalil to Algeria or Syria. The administration already jailed Khalil for months after revoking his green card over his pro-Palestine activism. Khalil, whose wife and baby are American citizens, was released in June per a judge’s order.

There was news about Trump’s apparent attempt to wield the Department of Justice against one of his most personal enemies.

On Thursday, ABC News reported that Trump planned to fire the U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Virginia for refusing to bring charges against ​​New York Attorney General Letitia James, after prosecutors failed to find evidence she committed mortgage fraud.

James led the civil fraud case against the Trump family’s business empire. Trump was ordered to pay $355 million in damages in the case last year, before it was tossed last month.

In any other administration, news that the president intended to fire a prosecutor for failing to charge a political enemy would be treated as a massive scandal — indeed, it’s similar to the scandal that led to the resignation of George W. Bush’s attorney general, Alberto Gonzales.

Trump is different. When a reporter asked him Friday in the Oval Office if he wanted to fire Erik Siebert, Virginia’s acting U.S. Attorney — a guy Trump nominated — the president said, “Yeah, I want him out.” Trump complained about the prosecutor receiving blue slips, or customary endorsements, from Virginia’s two Democratic senators, whom he called “bad guys.” Siebert resigned afterward.

With everything going on, it might have been easy to miss the news Trump ordered more strikes on boats in the Caribbean supposedly carrying drugs — attacks so lawless that John Yoo, Bush’s torture memo author, felt the need to register his concern. “We can’t just consider anything that harms the country to be a matter for the military,” Yoo said. “Because that could potentially include every crime.”

Trump deployed the National Guard to Memphis, Tennessee, continuing his militarized crackdown on Democratic-led cities, while his masked goons roughed up a Democratic congressional candidate protesting outside an Immigration and Customs Enforcement facility in Illinois.

Late in the day Friday, The Washington Post reported that the Pentagon — under the leadership of former Fox News host Pete Hegseth, who’s calling himself the “Secretary of War” — will now require journalists who want press badges to agree not to gather any information that hasn’t been officially approved for release. That is, of course, literally a reporter’s job.

Speaking in the Oval Office on Friday, Trump claimed he’s “a very strong person for free speech,” before asserting, as he keeps saying, that 97 percent of reports about him are negative. “That’s no longer free speech,” he said. “That’s just cheating.”

Charlie Kirk believed in the right to 'evil speech.' Do his allies?

Taylor Seely, Arizona Republic
Sat, September 20, 2025 



Charlie Kirk built his reputation championing free speech before his assassination in Utah on Sept. 10.

He debated thousands of students who disagreed with him and said the U.S. Constitution protected so-called "hate speech," "ugly speech," "gross speech" and even "evil speech."

Yet in the week since Kirk's assassination at a college, his supporters have sought to punish people for speech they find inappropriate. They include government officials, whose statements and actions have raised alarm among First Amendment advocates and sparked national debate over what sort of speech is and isn't protected by the Constitution.

Comedian Jimmy Kimmel's late-night show was suspended after Federal Communications Commission Chairman Brendan Carr made veiled threats. U.S. Attorney General Pam Bondi said she would prosecute "hate speech," and President Donald Trump said TV stations that criticize him too much should possibly have their broadcast licenses revoked.

Some viewed what Kirk said as extreme, hateful, racist and sexist. Others said detractors misrepresented or misunderstood Kirk's points.

In Arizona, a sports reporter and a fitness instructor lost their jobs over comments they made about Kirk. A Pima County Sheriff's deputy was put on leave for social media posts that “are alleged to be inappropriate."

An anonymous website called "Expose Charlie's Murderers" was launched to collect submissions about anyone who posted anti-Kirk sentiments. It published their names and screenshots of what they said. It temporarily went offline, but has since returned as "Cancel the Hate," with a mission "to hold individuals accountable for their public words and actions when those words promote political violence, discrimination or endanger the lives of others." Visitors to the site could not submit or view submissions as of Sept. 19.

The initial website was broadly described as a doxxing effort. Doxxing, or posting people's personally identifying information online with the intent to harm them, is illegal in Arizona, but attorneys say it may be difficult to prosecute.

Free speech scholars maintain the most vile and reprehensible speech, including that which celebrates someone's death, is legally protected — not from the consequences meted by private employers, but from government suppression. The First Amendment protects the public from the government limiting speech, not anyone else.

Kirk's closest allies have said people shouldn't encourage violence or joke about it in the aftermath of murder, and that if private companies want to cut ties with people who do, they have a First Amendment right to do that. Their views about government suppression of speech are less clear.

Meanwhile, some of Kirk's fans who knew him through his campus events and social media or radio show, have expressed skepticism over broad-swath firings

Kirk himself was controversial. Some viewed what he said as extreme, hateful, racist and sexist. Others said detractors misrepresented or misunderstood Kirk's beliefs.

The varying perspectives reflect a nation grappling with free expression when political violence enters the fold. Speech that legally is allowed is clashing against what Kirk's allies deem culturally acceptable, and those in power appear to have taken their side. Free speech advocates have warned against the clamp downs.

“The Republican Party is not going to hold the executive branch forever. And you can very easily see the federal government (and future) Democratic officeholders doing the exact same thing,” Adam Steinbaugh, an attorney at the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, said.

Change in command: Turning Point board elects Erika Kirk as its new CEO in wake of Charlie Kirk's death


Kirk's Turning Point allies on firings, Kimmel and Bondi

Two top Turning Point officials mostly emphasized private employers' rights when discussing firings and government officials' involvement in free speech issues.

Turning Point Action Chief Operating Officer Tyler Bowyer told The Arizona Republic the government shouldn't be "protecting the licensing of people who have that dark energy," referring to Kimmel. He also re-shared a social media post that said the Kimmel suspension was done for Charlie and that, "We're just getting started."

But Bowyer declined to comment on the propriety of Carr as a government official making statements condemning Kimmel, saying it wasn't his place and that he was more focused on the role of ABC.

Carr is one of three current FCC commissioners who make decisions about whether to grant, or revoke, broadcasting licenses. Before Kimmel's suspension, Carr suggested on a podcast that if ABC affiliates didn't take their own action to address Kimmel, the FCC would get involved.

Jimmy Kimmel: First Amendment advocates increasingly worried after ABC pulled Kimmel's show

Andrew Kolvet, executive producer of "The Charlie Kirk Show" and spokesperson for Turning Point, told The Republic, "Nobody's saying you can't say it. I'm not saying you belong in prison. I'm just saying if I'm your employer, I'd fire you."

Kolvet called Bondi's comments about prosecuting "hate speech," which were broadly rejected by legal scholars, "unfortunate," and that while he appreciated her intent to honor Charlie, "we have to be careful about using the right language."
Kirk's fans skeptical of firings, call for courage and more debate

Some of Kirk's supporters in Arizona seemed to show more tolerance for disrespectful speech.

At a vigil for Kirk at Arizona State University, Phoenix resident Janice Bailey, 52, said, "We live in a country of free speech and they (critics) have a right to that opinion." Bailey said she was "on the fence" about firings.


"Just like I don't think government should be dictating certain things about our lives and our decisions, it's kind of hard for a workplace employer. I think it's wrong," she said. "I won't lie and say I wasn't happy about some of the ones that I've seen, the really mean and hateful ones. I think it's a very fine line and you have to be really careful."

Bailey said she had followed Kirk for years, and felt his death was a "wake up call" for her and other Christians. She said she thinks the tragedy would lead to more people engaging in conversation with others they disagree with.

"To show love, to show grace and to be able to debate and interact with people we don't agree with, but in a loving way. To love our neighbors no matter what their beliefs are. That's what he did, that's what he stood for. I hope to pick up that mantle," Bailey said.

Kane Adamson, 19, said firings were a "double edged sword. I think if we preach free speech, then I feel like everybody's entitled to it as well. There's certain stuff that should be not said, in a sense, but I feel like as a society, we should practice what we preach."

Adamson said "people have lost sight" of the importance of debate and the First Amendment. He thought the more people followed their faith and spoke about problems publicly, the better society would be.

"Especially now that he's gone, I think everybody needs to have courage to have faith and whatever they believe in. It doesn't matter if nobody agrees. As long as we come together as a country," Adamson said.
What Arizona's doxing law allows, doesn't allow

An Arizona law passed in 2021 bans publishing someone's personally identifying information online for the purpose of "imminently causing the person unwanted physical contact, injury or harassment."

Attorneys at the Phoenix law firm Snell & Wilmer wrote in 2021 that the law "should help prevent harassing online behavior."

But a provision of the law says the doxing must "in fact incite or produce that unwanted physical contact, injury or harassment."

The attorneys wrote that that could serve as "a significant bar to prosecuting doxing events."

The law also exempts social media platforms, which attorneys wrote, "may frustrate individuals or corporate clients seeking to stop a widespread doxing event."

The Republic's Stephanie Murray contributed reporting.

Taylor Seely is a First Amendment Reporting Fellow at The Arizona Republic / azcentral.com. Do you have a story about the government infringing on your First Amendment rights? Reach her at tseely@arizonarepublic.com or by phone at 480-476-6116.

Seely's role is funded through a collaboration between the Freedom Forum and Journalism Funding Partners. Funders do not provide editorial input.

The US right claimed free speech was sacred – until the Charlie Kirk killing


J Oliver Conroy
Sat, September 20, 2025 
THE GUARDIAN


Jimmy Kimmel speaks in to a microphone as someone holds a phone with Trump's mouth over the top of his mouthIllustration: Guardian Design/Andy Kropa/Getty

In the emotionally and politically charged days since the killing of Charlie Kirk, the conservative youth activist who was a close ally of Donald Trump, one statement has loomed large. On Monday, the US attorney general – the official in charge of the rule of law in America – said that the Trump administration would “absolutely target” those who espouse “hate speech” about Kirk.

Unlike in many other countries, hate speech is protected by US law unless it incites imminent violence or constitutes a true threat. But that did not deter the nation’s top law enforcement officer, who also suggested that – for example – a print shop employee who refused to print flyers memorializing Kirk could be “prosecuted”.

Since Kirk was shot to death while speaking to college students in Utah earlier this month, the US has been gripped by a bitter debate about the relation between political speech and violence. Bondi later walked back some of her remarks, in part because of criticism from other conservatives worried about the reframing of “free speech” as “hate speech”. But Trump, Vice-President JD Vance, White House adviser Stephen Miller and other top Republicans have framed Kirk’s death as the consequence of what they claim is unchecked and violent rhetoric, which they blame on the left wing alone.

It is a remarkable turn from prominent American conservatives, who until Trump’s return to power in January had long complained of a censorious leftwing “cancel culture” but now seem happy to reframe that, too, as “consequence culture”. Nancy Mace, a House representative, sounded a lot like the progressives she has often decried for their political correctness when she declared last week, during an effort to censure one of her opponents in Congress, that “free speech isn’t free from consequences”.

Many conservatives are also now championing a public campaign to get fired from their jobs any Americans who made light of Kirk’s death or disparaged him or his politics in death. Meanwhile, administration officials are proceeding with drafting an executive order for Trump aiming to “combat political violence and hate speech”, the New York Times recently reported.

Kirk’s assassination was a “despicable act of political violence, an attack on a figure who built his brand around campus debating, and the outrage, grief, and anger is understandable”, Aaron Terr, the director of public advocacy at the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (Fire), said.

But instead of recommitting to free speech as a “fundamental value”, the response from many public officials “has been the opposite. They are using the tragedy to justify a broad crackdown on speech,” he said.

“They are openly collapsing the distinction between political dissent and political violence, and it sounds like they are laying the foundation for mass censorship and surveillance of political critics.”

The pressure campaign’s biggest trophy so far is the talk show host Jimmy Kimmel. After an episode of his show in which Kimmel seemed to suggest (wrongly, according to reports) that Kirk’s assassin had Maga sympathies, the Trump-appointed chair of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), the government agency that regulates broadcasting, urged TV networks to drop Kimmel’s show. On Wednesday, ABC announced that it was suspending the program indefinitely.

The FCC chair, Brendan Carr, applauded ABC’s surrender – even though just two years ago he said that free speech is a crucial “check on government control. That is why censorship is the authoritarian’s dream.”

“It’s an overreaction,” Katie Fallow, an attorney at the Knight First Amendment Institute, said, “and it is an example of the kind of ‘cancel culture’ that major figures on the right have been criticizing for so many years. Now they’re just doing a complete about-face and engaging in it themselves.”

Bondi’s rhetoric is a particularly “alarming threat” given her status overseeing American law enforcement, Veena Dubal, a law professor at the University of California, Irvine, and the general counsel of the American Association of University Professors (AAUP), said. It is also “a signal that not only does this administration not care about the first amendment, they don’t seem to really understand it.”

Although Kimmel is the most prominent media figure to have been punished so far, in recent days a number of journalists have faced the loss of their jobs or other disciplinary measures, either at the direct instigation of conservative pressure or in seeming preemption of it. Earlier in the week the Washington Post – under Jeff Bezos, who has cosied up to Trump and whose ownership has seen the opinion section move closer to the political right – terminated the columnist Karen Attiah for, she said, her unflattering writing about Kirk’s political views.

Academics, too, are under threat, with three professors at Clemson University in South Carolina recently fired for making allegedly inappropriate social media posts about Kirk’s death. Dubal is concerned by this aggressive campaign to get professors fired or disciplined for their “extramural” speech, particularly when academics are often contractually entitled to rigorous processes before they can be terminated.

It seems as though many employers have decided that it is worth violating principles of academic freedom and contractual obligation, she said, rather than “displease the president, or displease rightwing donors. And that’s a political calculation, it’s a legal calculation. But it’s dangerous.”

Indeed, Fallow finds the attempt to suppress speech after Kirk’s death disturbing because she sees it as part of a larger and “unprecedented” attempt by the second Trump administration to use “every available lever of power to try and suppress dissent and chill speech” – including but not limited to threatening universities with investigations or financial penalties because of protests on campus; targeting law firms with executive orders for their legal work; deporting international students for participating in protests or writing op-eds; kicking reporters out of White House press conferences based on their publications’ coverage; and bringing frivolous defamation lawsuits against media outlets.

The general message, Fallow said, is that if you disagree with Trump or his allies “you’re going to be in the administration’s crosshairs”.

Although some people have defended the suspension of Kimmel or the firings of professors on the grounds that these are private employer decisions, and not matters of first amendment-protected public speech, Dubal and other experts feel that the government’s increasingly naked involvement makes it difficult for that argument to carry water.

“Here … you have a vice-president [Vance] who’s calling for employers [and] third-party vigilante organizations and individuals to force employers to terminate their employees and others based on speech,” Dubal said. “Coercive government speech is very different than the creation of political cultures where it’s not okay to say certain things based on social response. I think what we’re seeing is really, at least for my own lifetime, unprecedented.”

Conservatives are making arguments similar to the ones that some progressives used to make about cancel culture, Terr noted, particularly during the wave of firings, de-platformings, and social-media shamings that occurred during the national “reckoning” after George Floyd’s murder. “And conservatives at the time, I think rightly, argued that we should think of free speech not just as a legal right, but as a broader cultural value.”

Now, Terr said, “many of the same politicians who have long railed against cancel culture are leading the loudest calls for censorship – often using, either explicitly or implicitly, rationales that they’ve dismissed when invoked by the left: ‘This is hate speech.’ ‘This is misinformation.’ ‘This will lead to violence.’ ‘Stochastic terrorism.’ ‘This speech makes us unsafe.’ It’s amazing. And I think the lesson here is that once the justification for censorship is put on the table, it’s a loaded gun just waiting to be picked up by the other side.”

Some conservatives have pushed back. Bondi’s remarks, especially, were condemned by rightwing commentators including Matt Walsh and Tucker Carlson. Referring to Bondi, Walsh wrote on social media: “Get rid of her. Today. This is insane. Conservatives have fought for decades for the right to refuse service to anyone … Now Pam Bondi wants to roll it all back for no reason.”

Walsh also argued that a crackdown on speech would come back to haunt the right: “Every Trump supporter right now applauding Trump threatening ABC with consequences unless they suspend Jimmy Kimmel must also applaud when a Democratic president in 4yrs threatens Fox News with consequences unless they suspend Greg Gutfeld. Hey Maga, do you understand?”

Dubal said she thought conservative pundits were right to lambast Bondi. “There are principles of speech in this country that apply broadly … and the idea that they were going to go after businesses and individuals based on protected speech was really kind of shocking.”

The late Kirk was an inconsistent defender of free speech – his organization, Turning Point USA, famously maintains a “watchlist” of professors it describes as dangerously leftwing – but some conservatives have argued that Kirk would not want the right to turn against free expression. “You hope that Charlie Kirk’s death won’t be used by … bad actors to create a society that was the opposite of the one he worked to build,” Carlson recently said.


Trump and his allies are suddenly downplaying the First Amendment

THEY ONLY BELIEVE IN THE SECOND AMENDMENT 

Analysis by Aaron Blake, CNN
Fri, September 19, 2025 



President Donald Trump speaks to members of the media on the South Lawn of the White House on September 16. - Bonnie Cash/UPI/Bloomberg/Getty Images


When Elon Musk took control of Twitter in 2022, he famously declared himself a “free speech absolutist.” He reinstated accounts that had been banned for spreading misinformation, violent rhetoric and harassment. If it wasn’t illegal, he signaled, it was fair game.

Musk expressed a very different view this week.

“The path forward is not to mimic the ACLU of the mid 90’s,” White House adviser Stephen Miller posted on X (formerly Twitter), referring to the epitomic free-speech-absolutist organization. “It is to take all necessary and rational steps to save Western Civilization.”

Musk responded with one word: “Yes.”

In other words: Free speech absolutism? Not so much anymore. We’ve got a civilization to preserve.

Musk is hardly alone in this sentiment. As President Donald Trump and his administration have threatened an increasingly harsh crackdown on the political left in the wake of Charlie Kirk’s assassination last week, a growing number of allies have suddenly expressed a narrower view of Americans’ free speech rights.

Yes, they say, they support the First Amendment. But they also suggest the times call for a new approach – one that’s often at odds with their former rhetoric

The other case in point is Republican Sen. Cynthia Lummis of Wyoming. In an interview with Semafor, Lummis was remarkably blunt about her own sudden recalculation.

“Under normal times, in normal circumstances, I tend to think that the First Amendment should always be sort of the ultimate right,” she said, “and that there should be almost no checks and balances on it.”

Then she added: “I don’t feel that way anymore.”



Sen. Cynthia Lummis at the US Capitol on July 1. 
- Graeme Sloan/Bloomberg/Getty Images/File

The Wyoming senator suggested a crackdown on people saying “insane things” and connected it to political violence like Kirk’s assassination.

Just two years ago, Lummis introduced the “Free Speech Protection Act,” which would have barred the government from directing online platforms to censor constitutionally protected speech. “If we let the Biden administration restrict our freedom of speech,” she said at the time, “there is no telling what other sacred freedoms they will come for next.

Lummis said out loud what plenty of others have suggested. High-profile Trump allies have also downplayed the importance of protecting free speech rights at this moment, suggesting drastic times call for drastic measures.

Attorney General Pam Bondi signaled Monday, in comments she later tried to clarify, that the government would prosecute people for hate speech – this despite the Supreme Court having affirmed over and over again that hate speech is protected.

“There’s free speech, and then there’s hate speech – and there’s no place, especially now, especially after what happened to Charlie, in our society,” Bondi said on a podcast.

She later claimed she didn’t mean to refer to hate speech broadly, but to speech that’s inciting violence.

On Fox News on Thursday, former Trump White House press secretary Kayleigh McEnany said ABC’s suspension of Jimmy Kimmel amid clear pressure from the Trump administration “has nothing to do with the First Amendment.”

“For all the concern about ‘The First Amendment! The First Amendment!’ I mean, they are apoplectic, Jesse,” McEnany told host Jesse Watters. “What about all the amendments that Charlie Kirk lost? Because Charlie Kirk has no amendments right now. None.”

And perhaps most strikingly, Trump suggested Thursday that Kirk himself might suddenly reevaluate his views on free speech if he were alive today.


Charlie Kirk holds a debate event at the University of Washington in Seattle, on May 7, 2024. - David Ryder/Reuters

“Charlie said that there was no such thing as hate speech,” Fox host Martha MacCallum told the president in an interview. She was citing a 2024 Kirk quote in which he said hate speech “does not exist legally in America” and is protected by the First Amendment.

“Yes,” Trump said, before adding: “He might not be saying that now.”

Trump later complained that free speech has come to mean “you’re, like, able to do anything.”

This exchange is particularly remarkable. Kirk’s past comments about free speech are a problem for Trump’s new crackdown. Kirk was a free-speech absolutist, if there ever was one. Many, including some on the right, have argued that what Bondi was saying on Monday and what Trump is trying to do are anathema to Kirk’s views – and it’s all being justified in his name.

And the fact that Trump now feels the need to explain away Kirk’s comments on hate speech suggests he’s headed in a decidedly un-Kirk direction on the issue of free speech.

That’s a shift from where he and his allies had been, even earlier in this term. On Trump’s first day in office, he signed an executive order ostensibly aimed at taking the government out of the speech-policing business. “Government censorship of speech is intolerable in a free society,” it said. Miller, likewise, in 2022 labeled free speech the “cornerstone of democratic self-government” and equated censorship to fascism.

Not all Republicans are toeing the new line, though. Sen. Ted Cruz of Texas on Friday became the strongest GOP critic yet of Federal Communications Commission Chairman Brendan Carr’s role in pressuring ABC to suspend Kimmel.

Cruz called it “dangerous as hell” and “right out of ‘Goodfellas,’” going on to argue Democrats would use that precedent against conservatives when back in power.

“They will silence us,” Cruz added. “They will use this power, and they will use it ruthlessly.”


The increasing question is whether the American people are going to tolerate this sudden downplaying of First Amendment concerns.

It could be a tough sell, including on the right.


A demonstrator holds a sign reading "Protect Free Speech" outside the El Capitan Theatre in Hollywood, California, on Thursday. - David Pashaee/Middle East Images/AFP/Getty Images

A 2022 Siena College poll for the New York Times opinion section showed just 30% of Americans said there is sometimes a need to shut down free speech if it’s “anti-democratic, bigoted or simply untrue.” Just 26% of Republicans took this view.

A Vanderbilt University poll last year showed Americans said 59%-41% that free speech should be unfettered – that it shouldn’t be restricted by content, speaker or subject. And the right was much more likely to take that view; 70% of Republicans and 77% of MAGA Republicans agreed there should be no such restrictions.

Gauging views on speech is difficult, because “free speech absolutism” is rarely truly absolute. Most everyone agrees that things like inciting violence aren’t protected.

But the Trump administration is clearly targeting speech that comes up well shy of that standard. Kimmel’s purported offense was saying something that made it sound like Kirk’s assassin was MAGA. And Trump is talking about stripping the licenses of broadcasters for being too critical of him.

So they’ve set about trying to convince their supporters that the times are extraordinary enough for truly extraordinary measures – like disowning their own high-minded views from the very recent past.

Charlie Kirk's death sparked a free speech debate. Here's what experts say about First Amendment rights.

Shakari Briggs
Fri, September 19, 2025
Houston Chronicle


WEST PALM BEACH, FLORIDA-JULY 26: Charlie Kirk, who founded Turning Point USA, speaks before former President Donald Trump's arrival during a Turning Point USA Believers Summit conference at the Palm Beach Convention Center on July 26, 2024 in West Palm Beach, Florida. Trump had earlier in the day met with Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Mar-a-Lago. 
Photo by Joe Raedle/Getty Images) (Joe Raedle/Getty Images


After the death of right-wing conservative Charlie Kirk, a swell of conservatives is pushing to punish those who speak out about the 31-year-old's political assassination.

People across the country have been fired from their jobs and students have been expelled from school for their comments about Kirk, sparking a debate about freedom of speech.

"Political violence is a threat to our democracy," ACLU of Texas said in a statement. "The growing pattern of disciplinary responses to speech across Texas - including suspensions, firings and institutional investigations - is also a threat to our democracy. While some institutional policies may allow for some of these responses, the overall pattern risks stifling free speech.


Despite being a proponent of free speech, Charlie Kirk's legacy has been accompanied by silencing discourse from detractors. In a major move by Walt Disney Company, which owns ABC Network, the media conglomerate suspended Jimmy Kimmel Live! Wednesday in what they called a decision to preempt the show "indefinitely."

The action came on the heels of Kimmel's Monday night monologue that included remarks about Kirk and President Donald Trump.

Critics argue the move comes as both Disney and Nexstar Communications Group have business dealings with the Federal Communications Commission. Disney hopes to get regulatory approval for ESPN's acquisition of the NFL Network. At the same time, Nexstar needs Trump's approval to close out its $6.2 billion purchase of Tegna Inc., a rival broadcasting company.

Nexstar said it planned to pull Jimmy Kimmel Live! as early as Wednesday, describing Kimmel's comments as "offensive and insensitive at a critical time in our national political discourse."

"In general, government cannot constitutionally punish people for saying things the government doesn't like," said Rebecca Tushnet, Frank Stanton Professor of the First Amendment at Harvard Law School. "That's long been a pillar of American free speech law; whether it continues to be true depends a lot on whether individuals and institutions push back against this coercion."

In back-to-back calls for action, Gov. Greg Abbott demanded that the administration at two Texas universities expel students for their remarks about Kirk. Texas State University moved swiftly to expel a student just hours after Abbott insisted the public institution set an example.

While it's unclear if Texas Tech University expelled its students, officials did confirm the student was no longer enrolled. In both instances, viral videos showed each student making fun of Kirk's untimely demise.

"Students expelled from public universities on the basis of their speech could sue for reinstatement and potentially for damages, and they should win," Tushnet told the Chronicle. "Given how long litigation can take, however, that can be cold comfort."
What is the First Amendment?

The First Amendment protects freedom of speech. It states, in part, that Congress shall make no law... abridging freedom of speech."

Written as part of the Bill of Rights proposed by the First Congress in September 1789, the First Amendment protects the right to freedom of religion and expression from government interference.

What are your rights to free speech in the workplace?

According to Zach Greenberg, Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression's (FIRE) faculty legal defense, public employees who work for the government, such as public school teachers, have the First Amendment that protects their rights to speak.

Under the First Amendment, those individuals have the right to speak in their private capacities on matters of public concern, and that includes the right to speak on social media to discuss political issues like the Charlie Kirk assassination.
Is there a difference between First Amendment rights when it comes to public sector and private sector jobs?

Greenberg says public universities and institutions are bound by the First Amendment. Therefore, they're legally required under the Constitution to protect their employees' free speech rights.

However, private institutions, universities and companies are not bound by the First Amendment. Those entities are "free to do what they want, subject to the state law and their own internal rules."
Does a social media policy in the workplace override an employee's use of free speech?

Greenberg outlined that the First Amendment, which is a part of the Constitution, is the "supreme law of the land," making it supersede "any state or federal or local policy to the contrary."
Are there limitations to the First Amendment when it comes to one's rights being violated?

If one works for a private company, Greenberg says the limitations come down to the company's own policies and state law.

"Some states have rules that punish employees for their speech, such as their political affiliation, but it wouldn't be a First Amendment issue; that would be a state law or contract issue between you and the company."

Is it illegal for a governor to demand that public and/or private universities expel students for freedom of speech?

Greenberg says that, based on the law, governors still must obey the First Amendment and respect people's free speech rights.

"The governor can pressure schools to punish students and professors with what they say, but the schools cannot act on those requests," he said. "That would violate the rights of individuals."
What legal recourse do students, teachers and professors have for being punished for expressing their views?

Greenberg insists that anyone facing university suspension can use the First Amendment to defend themselves in the proceedings. Additionally, he says they can hire an attorney to sue the university for First Amendment retaliation under 42 U.S. Code § 1983. That also applies to educators whose First Amendment rights have been violated due to political pressure.

"The First Amendment does not protect speech that incites violence or unlawful behavior, but it does protect Texans' right to criticize public figures - including their past words and actions - even if that speech offends or provokes controversy," ACLU of Texas said in a statement. "Any government or institution that punishes or threatens to punish this type of speech, especially under pressure from political leaders, raises serious constitutional concerns.

"We urge Texas leaders and schools to uphold our democratic values of open inquiry, academic freedom, and free expression. Our democracy depends on respectful dialogue - not censorship, retaliation, or violence."


White House threats against liberal groups test free speech protections

Rebecca Beitsch
THE HILL
Fri, September 19, 2025 



The Trump administration’s plans to go after left-leaning groups are prompting fear among nonprofits and activists that the government will run roughshod over the First Amendment in an effort to target them in the wake of Charlie Kirk’s assassination.

Vice President Vance and Stephen Miller, a White House deputy chief of staff, made clear they would use Kirk’s death as a rallying cry to target left-wing groups they claimed were disproportionately responsible for provoking political violence.

“With God as my witness, we are going to use every resource we have at the Department of Justice, Homeland Security and throughout this government to identify, disrupt, dismantle and destroy these networks and make America safe again for the American people,” Miller said in a conversation with Vance, who was guest hosting Kirk’s show this week.

“We’re going to go after the NGO [nongovernmental organization] network that foments, facilitates and engages in violence,” Vance added.

There’s no indication Kirk’s shooter had broader associations, but Vance vaguely accused “radical left lunatics” of fomenting extremism.

It’s not clear what the legal basis would be for any prosecution, and also unclear is whom they plan to go after — though 100 different nonprofits immediately sensed they may be a target.

In an open letter Wednesday, the groups — which have spoken out against political violence — said such moves would impact both their advocacy and their funding.

“Organizations should not be attacked for carrying out their missions or expressing their values in support of the communities they serve. We reject attempts to exploit political violence to mischaracterize our good work or restrict our fundamental freedoms, like freedom of speech and the freedom to give. Attempts to silence speech, criminalize opposing viewpoints, and misrepresent and limit charitable giving undermine our democracy and harm all Americans,” the coalition said in the letter.

Rep. Dan Goldman (D-N.Y.) said such efforts would be a clear abuse of the justice system and a Constitution that protects free speech, but would nonetheless let the process be the punishment for vulnerable groups.

“They are just looking for an excuse to go after nonprofits, liberal groups … what they call the racial left … so that they can bring the weight of the federal government down on them, even though they have no evidence that they have done anything wrong that would warrant an investigation,” Goldman, a former federal prosecutor, told The Hill.

“They could come up with some, you know, small nonprofit that supports immigrants, or that opposes domestic violent extremists or white nationalists. And they could issue subpoenas all their documents and records and all this stuff, which would then require them to get a lawyer and require them to spend tens of thousands of dollars just responding to the subpoena,” he added, saying it could “bankrupt them and destroy them.”

“Many small organizations do not have that money, and so this is really just a pretext to run these small organizations out of business.”

The comments come amid a broader effort by the Trump administration to target speech in the wake of Kirk’s death.

Vance endorsed calling out and even reaching out to the employer of people viewed as having unsavory views.

And Attorney General Pam Bondi found herself in hot water after saying she would go after those who promote hate speech — which is largely protected under the First Amendment — and even threatened to prosecute Office Depot over an employee’s refusal to print posters for a vigil honoring Kirk.

Nonetheless, administration officials are said to be preparing an executive order that would address political violence, though the details of that order are still being finalized.

In the meantime, multiple Justice Department officials have suggested they could use federal racketeering laws, known as RICO, to target left-wing groups they claim are working together to target others through doxing.

In raising the idea of RICO charges, Deputy Attorney General Todd Blanche this week cited the case of a group of progressives who protested the president during his night out for dinner in Washington, D.C.

Vance also suggested the administration could specifically target the Ford Foundation and the Open Society Foundations, both of which have ties to liberal megadonor George Soros.

And Trump late Wednesday announced he was designating antifa as a domestic terrorist group, a move that won plaudits on the right but had unclear practical implications.

Trump previously made a similar declaration in 2020, and federal officials have said antifa is a decentralized movement without a clear leader or structure. Trump said Wednesday he would recommend investigations into those funding antifa, an indication the declaration could be used to more broadly crackdown on left-wing groups the administration is skeptical of.

However, most major left-leaning groups and institutions have categorically condemned Kirk’s killing and political violence generally.

“They’re just trying to be very threatening to left wing, or groups that they perceive to be left wing. And I think it’s red meat for their base. … There’s no evidence I’ve seen that any of these particular groups did anything to feed into the murder,” said Rep. Glenn Ivey (D-Md.), a former prosecutor.

“So I think it’s an overall attack on the First Amendment, ironically, because they’re trying to praise Kirk for being such a First Amendment proponent, but they’re doing things to undermine it across the board.”

Ivey said he saw no avenue to bring any charges against groups.

“I haven’t even heard grounds for a civil lawsuit against anybody. I haven’t seen anything really that would fall even close to that category. Certainly nothing to prosecute,” he said.

Blanche’s suggestion of RICO charges was also panned by the two former prosecutors.

“I think it demonstrates that they don’t know what they’re talking about,” Ivey said.

And Goldman, a former colleague of Blanche in the Southern District of New York, said the deputy attorney general was improperly citing RICO despite his familiarity with such cases.

“There’s no coordinated organization, and to start talking about RICO, where you would have to prove a criminal enterprise that is in the business of committing crimes and that has committed specific racketeering acts to be connected somehow to hate speech, is totally preposterous and is yet another degradation of the Department of Justice. And I’m frankly embarrassed for Todd Blanche that he actually went on TV and said that,” he said.

“Because I worked with Todd Blanche. Todd Blanche charged a lot of RICO cases when he was there. He knows what a RICO case is, and he knows that there is no possible way to use hate speech as a predicate for a RICO case, and for him to mislead the American people on national television about that brings disgrace to the Department of Justice.”

Some GOP voices have criticized the Trump administration for suggesting the Justice Department go after such groups.

“It’s not very unifying. There are some people saying terrible things out there, but the president and the vice president have the opportunity to speak to our higher angels. And you know, there’s Democrats who’ve been targeted. So I just, I wish it was more unifying,” Rep. Don Bacon (R-Neb.), a moderate, told The Hill.

“And by the way, I don’t mind shaming people if they say something bad. But using the force of government is not about freedom of speech. It’s anti freedom of speech. So I’m not aligned with the behavior. They don’t have the power — the Constitution gives people the right to say what they want.”

But Trump’s allies in Congress have also raised their eyebrows at the comments.

“Look, in America, it’s a very important part of our tradition that we do not — this is a conservative principle and certainly an American principle — we do not censor and silence disfavored viewpoints,” House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) told reporters this week.


Rep. Chip Roy (R-Texas) didn’t directly respond to the threats of prosecution but floated the creation of a select committee in Congress that could play a role in reviewing the work of left leaning groups.

He mentioned Soros’s group, migrant support groups, as well as the Southern Poverty Law Center, a nonprofit that works on voting rights and criminal justice reform in addition to its work monitoring white supremacists and other extremist groups.

“We just need to pursue the truth. And I present it to the American people,” he said.

“What I’m saying is the American people need to know the organization of the left. They act like they’re all like freakin’ puppies and unicorns and rainbows. ‘Look at us. We’re so nice. We love everybody.’ And the fact is, there, it’s an organized effort to attack the people that I represent.”

Copyright 2025 Nexstar Media, Inc. All rights reserved.



Some Republicans start rejecting the First Amendment’s free speech protections

Steve Benen
Fri, September 19, 2025
MSNBC

By any fair measure, it’s been a rough week for the First Amendment. Donald Trump, for example, said “evening shows” are “not allowed” to criticize him, and networks that give him “only bad publicity” risk losing their broadcast licenses.

Alas, we can keep going. A federal agency helped push a comedian off the air. The attorney general vowed to go after speech she considered “hate speech.” The deputy attorney general talked about a possible federal investigation into people who heckled Trump at a restaurant. Responding to a conservative reporter who said that anti-war protesters near the White House “still have their First Amendment right,” the president replied, “Yeah, well, I’m not so sure.”

With the government’s encouragement, employers have punished, suspended or fired countless Americans who talked about Kirk’s death in ways the right didn’t like. Immigrants were told that government officials would monitor their speech and, if they expressed views about Kirk’s death in ways federal agencies found objectionable, that their visas could be revoked.

If that weren’t quite enough, Politico reported, “The Pentagon’s crackdown on employees accused of mocking Charlie Kirk’s death has startled troops, who fear an increasing stranglehold on what they’re allowed to say.”

But there’s no reason to assume we’ve reached the bottom.

Fox News’ Kayleigh McEnany argued on Thursday night to colleague Jesse Watters, “For all the concern about the ‘the First Amendment, the First Amendment’ — they’re apoplectic, Jesse — what about all the amendments that Charlie Kirk lost? Because Charlie Kirk has no amendments right now. None.”

I’m not altogether sure what that meant. For that matter, I’d be curious how Fox News responded if, after other deadly shootings, someone argued, “For all the concern about the ‘the Second Amendment, the Second Amendment,’ what about all the amendments that the victims lost? Because the victims have no amendments right now. None.”

But I think what McEnany was getting at is the idea that there was a tragic violent crime, which she suggested necessarily makes constitutional legal protections less important.

Those on-air comments followed an interview in which Fox News’ Martha MacCallum reminded Donald Trump that Kirk rejected the very idea of “hate speech.” The president replied, “He might not be saying that now.”

Meanwhile, on Capitol Hill, others on the right are thinking along similar lines. Semafor reported:


In fact, some Republicans who consider themselves defenders of unfettered speech are getting more comfortable with limiting it. Sen. Cynthia Lummis, R-Wyo., told Semafor that ‘an FCC license, it’s not a right. It really is a privilege.’

“Under normal times, in normal circumstances, I tend to think that the First Amendment should always be sort of the ultimate right,” the Wyoming Republican said. “And that there should be almost no checks and balances on it. I don’t feel that way anymore.”

The far-right senator added, “I feel like something’s changed culturally. And I think that there needs to be some cognizance that things have changed. We just can’t let people call each other those kinds of insane things and then be surprised when politicians get shot and the death threats they are receiving and then trying to get extra money for security.”

It’s possible that all of this is a short-term, immediate effect of a deadly tragedy, and that cooler heads will prevail in time. But it’s also possible that we’re watching a major political party, which is becoming increasingly comfortable with an authoritarian vision, fundamentally reassess its view of the First Amendment.

This article was originally published on MSNBC.com































Saturday, September 20, 2025

The Political Economy Of One China Policy In Conundrum: Philippines’ Stake In Taiwan-China Geopolitical Controversy – Analysis


Flags of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the People's Republic of China. CC BY-SA 4.0

September 21, 2025 

By Jumel Gabilan Estrañero, Latrell Andre C. Manguera, Chelsy Dianne Giban, Fordy Tic-ing Ancajas and Keith Justine Michael G. Banda


On August 29, 2025, the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)[1] released its independent yet quite intriguing stance on the geopolitical controversy of Taiwan and China. Accordingly, the DFA emphasized that the 1975 Joint Communiqué between the Republic of the Philippines and the People’s Republic of China remains a cornerstone of our longstanding bilateral relationship.

Added to that, “in line with the One China Policy, which the Philippines has consistently upheld, the Government of the Philippines does not recognize Taiwan as a sovereign state. This policy is clear and unwavering.

At the same time, the Philippines maintains economic and people-to-people engagements with Taiwan, particularly in the areas of trade, investment, and tourism. These interactions are conducted within the bounds of our One China Policy.

Consistent with the Philippines’ One China Policy, no official from Taiwan is recognized as a member of the business delegation that recently visited the Philippines.

Given our geographical proximity and the presence of approximately 200,000 Filipinos working and residing in Taiwan, the Philippines has a direct interest in peace and stability in the region. We therefore continue to call for restraint and dialogue. We leave it to the Chinese people to resolve Cross-Strait matters.”

A day before DFA released the diplomatic communique, a Senate hearing[2] was conducted. Presided Sen. Imee Marcos, she then asked officials of the Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA)[3] to clarify the Philippines’ position on the One China policy during a public hearing. Sen. Marcos noted that a lot of people are confused on the issue. “As they say… we all know that if there is a confrontation over Taiwan between China and the United States, there is no way that the Philippines can stay out of it simply because of our physical geographical situation. If there is an all-out war, we will be drawn to it. The situation is confusing and above all, its scary. Just to put it on record, as far as the committee is concerned, the Philippines and the U.S. both still recognize the One-China policy, is that correct?” Marcos inquired.

In retort, Foreign Affairs Sec. Ma. Theresa Lazaro said that based on the 1087 Joint Communique of the Philippines and China, the Philippines does not recognize Taiwan as a sovereign state. “We leave it to the Chinese people to resolve cross-strait matters. Conflict will have an impact on geographically proximate territories and the President did not deviate from our principle of non-interference in each other’s internal affairs, a principle of the joint communique,” Lazaro clarified. The One China policy is the acknowledgment by a country that there is only one sovereign state under the name China, with the People’s Republic of China (PRC) on the mainland being its sole legitimate government, and that Taiwan is a part of China.

In a political economy analysis by Mr. Manguerra, he laid down the foundation of China’s claim. The fall of the Qing Empire in 1912–which ended imperial China–paved the way for the establishment of the Republic of China (ROC). This era saw the Chinese Civil War between the Nationalists and the Communists, which led to the later division of China. Following this are as follows:

• Partition of China. After the civil war, Mao Zedong’s People’s Republic of China (PRC) took over the Chinese mainland, while Chiang Kai-Shek’s ROC retreated to Taiwan, creating competing claims of legitimate sovereignty internationally.1

• Prologue & Formalization of Relations. Diplomatic engagement between the Philippines and the PRC began in 1974, which resulted in the signing of the PRC-Philippines joint communiqué in 1975, which officially recognized the PRC under the One China Principle.

• Pragmatic Balance of Ties. Since 1975, the Philippines has walked a pragmatic fine line. The Philippines has vibrant economic relations with the PRC, while keeping the boiling tensions at bay in the West Philippine Sea. At the same time, Manila has informal relations with Taipei in the areas of culture, labor, trade, and technology.

• Political Economy in the 21st Century. The “One China Principle” remains a core component of the diplomatic relations of the Philippines. China is among the top trading partners of the Philippines while there is continuous interaction not only in the unofficial economic and cultural sectors but also in the people-to-people contacts with Taiwan. When a diplomat from the ROC visited Manila in 2025, it incited anger from Beijing which prompted the Philippines’ Department of Foreign Affairs to reaffirm that it does not recognize the sovereignty of Taiwan.

The relationship between the Philippines and China can be traced back through its historical and economic roots. On June 9, 1975, a diplomatic relationship between China and the Philippines was formally established, and nearly 100 bilateral agreements that cover different political aspects: trade, infrastructure, etc, were created. However, tension arises between them, particularly the territorial dispute over the West Philippine Sea, also known as the South China Sea. And with recent remarks of President Bongbong Marcos Jr. regarding the China and Taiwan dispute, stressing “There is no way that the Philippines can stay out of it simply because of our geographic location“, and if there will be one, he would ally with the United States to defend Taiwan from China. In which the Chinese foreign ministry responds that it is contradictory to the 1975 agreement between Philippines and China to respect one’s sovereignty, which includes the “One China” Policy.

Meanwhile in most recent assertion, the People’s Republic of China (PRC)[4] has been strong on pushing for the narrative since last year that Taiwan has been Chinese territory since ancient times. They claim that from 1895 to 1945, Taiwan had been occupied and colonized by Japan. In 1945, the Chinese people won the great victory of the War of Resistance Against Japanese Aggression, ending Taiwan’s half-century of humiliation under Japanese slavery.

To beef up its claim, China is legally cited the Cairo Declaration issued by China, the United States and the United Kingdom in December 1943; stating that it was the purpose of the three allies that all the territories Japan had stolen from China, such as Northeast China, Taiwan and the Penghu Islands, should be restored to China (an expressed claim by PRC). Another pre-owned basis is culled from the Potsdam Proclamation, signed by China, the United States and the United Kingdom in July 1945 and subsequently recognized by the Soviet Union, reiterates, “The terms of the Cairo Declaration shall be carried out.” On October 25, 1945 the Chinese government announced that it was resuming the exercise of sovereignty over Taiwan, and the ceremony to accept Japan’s surrender in Taiwan Province of the China war theater of the Allied powers was held in Taipei. The return of Taiwan to China constitutes an important component of the post-World War II international order.

What is interesting is that China also used Philippines for its narrative when it cited Pres. Marcos’ statement. It said that in January 2024, President Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. publicly reiterated that the Philippines adheres to the one-China policy, and that the Taiwan is a province of China but the manner in which they will be brought together again is an internal matter.

Analysis


1. The US and China contestation


Internal calls for debates have emerged regarding this underlying issue with some even leveraging the Mutual Defense Treaty with the United States to strengthen strategic ties.

At the backdrop of this, the U.S. establishment of the “One China” policy is an act to maintain a balance in relations with both China and Taiwan. One of the aims of this policy is to maintain peace in the Taiwan Straits to insist on a peaceful resolution being done by both countries without interference from any third parties. However, looking at a different lens, although not specifically mentioned, the policy also functions as an instrument for political economy, ensuring continued access to markets, resources, and investments. This allowed the U.S. to open trade and invest with China, while still maintaining unofficial economic ties with Taiwan. This is the same as the Philippines, with economic and diplomatic relations with China, as well as unofficially with Taiwan. The Philippines benefits from stability, trade, and investment under this policy, but places itself in the middle, especially with the tensions arising in the West Philippine Sea.

If we consider the broader context, we can observe that the United States’ interpretation of the “One-China Policy” afforded them a strategic position to balance their relationship with China while simultaneouslyexerting influence over Taiwan. Given the ambiguity and open-ended nature of the “One-China Policy,” the United States can maintain economic relations with Taiwan while simultaneously acknowledging China’sjurisdiction over Taiwan. This is because the United States has its own business and interests in Taiwan,just as China does. Both nations recognize Taiwan’s geographical and economic potential to contribute to theUnited States’ economic agenda. Consequently, they have chosen to ignore the disputed status of thecountry. Both China and the United States are engaged in a global competition for hegemony, which has ledthem to become the “Modern Colonialists”, they do not engage in physical war but an economic wat. Their objective is to seize control of any potential resources or territories they perceive as advantageous throughassertive dominance or strategic economic maneuvers.

2. Precarious Exchange: Philippines in the Middle of Modern Cold War

Even with increased regional tensions, the Philippines continue economic exchanges with Taiwan but strictly within the framework of One China Policy.

Meanwhile, keeping the One China Policy avoids the Philippines from being antagonistic towards the PRC, an emerging regional hegemon, and maintains Philippine access to trade, investment, and strategic leverage. While informal ties with Taiwan permit Philippines to hedge strategically, it also indicates to China that Philippines has room for flexibility with diplomatic relations and has an independent diplomatic cerebrum. This strategic yet pragmatic actions allow the Philippines to extract benefits and engage selectively with both sides – all with the Philippine national interest in mind.

Perhaps the better question to ask here is “Given that China already possesses everything it needs, whatdoes China want from Taiwan?” and “What Taiwanese possession or ownership does the Chinesegovernment seek to assert its dominance over?” The answer lies within the landscape of Taiwan — they are the largest global manufacturer of chips or semi-conductors, has become a dominant force in the technological market, captivating the attention of the “power-hungry” Chinese government. They aim to seize control of the global chip market due to the increasing demands of globalization. China could have just abandoned Taiwan and allows to exercise their own sovereignty a long time ago, but they could not, given the fact that they see the potential in Taiwan to be their economic resource and to further boost their end goal by take over the global market free from the West.

3. Assertive Response yet Calculated

Evidently, the Philippines strengthened ties with countries such as Australia and Canada through joint drills to counteract China’s ever-growing presence, marking a show of force by rising middle-power countries.

Incidentally and strategically, President Marcos Jr. has acknowledged that the Philippines cannot avoid the conflict between Taiwan and China due to its geographic proximity and the presence of over 200,000 OFWs in Taiwan. This vulnerability is heightened by China’s assertiveness in the South China Sea and its warnings over Philippine engagement with Taiwan, underscoring how the issues are interconnected.

From a political economy perspective, the Philippines is caught in a “tug-of-war,” as any escalation regarding Taiwan could draw it into regional conflict while threatening economic stability. The Department of Foreign Affairs’ affirmation of the “One China” Policy reflects the country’s attempt to balance security commitments with the U.S. and economic ties with China and Taiwan.

Furthermore, when it comes to the Philippines and the “One-China Policy,” the government’s stance isa smart move, but it is also risky. Throughout history, the Philippines has been caught between the two hegemons: China and the U.S., and it has been playing tug-of-war with them. It is better to choose one or the other than to be a puppet on their strings. The stance of the administration is understandable as it gears towards preserving the territory of the Philippines and its right to self-determination. But then again, Filipinos must be vigilant of the ongoing tension between the two superpowers.


4. Balancing Development and Defense


Economic revitalization is something the Philippines need. Engaging with the PRC establishes essential investments, trade, and infrastructure flows that could result in domestic growth, industrialization, and job creation. Informal ties with Taiwan also supplement economic and technological growth, while OFWs in China and Taiwan send remittances and establish human capital that support the overall national development. If Manila were to spur Chinese anger by overexposing itself to Taiwan, bilateral economic coercion, trade gap measures, or capital flight could threaten Philippine growth.


Financial software

The boiling tensions between the PRC and Taiwan (ROC for China mainland’s self-assertion) is not a foreign reality for the Philippines. Like Taiwan, the Philippines is also experiencing Chinese bullying in the West Philippine Sea. In the Cross-Strait context, Pres. Marcos Jr. is realistically correct that if a war breaks out in the Taiwan Strait, the Philippines would be drawn inevitably because of its association with the U.S. through the Mutual Defense Treaty, as the U.S. commits to defend ROC. This challenging reality explains why retaining the One China Policy is primordial, because it allows the country to respond to regional pressures in a pragmatic way that protects the nation’s economic and security interests.

Implications and Some Recommendations

1. We recommend maintaining the adherence of the Philippines to the “One China” Policy to maintain a peaceful and stable relationship with China.[5] Any diplomatic fallout would backfire on the Philippines, as the reality is that the country is weak in terms of military and economic aspects, still depending on outside nations. Adding to this is the ongoing tension regarding the West Philippine Sea. The Philippines’ adherence to the “One China” policy is, therefore, a necessary form of strategic. By maintaining this policy, the Philippines will avoid being directly involved in the cross-strait politicaldispute[6]. And if the latter happens in the future, the Philippines will act as a neutral party. Focused its resources on protecting its people and securing its territory.

2. To mitigate any significant risks of a potential conflict between China and Taiwan. First, deepened the ties with Taiwan. Although acting as a de facto, the key role that Taiwanese companies hold in the manufacturing of electronics and technology should continue to benefit the Philippines in both ways. Also, it is recommended to diversifying economically and strengthening further trade partnerships to reduce dependence on China. One way is to deepen the connection to intra-ASEAN trade to leverage regional supply chains. Relevant today is to explore new market trends, especially those that are known for their renewed technology (Japan) and financing.

3. It is recommended to take an active neutral stance and strengthen thesecurity of these forces under the defense and security department: Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP), the Office of Civil Defense (OCD), the Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), the National Defense College of thePhilippines (NDCP), the Government Arsenal (GA), and Veterans Memorial Medical Center (VMMC) with supports from National Security Council (NSC), DTI, and the DEPDEV (formerly NEDA). The Philippines must innovate and invest in new and effective dynamics that will safeguard the Philippines from any threats (whether internal or external actors).

To wit, the Philippine Government strikes a balance between economic and political interactions with conflicted countries like Taiwan, China, and the United States. By establishing a balanced economic partnership with these nations, we can minimize the risk of potential conflicts. Additionally, we should strengthen our connections with our allies within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), as they are crucial in enhancing our economic security reducing the reliance on the two hegemons.

Conclusion and Way Ahead

In a nutshell, the Philippines’ commitment to the One-China Policy is evident in its long-standing diplomatic stance, as demonstrated since 1975. Indeed, the ‘August 2025 communique’ recognized the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal government of China and acknowledged Taiwan as an integral part of Chinese territory but in a calculated move from Philippine’s fence.

Successive Philippine administrations have consistently upheld this stance, emphasizing respect for China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. The Executive Department also supports the peaceful resolution of Cross-Strait matters, believing that the Chinese people themselves should resolve them and to avoid escalated and unintended spillovers in Southeast Asian conundrum, yet the Philippines[7] must be prepared in any probable war beyond peacetime. Preparation has always been a key in any grey zone tactics of China.

Despite the recent official diplomatic position, the Philippines maintains robust economic tie-up and people-to-people engagements with Taiwan, particularly in areas such as trade, investment, and tourism. These interactions are carefully conducted within the established bounds of the One-China Policy, reflecting a complex balancing act on its foreign policy. Given its geographical proximity to Taiwan and the significant presence of approximately 200,000 Filipino workers there, the Philippines has indeed a direct interest in regional peace and stability. Consequently, it frequently urges restraint and dialogue in the Taiwan Strait yet here we are, in strategic zen mode of political economy while maintaining peace and security at larger extent in global context.

*Ideas and/or views expressed here are entirely independent and not in any form represent author’s organization and affiliation.

About the authors:
Jumel G. Estrañero is a defense, security, & political analyst and a university lecturer in the Philippines. He worked in the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Office of Civil Defense, National Security Council-Office of the President, and currently in the Department of the National Defense. He is currently teaching in De La Salle University Philippines while in the government and formerly taught at Lyceum of the Philippines as part-time lecturer. He is the co-author of the books titled: Disruptive Innovations, Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism: A Philippine Terrorism Handbook, and Global Security Studies Journal (Springer Link, United States). He is an alumnus of National Defense College of the Philippines (NDCP), ASEAN Law Academy Advanced Program in Center for International Law, National University Singapore and Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Switzerland. He is also a Juris Doctor student and specializing in geopolitics, SCS/WPS disputes, international law, strategic intelligence, public policy, and AI impacts.
Latrell Andre C. Manguera is an International Development Studies major in De La Salle University, and forerunner of organizational plans & programs in the IDS Council and Christian church (Christ Commission Fellowship / CCF). He is specializing in international relations, sustainable development, and pragmatism in contemporary politics.
Chelsy Dianne Giban is a Political Science major in in De La Salle University, University Student Government Asst. Secretary (Internal), and specializing in cyber-politics, gender and development, public policy, and the emerging sports politics.
Fordy Tic-ing Ancajas is Political Science major in De La Salle University, Deputy Executive Secretary in University Student Government (7th Congress), international law debater, and specializing in Southeast Asian politics, indigenous people’s rights, and human rights.
Keith Justine Michael G. Banda is Political Science major in in De La Salle University specializing in political dynamics and American & European political economy.

[1]DFA Statement on One China Policy, DFA, https://dfa.gov.ph/dfa-news/statements-and-advisoriesupdate/37090-dfa-statement-on-one-china-policy

[2]Senate Public Relations and Information Bureau, https://web.senate.gov.ph/photo_release/2025/0828_01.asp

[3] Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) Secretary Ma. Theresa Lazaro said they have several mechanisms to address the harassment such as the bilateral consultative mechanism, but Committee Chairman Senator Imee Marcos pointed out that the protests do not seem to work. (ABS-CBN, August 28, 2025)

[4] The one-China principle is clear cut. There is but one China in the world. Taiwan is part of China. The Government of the People’s Republic of China is the sole legal government representing the whole of China. UNGA Resolution 2758 fully reflects and reaffirms the one-China principle. On October 25, 1971, the 26th session of the UN General Assembly adopted Resolution 2758 with an overwhelming majority. It states in black and white that the General Assembly “decides to restore all its rights to the People’s Republic of China and to recognize the representatives of its Government as the only legitimate representatives of China to the United Nations, and to expel forthwith the representatives of Chiang Kai-shek from the place which they unlawfully occupy at the United Nations and in all the organizations related to it.” (Embassy of the Republic of China in the Philippines, October 8, 2024)

[5] In other words, a good and sedate relationship with China. This is because our stance on “One-China Policy” can be a tool to navigate the dynamics about the ongoing territorial dispute over the West Philippine Sea. Though recently, the Marcos Administration’s actions leaned towards the west, it is still critical to maintain a good relationship with our neighboring country.

This might be a hard pill to swallow that the Philippines is weaker in terms of economy and military compared to what China has, and any misunderstanding of China could lead to unpleasant outcomes as far as the Philippines is concerned. Therefore, the adherence of the Philippines to “One-China Policy” is pivotal in achieving its national interest which is to protect and preserve our territory free from international violence.

[6] For example, Philippines to keep the people-to-people exchanges between China and Taiwan going. Even though the government-to-government relations are on hold, we should still encourage cultural, educational, and tourist exchanges whenever we can. These interactions help us get to know each other better and build a solid foundation of understanding. That could be helpful if we ever need to talk about anything important in the future.

[7] That is why there is big deal on the enhancement of maritime, aerial, and surveillance assets so that the country can effectively deter threats in the West Philippine Sea. The country must use its alliances with like-minded partners responsibly while maintaining a diplomatic equilibrium with China, to keep national security in focus as it tactically seek other ways to deter strategic threats.

[8] He has participated in various NADI Track II dialogues. His articles have appeared in Global Security Review, Geopolitical Monitor, Global Village Space, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philippine Star, Manila Times, Malaya Business Insights, Asia Maritime Review, The Nation (Thailand), Southeast Asian Times, Global Politics and Social Science Research Network.





Jumel Gabilan Estrañero is a defense, security, & political analyst and a university lecturer in the Philippines. He has completed the Executive Course in National Security at the National Defense College of the Philippines and has participated in NADI Track II discussions in Singapore (an ASEAN-led security forum on terrorism). His articles have appeared in Global Security Review, Geopolitical Monitor, Global Village Space, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philippine Star, Manila Times, Malaya Business Insights, Asia Maritime Review, The Nation (Thailand), Southeast Asian Times, and Global Politics and Social Science Research Network. He worked in the Armed Forces of the Philippines, Office of Civil Defense, National Security Council-Office of the President, and currently in the Department of the National Defense. He is currently teaching lectures in De La Salle University Philippines while in the government and formerly taught at Lyceum of the Philippines as part-time lecturer. He is the co-author of the books titled: Disruptive Innovations, Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism: A Philippine Terrorism Handbook, and Global Security Studies Journal (Springer Link, United States). He is an alumnus of ASEAN Law Academy Advanced Program in Center for International Law, National University Singapore and Geneva Centre for Security Policy, Switzerland. He is also a Juris Doctor student.

Azerbaijan: State Restricts Who Can Worship And Where – Analysis

Baku, Azerbaijan. Source: Wikipedia Commons.

September 21, 2025 
By F18News
By Felix Corley

Peace Church, a Protestant church in Sumgait north of Baku, lodged a registration application in April to the State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations. Five months on, the church complains that the State Committee is refusing to give a response to its registration application. State Committee officials have not pointed to any problems or shortcomings in the church’s registration application. “They simply told us that you cannot hold any more meetings, that it is forbidden to hold any religious ceremony without registration. ‘If you do not heed this warning and hold a religious ceremony, you will be punished,’ he said.”

]Officials warned the pastor: “You are holding secret meetings and gathering people.” The pastor rejected this. “Our meetings were always held openly and transparently,” he told them (see below).

“We are being restricted from exercising our constitutional right to worship peacefully and to practise our faith,” the church notes. “The lack of clarity and the indefinite waiting period put excessive pressure on our church and potentially violate our rights” (see below).

Officials at the branch of the State Committee in Sumgait did not answer the phone each time Forum 18 called (see below).

The Sumgait Church notes that the State Committee no longer registers any churches. “There are churches that have been waiting for registration in the State Committee for years. Most likely, what happened to us will happen to them too.” The Church is among at least five Protestant churches known to have lodged registration applications to the State Committee, lawyer and human rights defender Murad Aliyev told Forum 18. “Some of them have been waiting for more than two years” (see below).


The State Committee usually leaves applications from communities it does not like with no formal response, neither accepting nor rejecting applications. “This makes it difficult for such communities to challenge this in court, as they have no response to challenge,” lawyer Aliyev told Forum 18 (see below).

Forum 18 asked the State Committee in Baku:
– why it fails to accept or reject registration applications, particularly from non-Muslim organisations;
– and why, out of the many non-Muslim communities that have applied for state registration, only one has been accepted since 2020.
Forum 18 received no response (see below).

The State Committee also did not respond on why Jehovah’s Witnesses cannot register a national organisation to be able to function legally throughout the whole country, and why the Georgian Orthodox community cannot regularly use its historical Church of St George in Kurmukhi in Qakh region (see below).

When the Muslim holy month of Muharram began on 26 June, the Interior Ministry and the State Committee issued a public instruction with a reminder that, under the Religion Law, “religious ceremonies are to be held only in mosques and shrines”. It also banned parents from bringing children. Lawyer Khalid Bagirov believes that such general prohibitions create legal uncertainty and pose a risk of abuse. “If a Shia parent wants to bring their child to the Ashura ceremony, that is their right,” he said (see below).

Arzu Abdullah Gul Zaman, a journalist, visited Ajdarbay mosque in Baku on 6 July, the day she believed Ashura should be commemorated. A female mosque attendant told her: “The government did Ashura yesterday, today Ashura is forbidden.” The mosque attendant directed her to the “supervisors”. Gul Zaman maintained that they were plain-clothed police officers, though they denied this (see below).

Mamed Abdullayev, a Russia-based blogger, complains about the lack of provision for Sunni Muslims to pray in his home city of Ganca. “I don’t know why, but in the whole city we don’t have a single mosque where we can pray.” He said that “at least a thousand Sunnis” live in Ganca “and want to go to the mosque” (see below).

In his online video, Abdullayev showed the cramped rooms in the back of the city’s Shia-dominated Juma Mosque. This is the only place where up to 30 Sunni Muslims can hold prayers. “They use literally every centimetre. Everyone is literally standing on top of each other, bowing, to put it mildly, to each other’s backs,” he complained (see below).

“The situation regarding religious freedom in Azerbaijan has deteriorated significantly in recent years,” a leader of a non-Muslim community told Forum 18. “A country that officially promotes multicultural and tolerant values has recently taken actions that contradict these values.”
Compulsory state permission to exist

Under the Religion Law, backed by Administrative Code Article 515 (“Violation of the procedure for creating or running religious organisations”), all exercise of freedom of religion and belief by a group of people is illegal unless it has obtained state registration, and so permission to exist.

To apply for permission to exist, a group must have at least 50 adult founding members. All the founders have to go to a Notary Office at the same time and the process of verifying each founder’s identity can take several hours in total. Notary Offices can be very small.

The requirement to have 50 adult members bans all small religious communities. Many people are afraid to sign such registration applications, for fear of harassment and reprisals by the regime.

Muslim communities must belong to the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board.

Without state registration religious communities – and even informal groups of people meeting together – cannot legally exist or exercise freedom of religion and belief. Police and the State Security Service (SSS) secret police have raided many religious communities that have chosen not to register, or have tried to register but have been refused. Requiring state permission to exercise freedom of religion and belief and other human rights is against Azerbaijan’s legally binding international human rights obligations.

Forum 18 asked the State Committee in writing on 17 September:
– why religious communities must have state registration before they can meet for worship;
– and why mosques that are independent of the Caucasian Muslim Board cannot function and gain state registration.
Forum 18 had received no response by the afternoon of the working day in Baku of 19 September.
“Officials know where they meet”

Whenever a religious community starts meetings for worship, “the police always come”, one Protestant told Forum 18. “Officials know where they meet. If people come together anywhere for any reason, people call the police – even if you have ten guests in your home.”

On 19 June, Nakhichevan City Court fined three Protestants from Baku and two local people 1,500 Manats each under Administrative Code Article 515.0.2 (“Violating legislation on holding religious meetings, marches, and other religious ceremonies”) for holding “illegal” religious meetings in a home. This represents about three months’ average wage for residents of Nakhichevan and two months’ average wage for residents of Baku.
Sumgait church’s stalled registration application

Peace Church, a Protestant church in Sumgait north of Baku, lodged a registration application in April to the State Committee for Work with Religious Organisations. Five months on, the church complains that the State Committee is refusing to give a response to its registration application.

In April, “approximately 50 members of our church community came together to prepare and submit all the necessary documents required for official recognition and permission to assemble,” the church’s leader, Pastor Shahin, told Forum 18. “We ensured that all the paperwork was complete and submitted it to the State Committee without delay.”

The State Committee’s regional office in Sumgait invited Pastor Shahin to a meeting at its office on 7 July. During this meeting, officials told him that gathering as a religious community without official permission is not allowed.

“When officials asked him about the number of members of the church, and the pastor said that there were 70-80 members in the church, they became very angry with him,” individuals familiar with the situation told Forum 18. Officials told the pastor: “You are holding secret meetings and gathering people.” The pastor rejected this. “Our meetings were always held openly and transparently,” he told them.

Pastor Shahin pointed out that the State Committee repeatedly invited him to various events. “When foreign guests came, you asked me to wear the medals I received for participating in the first Karabakh war and attend the event. You gathered us, that is, the Azerbaijani pastors, and took us to an event in Karabakh, in Shusha. And now you are telling me that I held secret meetings?!”

State Committee officials did not point to any problems or shortcomings in the church’s registration application. “They simply told us that you cannot hold any more meetings, that it is forbidden to hold any religious ceremony without registration. ‘If you do not heed this warning and hold a religious ceremony, you will be punished,’ one official said.”

The church does not know if the State Committee found any legal or procedural flaws in the application. “So we do not know whether our documents are in order. It seems that the State Committee has not even checked our documents.”

“We are being restricted from exercising our constitutional right to worship peacefully and to practise our faith. The lack of clarity and the indefinite waiting period put excessive pressure on our church and potentially violate our rights.”

Officials at the branch of the State Committee in Sumgait did not answer the phone each time Forum 18 called on 18 September 2025.
“Churches have been waiting for registration in the State Committee for years”

The Sumgait church notes that the State Committee no longer registers any churches. “There are churches that have been waiting for registration in the State Committee for years. Most likely, what happened to us will happen to them too.”

Sumgait’s Peace Church is among at least five Protestant churches known to have lodged registration applications to the State Committee, lawyer and human rights defender Murad Aliyev told Forum 18. “Some of them have been waiting for more than two years.”

One of the churches applied for registration in 2023. State Committee officials made positive comments to it in 2024 and it therefore expected to get registration. But no registration followed and “they say nothing”, a community member told Forum 18. “It is so sad.” The community member insisted that getting registration is important for the church.

The State Committee usually leaves applications from communities it does not like with no formal response, neither accepting nor rejecting applications. “This makes it difficult for such communities to challenge this in court, as they have no response to challenge,” lawyer Aliyev told Forum 18.

Forum 18 asked the State Committee in Baku in writing on 17 September:
– why it fails to accept or reject registration applications, particularly from non-Muslim organisations;
– and why, out of the many non-Muslim communities that have applied for state registration, only one has been accepted since 2020.
Forum 18 had received no response by the afternoon of the working day in Baku of 19 September.
Only one non-Muslim registration since 2020

The State Committee has registered only one non-Muslim community since December 2020. The last such community it granted registration to was the Baku community of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (commonly known as Mormons) on 10 July 2024, according to the State Committee website.

A large Azerbaijani delegation visited the Church headquarters in Salt Lake City in the United States in March 2023. Among delegation members were Sahib Nagiyev, Deputy Chair of the State Committee, and Sheikh ul-Islam Allahshukur Pashazade, the head of the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board. Two elders of the Church from the United States met President Heydar Aliyev in Baku on 30 April 2024.

The Baku branch of the Church began the registration process “in the second half of 2023”, a 26 July 2024 statement from the Church internationally noted. “The Church currently has a small group of members meeting regularly in the city [Baku].” The community’s services are in English.
No registration for Jehovah’s Witnesses outside Baku

The State Committee finally registered the Baku Jehovah’s Witness community in 2018. However, it has consistently refused applications by local communities, including in Ganca and Qakh.

Jehovah’s Witnesses then tried to register a national organisation. This would allow them to function anywhere in the country. The Religion Law currently allows a local community to operate only at its registered legal address. However, the State Committee has consistently rejected the Jehovah’s Witness application to register a national organisation.

The State Committee told Jehovah’s Witnesses that if they inform it of the location of religious meetings outside Baku, it would ensure that the meetings could take place without disturbance. “The State Committee has adhered to this commitment,” Jehovah’s Witnesses told Forum 18. “But we’re still nervous about the lack of national registration.”

For a quarter of a century, officials repeatedly rejected registration applications from the Baptist community in the northern town of Aliabad, which police repeatedly raided and two of whose pastors were jailed. The State Committee in Baku gave limited approval for the church to meet for worship from January 2020. It said it had “no objection” to the church holding worship meetings for two hours each Saturday morning.

Forum 18 asked the State Committee in Baku in writing on 17 September why Jehovah’s Witnesses cannot register a national organisation to be able to function legally throughout the whole country. Forum 18 had received no response by the afternoon of the working day in Baku of 19 September.
Important for Georgian Orthodox churches and monasteries “to restore their original purpose”

Georgia’s Orthodox Patriarchate in Tbilisi has repeatedly expressed concern over Azerbaijani officials’ refusal to hand back confiscated places of worship. These are mostly in Qakh Region of north-western Azerbaijan near the border with Georgia.

The State Committee has registered only two Georgian Orthodox churches, St George’s in Qakhingloy and St Nino’s in Alibeyli, both in March 2010.

Orthodox Christians are allowed to hold services at the Church of St George in Kurmukhi only twice a year, on 6 May and 23 November (both St George’s day, the church’s patronal festival).

Another nearby parish – Holy Trinity Church in the village of Kotuklu – prepared a registration application in 2009 signed by 20 parishioners. But the State Committee has never registered the community.

A 1 August 2024 Georgian Orthodox Patriarchate statement spoke of how “important it is for Georgian churches and monasteries on the territory of Azerbaijan to restore their original purpose”.

The Patriarchate in particular called on Azerbaijani officials “to make the Church of St George in Kurmukhi a functioning church and to grant the Georgian Patriarchate the right to regularly hold religious services there”.

The official who answered the phone at the regional branch of the State Committee in Zaqatala refused to answer any of Forum 18’s questions on 18 September 2025.

Forum 18 asked the State Committee in Baku in writing on 17 September why the Georgian Orthodox church cannot use St George’s Church in Kurmukhi for worship whenever it wants to, rather than only twice a year. Forum 18 had received no response by the afternoon of the working day in Baku of 19 September.

On 27 January 2025, the Azerbaijani authorities allowed the arrival in the region of a delegation from the Georgian Orthodox Church from Georgia, led by Metropolitan Teodor (Chuadze). He ordained to the priesthood the 40-year-old Tariel Poladashvili in St Nino’s Church in Alibeyli. This was the first ordination in that church for more than a century. Fr Tariel was born in Qakh Region and is an Azerbaijani citizen.

The regime prevented several Georgian Orthodox priests in succession from continuing their ministry, claiming that they had to have Azerbaijani citizenship to be able to serve the parishes in the country. Georgian citizen Fr Demetre Tetruashvili was barred from re-entry to Azerbaijan in June 2015. This was apparently to prevent the implementation of a Georgian Orthodox Synod decision of 2014 to create the Diocese of Qakh and Kurmukh to look after the parishes in Azerbaijan. Fr Demetre was the bishop-designate.
Muharram ceremonies only in mosques – and without children

The Muslim holy month of Muharram began this year on 26 June. The Interior Ministry and the State Committee issued a public instruction the following day with a reminder that, under the Religion Law, “religious ceremonies are to be held only in mosques and shrines”.

Muharram often features street processions, especially around the commemoration of Ashura, the 10th day of the month (marked this year on 6 July, though the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board set the date as 5 July). Shia Muslims (the largest religious community in Azerbaijan) observe Ashura as a day of mourning.

“We would like to especially note that there are cases of some parents taking minor children to religious ceremonies, including mourning meetings,” the Interior Ministry and State Committee warned. “In this case, both the physical and psychological safety of children should be taken into account. We ask parents to consider that it is inappropriate for minor children to participate in such mass ceremonies and to be particularly sensitive to preventing situations that contradict legislation.”

Lawyer Khalid Bagirov believes that such general prohibitions create legal uncertainty and pose a risk of abuse. “If a Shia parent wants to bring their child to the Ashura ceremony, that is their right,” he told JAMnews for a 27 June article. “The state must clearly explain what exactly is prohibited: mourning rites, self-flagellation, beating the chest? Or simply attendance? Such ambiguity is legally unacceptable.”

Bagirov also pointed to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, noting that raising children in accordance with their parents’ religious beliefs is their fundamental right.

Bagirov describes the regime’s approach as “part of a systemic policy of restricting the rights of the Shia community”. He noted Ashura processions in the southern region of Lankaran, which have worried the authorities. However, he argues, these concerns stem from freedom of peaceful assembly. “The state is attempting to restrict freedom of assembly and processions under the pretext of religious rituals.”

Bagirov warned that such vague and restrictive approaches are likely to lead to increased police surveillance at mosques and a ban on minors entering without parental supervision.
Ashura restrictions

As the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board had set the date for the Ashura commemoration as 5 July, mosques – with the backing of police – practically banned Shia Muslims from commemorations on 6 July.

Arzu Abdullah Gul Zaman, a journalist, visited Ajdarbay mosque in Baku on 6 July. “For more than 30 years since I came to Baku, I have always been to the Ajdarbay mosque in Ashura, but I have never been shaken as today,” she wrote on Facebook the same day. “In past years, it was not possible to enter the courtyard of Ajdarbay Mosque at Ashura. There used to be a really big crowd. And today, only police officers were roaming in and around the mosque.”

Gul Zaman asked a female mosque attendant to read the commemoration prayers. “Shh! Go and sit down, they will come and take me too,” she responded. “They will gather all of us and hand us over to the administration. They strongly instructed that there is to be no crying, no bleeding here. The government did Ashura yesterday, today Ashura is forbidden.” She approached the prayer leader but he too refused to read the commemoration prayer and directed her to talk to the “supervisors”.

Gul Zaman maintained that the “supervisors” were plain-clothed police officers, though they denied this.

“Go and cry, but cry slowly, cry so that the government does not hear,” older people told her. “The government does not allow you to cry loudly.” After again asking the female mosque attendant to read the prayer, she reported Gul Zaman to the police. The police officer refused to allow her to commemorate Ashura, insisting that this had been done the previous day. He accused her of following Iran, where Ashura was being commemorated that day.

Muslims who are not part of the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board, particularly Sunnis, have long objected to the state-imposed calendar which dictates when they are allowed to pray and celebrate Muslim festivals. “This is a serious issue for us,” one Sunni Muslim from the Baku area told Forum 18 in May 2016. “If we pray according to the calendar we believe is correct, they’ll arrest us.” The Muslim noted that the state does not impose compulsory calendars on Christians, Jews or members of other faiths.
Where can Sunni Muslims pray?

The regime has closed many specifically Sunni Muslim mosques in recent years. The ban on any mosques that function outside the state-controlled Caucasian Muslim Board (which is Shia-dominated) leaves Sunni Muslims who want to practise their faith in line with their interpretation few places to worship.

Mamed Abdullayev, an Azerbaijani-born and Russia-based blogger, posted an online video on 13 October 2024 complaining of the lack of a Sunni mosque in his home city of Ganca. He called for new mosques to be opened, as well as public prayer rooms.

“I don’t know why, but in the whole city we don’t have a single mosque where we can pray.” Abdullayev said that “at least a thousand Sunnis” live in Ganca “and want to go to the mosque”. He also spoke of foreign visitors “who come to us from all sorts of countries to relax, work and get to know our culture, and they are actually amazed that stupidly there is nowhere to pray in the city”.

Abdullayev showed the cramped conditions for Sunni Muslim worshippers in rooms at the back of Ganca’s Juma Mosque, where the main prayer hall is used by Shia Muslims. He said the rooms at the back can hold at most 30 worshippers and each worshipper had only about 40 cm (16 inches). “They use literally every centimetre. Everyone is literally standing on top of each other, bowing, to put it mildly, to each other’s backs,” he complained. “If someone can’t fit into this small room, they simply go home because you’re not allowed to pray outside.”

Abdullayev added: “And that’s not even the worst of it. Even this small side room only opens on Fridays. The rest of the time, it’s closed, so there’s nowhere to pray at all.”

Abdullayev concluded: “Unfortunately, this problem is long-standing and has not yet been resolved. I hope this video will reach the right people. And soon I will film a video review of the new, luxurious, large mosque where Sunni believers, both local and visiting our city, can come and worship Allah.”

Comments under the video from people who say they are Sunnis from Ganca echo Abdullayev’s remarks. “It’s high time to build a mosque for Sunnis in Ganca,” a respondent from the city wrote. “That there are no Sunni mosques there is greatly offensive for Muslims,” another wrote. “May Allah help build there a beautiful Sunni mosque!!!”
State Committee manipulation?

Members of Baku’s state-registered Hare Krishna community are divided over allegations that some of their leaders have engaged in corruption.

Among those leading the complaints is Rashid Huseynov (religious name Ramakanta das). He complains that the State Committee continues to allow the community to be headed by 12 official founders, as the community was registered before the 2009 Religion Law, which increased the minimum number of founders to 50.

The Hare Krishna community is among state-registered religious communities that receive an annual state subsidy.

“The State Committee can lean on the founders and gives them subsidies,” Huseynov told Forum 18 from Baku on 18 September. “That’s why they’ve left this number.” He says when two of the 12 were removed at the community’s request in 2024 after corruption allegations, the State Committee quietly approved two replacements to be added. “The Committee agreed to add the two new founders in February 2025 after six months, despite my complaints.”

Huseynov said he and others would like to increase the number of founders to 50. “This would make it more difficult for the State Committee to pressure them.” He says adding further founders should not require full re-registration of the Hare Krishna community.

Huseynov said that in spring 2025 he twice met the Chair of the State Committee, Ramin Mammadov. He gave Mammadov a list of 38 devotees who were prepared to be added to the list of founders. However, Mammadov refused to add them. He said the community should decide.

Huseynov and another community member appealed to President Ilham Aliyev on 8 September. They called for the State Committee’s inaction over the demand to increase the number of founders from 12 to 50. They also called for the alleged corruption in the community leadership to be investigated. Huseynov has received no response to the appeal, he told Forum 18.
Another European Court finding against Azerbaijan

On 8 July, the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) in Strasbourg found that Azerbaijan had violated the rights of Vuqar Rafiyev under three provisions of the Convention:
– Article 5, Paragraph 1 (unlawful arrest and detention);
– Article 6, Paragraph 1 (lack of reasoning in the domestic courts’ decisions);
– and Article 9 (violation of the right to freedom of religion).

Rafiyev is a Muslim from Sumgait who reads the works of the late Turkish Muslim theologian Said Nursi. In March 2017, police raided a home in Quba where Muslims who study Said Nursi’s works were meeting and seized religious literature. Almost all of those present were fined in March 2017, including Vuqar Rafiyev. He lodged his case to the ECtHR in November 2017 (Application No. 81028/17).

In its 8 July 2025 decision, the ECtHR noted that “even assuming that the private residence where the applicant assembled with others was used as a place of religious worship as argued by the Government, the Court finds it necessary to reiterate that, while States can put in place a requirement that religious denominations be registered in a manner compatible with Articles 9 and 11 of the Convention, it does not follow that sanctioning an individual member of an unregistered religious organisation for praying or otherwise manifesting his or her religious belief is compatible with the Convention..”

The decision added: “To accept the contrary would amount to the exclusion of minority religious beliefs which are not formally registered with the State, and consequently would amount to admitting that a State can dictate what a person can or cannot believe..”

The ECtHR ordered that Azerbaijan pay Rafiyev the equivalent of 3,000 Euros in compensation, plus 1,000 Euros in costs.

“This is a positive decision,” a fellow Muslim Nursi reader told Forum 18 on 19 August 2025.

The regime is due to pay compensation to Rafiyev within three months of the decision becoming final on 8 October 2025. However, it remains unclear if the regime will pay. President Aliyev was angered by the Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly’s decision in January 2024 to suspend the Azerbaijani delegation for 12 months for the country’s persistent violations of Council of Europe standards. Azerbaijan did not contribute to nominating judges to the ECtHR.

Aliyev declared on 9 April 2025 that “none of the decisions of the European Court are valid for us because we were deprived of our voting rights. We did not vote for those judges. We don’t know who these judges are.”

Asabali Mustafayev, one of the lawyers for Rafiyev, told Forum 18 on 18 September that the regime has not paid compensation decreed by the ECtHR for more than a year.

The ECtHR has repeatedly found that Azerbaijan has violated human rights by its restrictions on the exercise of freedom of religion or belief.
Complaint to UN Human Rights Committee

In 2024, a religious community lodged a complaint against Azerbaijan to the United Nations Human Rights Committee (4706/2024) about “Restriction to the right to religious gathering”. The complainants argue that the restrictions violated their rights under Article 18 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The Human Rights Committee has not yet made a decision in the case.

ICCPR Article 18 includes the right to manifest a religion “in worship, observance, practice and teaching” either individually “or in community with others and in public or private”.




F18News
Forum 18 believes that religious freedom is a fundamental human right, which is essential for the dignity of humanity and for true freedom.







Could Chinese AI threaten Western submarines?
DW
September 18, 2025

A new Chinese AI system is said to detect even the most modern submarines. Is it a real threat to maritime security or just a bluff?


Nuclear-powered submarines equipped with ballistic missiles such as the USS Ohio 
are crucial for deterrence
Image: Juan Antoine King/ABACA/picture alliance


Psychological warfare has often involved touting technological superiority while suggesting that opponents are powerless against it. Which might be the right context in which to view a new study about an advanced artificial intelligence-driven anti-submarine warfare (ASW) system out of China that can reportedly detect 95% of even the stealthiest submarines.

Last week, the Hong Kong-based South China Morning Post outlined the study, published in August by the trade journal Electronics Optics & Control. It announced that the China Helicopter Research and Development Institute had created an AI system that can simultaneously evaluate measurement data from various sources. From sonar buoys and underwater microphones to water temperature and salinity, it creates a dynamic map of the underwater environment in real time.

The game-changing technology developed under chief engineer Meng Hao can also respond flexibly to countermeasures such as zigzag maneuvers and the deployment of decoys or drones. In computer simulations, the system was able to successfully locate the target in about 95% of cases, thus jeopardizing proven methods of submarine camouflage and defense.

Another important advance is that the AI translates this complex data into simple action points for military personnel, helping them to make the right decisions quickly, even in stressful situations.



In future versions, the team of developers hopes to have the AI system work closely with drone swarms, surface ships, and autonomous underwater robots. The aim is to create a three-dimensional, self-learning detection network that adapts to increasingly sophisticated evasion strategies and "scans" the ocean in real time.

A strategic dilemma for world powers

Existing defense strategies would be seriously undermined if the team successfully reaches their goals. The three pillars of nuclear deterrence, known as the "nuclear triad,” consist of land-based intercontinental ballistic missiles, strategic bombers and submarine-launched ballistic missiles.

These delivery systems are designed to deter a potential attacker from launching a nuclear first strike because they ensure reliable retaliation. Entire naval fleets, which have so far relied on the strategic hide-and-seek tactics of nuclear-powered submarines, would face uncertainty if their submarine capabilities were threatened.


China is transforming artificial islands like Mischief Reef here in the South China Sea into unsinkable aircraft carriers
Image: Ezra Acayan


Psychological warfare?

An important caveat, however, is that military tactics involve not only deterrence, but also psychological warfare. News about things such as the new study are intended to anchor China's strategic superiority in the public perception. Simultaneously, China has been demonstrating its presence in strategically important waters such as the Taiwan Strait and the South and East China Seas.

Gaining control of Taiwan would be particularly significant to the Chinese submarine fleet because they have so far had to launch mainly from shallow waters near the Yulin and Yalong bases on Hainan Island. There, they are easily located by enemy sensors and reconnaissance systems.

Taiwan in the crosshairs

If China could control access to the Pacific Ocean via Taiwan and the surrounding island groups, its submarines would gain direct access to deep water to be deployed more credibly as nuclear second-strike options.

This is why China has been heavily upgrading its naval forces in recent years, equipping strategically important sea areas with radar, sonar, and buoy chains, in addition to intimidating its neighbors with large-scale naval maneuvers.

Playing cat and mouse

While China is making remarkable progress with AI, Western military experts doubt that the new submarine detection system poses an immediate threat to global defense strategies.

Professor Paul S. Schmitt, a US expert on strategic and operational naval warfare, told DW that AI has the potential to make submarine hunting more successful by evaluating large amounts of data from different sensors and supporting human decision makers, but implementation remains difficult because the underwater environment is extremely complex.

The idea of a fully networked and integrated AI-controlled solution is an interesting goal for the future, but currently seems optimistic due to the constant arms race between submarine technology and the means to detect it, he said. Schmitt is affiliated with the Naval War College, but noted that his comments do not necessarily represent those of the Department of War, the Navy, or the Naval War College.

German security experts also say that maritime armament dynamics are constantly locked in a game of cat and mouse with an uncertain outcome. This is precisely why maritime attack and defense techniques must also be developed dynamically.


The global balance of underwater power

China currently has 105 submarines, the largest fleet worldwide, followed by North Korea (90), the United States (74), and Russia (62). However, modern, nuclear-powered submarines equipped with ballistic missiles (SSBNs) are particularly crucial to strategic competition, and the US has the largest and most advanced fleet, with around 14 Ohio-class SSBNs and more than 50 modern attack submarines. Russia follows with around 16 strategic submarines and numerous other nuclear attack and cruise missile submarines.

Meanwhile, China is rapidly expanding its fleet with at least six Jin-class and one Xia-class SSBNs, as well as several other new types. The United Kingdom and France each ensure their strategic security with four SSBNs (Vanguard and Triomphant classes, respectively) and additional nuclear-powered attack submarines.

Germany relies on modern diesel-electric submarines and plays a leading role in conventional technology, but does not have nuclear capabilities. Other relevant NATO countries with submarines include Italy, Spain, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Canada, and Turkey, which rely on proven conventional technology.

Outside NATO, India's Arihant class and Israel's Dolphin submarines have special underwater capabilities.


This article was originally written in German.

Alexander Freund Science editor with a focus on archaeology, history and health

D.E.I.
Deutsche Bahn to get first female CEO — reports


Saim DuÅ¡an Inayatullah 
DW with Reuters and German media
September 19, 2025

Evelyn Palla is reportedly set to take the helm at Germany's Deutsche Bahn railway operator. She will be tasked with overhauling a firm that has been dogged by delays and cancellations.

DB Regio subsidiary chief Evelyn Palla is set to take the helm at its parent company
Image: Annette Riedl/dpa/picture alliance


Evelyn Palla is to become the first female CEO of Germany's Deutsche Bahn national rail operator, German media reported on Saturday.

The Bild tabloid reported that Transport Minister Patrick Schneider would announce the appointment on Monday.

According to the paper, Schneider will also present his overall plans for the company.

There was no immediate comment from the ministry or from Deutsche Bahn.
Who is Evelyn Palla?

The 52-year-old hails from the South Tyrol region of northern Italy.

She joined the company in 2019 and had previously worked for chipmaker Infineon, energy firm E.ON and the Austrian railway operator ÖBB.

Palla is set to replace Richard Lutz, who had served as Deutsche Bahn's CEO since 2017 and was dismissed last month.

She had previously run the regional subsidiary of the company, DB Regio, where she delegated more powers to regional management teams, according to the Süddeutsche Zeitung daily.

Deutsche Bahn has made substantial payouts to passengers over delays and cancelationsImage: Ina Fassbender/AFP/Getty Images

Why is Germany restructuring Deutsche Bahn?

The railway operator has been dogged by widespread delays and cancellations, which the company has blamed on old and overloaded infrastructure.

Deutsche Bahn was forced to pay €197 million ($231 million) in compensation in 2024 due to late and canceled trains.

Chancellor Friedrich Merz promised to restructure Deutsche Bahn's management and modernize Germany's transport infrastructure when he came to power in May.

The firm is a a joint-stock company owned 100% by the German state.

Edited by: Roshni Majumdar