China discovers terrestrial "Life oasis" from end-Permian mass extinction period

Chinese Academy of Sciences Headquarters

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Artistic reconstruction of the terrestrial ecological landscape before the end Permian mass extinction based on fossil palynomorphs, plants , and tetrapods recovered, as well as sedimentological data from the South Taodonggou Section

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Credit: Image by YANG Dinghua

A new study reveals that a region in China's Turpan-Hami Basin served as a refugium, or "Life oasis" for terrestrial plants during the end-Permian mass extinction, the most severe biological crisis since the Cambrian period.

The research, published in Science Advances, challenges the widely held view that terrestrial ecosystems suffered the same catastrophic losses as marine environments during this period.

The discovery, led by Prof. LIU Feng from the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology (NIGPAS) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, provides the first conclusive fossil evidence of a terrestrial plant community that remained largely undisturbed throughout the extinction event, allowing for continuous evolution and rapid ecological recovery afterward.

The team’s findings suggest that some land areas were shielded from the worst effects of the extinction, creating pockets of resilience that played a crucial role in the rebound of life on Earth.

The end-Permian mass extinction, which occurred approximately 252 million years ago, wiped out over 80% of marine species, and its impact on land has long been debated. One prevailing theory suggests that volcanic eruptions in Siberia triggered widespread terrestrial devastation through wildfires, acid rain, and toxic gases. Evidence for this includes the successive extinction of characteristic Gigantopteris flora in South China and typical Glossopteris flora across Gondwanaland around the end-Permian mass extinction.

However, the opposing camp argues that these catastrophic effects were limited by latitude and atmospheric circulation. Some fossil discoveries even suggest that certain Mesozoic plants existed before the extinction event, pointing to uninterrupted evolution.

The South Taodonggou section in Xinjiang offers a unique perspective. Detailed analysis of fossil pollen and spores, along with precise dating methods from a Bayesian age model developed by Professor YANG Wan of the Missouri University of Science and Technology, have revealed a continuous record of riparian fern fields and coniferous forests thriving from 160,000 years before the extinction began until 160,000 years after it ended.

"The presence of intact tree trunks and fern stems further confirms that these microfossils represent local vegetation, not transported remnants," said Professor WAN Mingli from NIGPAS.

Although some plant species disappeared locally, the researchers found that the overall extinction rate of spore and pollen species in the South Taodonggou section was possibly only about 21%—far lower than the marine extinction rate during the same period. This conclusion was based on the discovery of many "missing" species in Early Triassic strata elsewhere, indicating temporary migration rather than permanent extinction.

This stable vegetation base was crucial for the rapid recovery of the local ecosystem. Fossil evidence shows that within just 75,000 years after the extinction ended, the area supported diverse tetrapods, including herbivorous Lystrosaurus and carnivorous chroniosuchians, demonstrating a quick return to a complex food web. This discovery contrasts with the previous understanding that ecosystem recovery after the end-Permian extinction took over a million years. The new evidence suggests local ecological diversity in this area recovered more than ten times faster than in other regions.

The researchers cited the region’s stable, semi-humid climate as crucial to its biological resilience. According to analysis of paleosol matrices, the region consistently received about 1000 mm of rainfall per year during this time. Due to its consistent precipitation, South Taodonggou offered more abundant vegetation and a more habitable environment than other regions following the end-Permian mass extinction, providing vital support for migrating animals.

Despite its proximity to the volcanic activity that triggered the end-Permian extinction, the Turpan-Hami Basin provided a safe haven for terrestrial life, demonstrating that even seemingly dangerous locations can harbor crucial biodiversity.

"This suggests that local climate and geographic factors can create surprising pockets of resilience, offering hope for conservation efforts in the face of global environmental change," said Professor LIU Feng from NIGPAS.

In light of current concerns about a potential sixth mass extinction driven by human activity, the discovery of this “Life oasis” highlights the importance of identifying and protecting such natural refugia.

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, the National Key R&D Program of China, the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program and the US National Science Foundation.

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Journal

Science Advances

DOI

10.1126/sciadv.ads5614 

Article Title

Refugium amidst ruins: unearthing the lost flora that escaped the end-Permian mass extinction

Article Publication Date

12-Mar-2025

Artistic reconstruction of the terrestrial ecological landscape at the onset of end Permian mass extinction based on fossil palynomorphs, plants , and tetrapods recovered, as well as sedimentological data from the South Taodonggou Section




Artistic reconstruction of the terrestrial ecological landscape after the end Permian mass extinction based on fossil palynomorphs, plants , and tetrapods recovered, as well as sedimentological data from the South Taodonggou Section

Credit

Image by YANG Dinghua

l



A field photograph documenting rock sample collection in the scorching desert heat




Tetrapod skeletal fossils preserved in the South Taodonggou Section in Xinjiang, China date to approximately 150,000 years before the end-Permian mass extinction




Conifer trunk fossil recovered from the onset of the end-Permian mass extinction in the South Taodonggou Section.

Credit
Image by NIGPAS

 

Violent supernovae 'triggered at least two Earth extinctions'

Royal Astronomical Society

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At least two mass extinction events in Earth's history were likely caused by the "devastating" effects of nearby supernova explosions, a new study suggests.

Researchers at Keele University say these super-powerful blasts – caused by the death of a massive star – may have previously stripped our planet's atmosphere of its ozone, sparked acid rain and exposed life to harmful ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.

They believe a supernova explosion close to Earth could be to blame for both the late Devonian and Ordovician extinction events, which occurred 372 and 445 million years ago respectively.

The Ordovician extinction killed 60 per cent of marine invertebrates at a time when life was largely confined to the sea, while the late Devonian wiped out around 70 per cent of all species and led to huge changes in the kind of fish that existed in our ancient seas and lakes.

Past research has failed to identify a clear cause for either event, although they are thought to have been linked to the depletion of Earth's ozone layer, which could have been triggered by a supernova.

The new study, published today in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, found that the rate supernovae occur near to our planet is consistent with the timings of both mass extinctions.

The authors say it is a "a great illustration for how massive stars can act as both creators and destructors of life".

That's because supernovae are also known to spread the heavy elements that help form and support life across the universe.

Supernovae occur when massive stars reach the end of their lives, run out of fuel, cool off, and then collapse under the pressure of gravity. The explosions are the biggest humans have ever seen.

Lead author Dr Alexis Quintana, formerly from Keele University and now at the University of Alicante, said: "Supernova explosions bring heavy chemical elements into the interstellar medium, which are then used to form new stars and planets.

"But if a planet, including the Earth, is located too close to this kind of event, this can have devastating effects."

Dr Nick Wright, from Keele University, added: "Supernova explosions are some of the most energetic explosions in the universe.

"If a massive star were to explode as a supernova close to the Earth, the results would be devastating for life on Earth. This research suggests that this may have already happened."

The researchers came to their conclusion after carrying out a "census" of massive stars within a kiloparsec (around 3,260 light-years) of the Sun. 

They were studying the distribution of these massive stars, known as OB stars, to learn more about how star clusters and galaxies form by using the Milky Way itself as a benchmark, and the rate at which these stars form in our galaxy. 

This census allowed the researchers to calculate the rate at which supernovae occur within the galaxy, which is important for observations of supernovae, and the production of supernova remnants and massive stellar remnants such as black holes and neutron stars throughout the universe.

The data will also be useful for future development of gravitational wave detectors, which are a useful tool for scientists studying the structure and origins of the universe.

As part of this the research team calculated the supernova rate within 20 parsecs of the Sun, or approximately 65 light-years, and compared this with the approximate rate of mass extinction events on Earth that have previously been attributed to nearby supernovae.

This excludes extinction events linked to other factors such as asteroid impacts or the ice ages.

Comparing these data sets, the experts found that their research supported the theory that a supernova explosion was responsible for both the late Devonian and Ordovician extinction events – two of the five known mass extinctions in Earth's history.

"We calculated the supernova rate close to Earth and found it to be consistent with the rate of mass extinction events on our planet that have been linked to external forces such as supernovae," Dr Wright explained.

Astronomers believe about one or two supernovae – or possibly at a rate even lower than that – occur each century in galaxies like the Milky Way, but the good news is there are only two nearby stars which could go supernova within the next million years or so: Antares and Betelgeuse.

However, both of these are more than 500 light-years away from us and computer simulations have previously suggested a supernova at that distance from Earth likely wouldn't affect our planet.

ENDS

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Media contacts

Sam Tonkin

Royal Astronomical Society

Mob: +44 (0)7802 877 700

press@ras.ac.uk

 

Dr Robert Massey

Royal Astronomical Society

Mob: +44 (0)7802 877 699

press@ras.ac.uk

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Scientific contacts

Dr Alexis Quintana

University of Alicante

alexis.quintana@ua.es

 

Dr Nick Wright

Keele University

n.j.wright@keele.ac.uk

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Images and captions

Supernova

Caption: New research suggests at least two mass extinction events in Earth's history were caused by a nearby supernova. Pictured is an example of one of these stellar explosions, Supernova 1987a (centre), within a neighbouring galaxy to our Milky Way called the Large Magellanic Cloud.

Credit: NASA, ESA, R. Kirshner (Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics and Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation), and M. Mutchler and R. Avila (STScI)

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Further information

The paper 'A census of OB stars within 1 kpc and the star formation and core collapse supernova rates of the Milky Way' by Alexis Quintana and Nicholas Wright et al. has been published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staf083. For an advance copy of the paper, please email press@ras.ac.uk

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Notes for editors

About the Royal Astronomical Society

The Royal Astronomical Society (RAS), founded in 1820, encourages and promotes the study of astronomy, solar-system science, geophysics and closely related branches of science.

The RAS organises scientific meetings, publishes international research and review journals, recognises outstanding achievements by the award of medals and prizes, maintains an extensive library, supports education through grants and outreach activities and represents UK astronomy nationally and internationally. Its more than 4,000 members (Fellows), a third based overseas, include scientific researchers in universities, observatories and laboratories as well as historians of astronomy and others.

The RAS accepts papers for its journals based on the principle of peer review, in which fellow experts on the editorial boards accept the paper as worth considering. The Society issues press releases based on a similar principle, but the organisations and scientists concerned have overall responsibility for their content.

Keep up with the RAS on X, Facebook, LinkedIn and YouTube.

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Journal

Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society

DOI

10.1093/mnras/staf083 

Article Title

Violent supernovae 'triggered at least two Earth extinctions'

Article Publication Date

13-Mar-2025

 

CUNY research team unlocks secrets of mysterious 62-million-year-old mammal

New findings illuminate ancient species and its evolutionary connections to modern-day humans

Advanced Science Research Center, GC/CUNY

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New Findings Illuminate Ancient Species and its Evolutionary Connections to Modern-Day Humans

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Credit: Illustration by Andrey Atuchin

New York, March 11, 2025 — Brooklyn College/CUNY Graduate Center Associate Professor of Anthropology Stephen Chester and a team of researchers have uncovered fascinating new details about Mixodectes pungens, a long-mysterious mammal that roamed North America in the early Paleocene—just after the extinction of the dinosaurs.

For over 140 years, Mixodectes has puzzled paleontologists, with much of what was known limited to fragments of fossilized teeth and jaws. But a groundbreaking new study, led by noted paleontologist Chester, has revealed the most complete skeleton of the species ever found. This discovery sheds light on the mammal’s anatomy, lifestyle, and—perhaps most surprisingly—its proximity to humans and other primates on the evolutionary tree.

The study—for which Chester is the lead author—was published on March 11 in the journal Scientific Reports.

First described by legendary paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1883, Mixodectes pungens was a small mammal that lived around 62 million years ago. The new research shows that these creatures weighed roughly three pounds as adults, lived in trees, and primarily ate leaves. Even more striking, the study reveals that Mixodectes was a close evolutionary cousin to humans, as well as other modern primates and flying lemurs — an exciting new link to our distant past.

“This fossil skeleton provides new evidence concerning how placental mammals diversified ecologically following the extinction of the dinosaurs,” said Chester, who is also doctoral faculty at the CUNY Graduate Center. “Characteristics such as a larger body mass and an increased reliance on leaves allowed Mixodectes to thrive in the same trees likely shared with other early primate relatives.”

Co-author of the study and Yale University anthropologist Eric Sargis added: “A 62-million-year-old skeleton of this quality and completeness offers novel insights into mixodectids, including a much clearer picture of their evolutionary relationships. Our findings show that they are close relatives of primates and colugos — flying lemurs native to Southeast Asia — making them fairly close relatives of humans.”

The newly revealed Mixodectes skeleton is more than just a remarkable fossil — it’s a window into a pivotal moment in mammalian evolution, offering scientists invaluable clues about the origins of some of today’s most fascinating species, including us. And it is just one of many fossils that Chester and his students — including co-author Jordan Crowell, a lecturer at Brooklyn College and Ph.D. candidate at the CUNY Graduate Center — have been studying to understand our evolutionary history.

The skeleton was discovered in New Mexico’s San Juan Basin by co-author Thomas Williamson, curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, under a permit from the federal Bureau of Land Management. This rare find includes a partial skull, ribs, vertebral column, and both forelimbs and hind limbs, giving the team crucial insights into how this ancient mammal lived.

At a weight of just 2.9 pounds, Mixodectes was relatively large for a tree-dwelling mammal of its time. The structure of its limbs and claws suggests it was adept at clinging to tree trunks and branches, and its molars, evolved to break down plant material, show it primarily ate leaves.

Interestingly, Mixodectes was much larger than another small, tree-dwelling mammal — Torrejonia wilsoni — found at the same fossil locality. While Mixodectes had a more leafy diet, Torrejonia primarily ate fruit, hinting at a distinct ecological role for Mixodectes among its contemporaries.

In terms of evolutionary placement, two independent cladistic analyses were conducted to determine Mixodectes' relationships. The findings confirm that Mixodectes belongs to the group known as primatomorphans — a group that includes living primates and colugos.

Other co-authors include Mary Silcox of the University of Toronto Scarborough and Jonathan Bloch of the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida.

New Findings Illuminate Ancient Species and its Evolutionary Connections to Modern-Day Humans

Credit

Photo by Stephen Chester

About the Graduate Center of The City University of New York

The CUNY Graduate Center is a leader in public graduate education devoted to enhancing the public good through pioneering research, serious learning, and reasoned debate. The Graduate Center offers ambitious students nearly 50 doctoral and master’s programs of the highest caliber, taught by top faculty from throughout CUNY — the nation’s largest urban public university. Through its nearly 40 centers, institutes, initiatives, and the Advanced Science Research Center, the Graduate Center influences public policy and discourse and shapes innovation. The Graduate Center’s extensive public programs make it a home for culture and conversation. 

 

About Brooklyn College

Widely known for its offer of an excellent education at an affordable tuition and recognized nationally for its diverse student body, Brooklyn College has been an anchor institution within the borough of Brooklyn and greater New York City for more than 90 years. With approximately 15,000 students in more than 100 undergraduate and graduate degree programs in the arts, humanities, sciences, education, and business, the college is renowned for its rigorous academics, award-winning faculty, distinguished alumni, and community impact. Part of the City University of New York (CUNY), Brooklyn College offers a vibrant and supportive student experience on a beautifully landscaped 35-acre campus in the borough’s Midwood neighborhood.

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Journal

Scientific Reports

DOI

10.1038/s41598-025-90203-z 

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

New remarkably complete skeleton of Mixodectes reveals arboreality in a large Paleocene primatomorphan mammal following the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction

Article Publication Date

11-Mar-2025

A 62-million-year-old skeleton sheds light on an enigmatic mammal

Yale University

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New Haven, Conn. — For more than 140 years, Mixodectes pungens, a species of small mammal that inhabited western North America in the early Paleocene, was a mystery. What little was known about them had been mostly gleaned from analyzing fossilized teeth and jawbone fragments.

But a new study of the most complete skeleton of the species known to exist has answered many questions about the enigmatic critter — first described in 1883 by famed paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope — providing a better understanding of its anatomy, behavior, diet, and position in the Tree of Life.

The study, co-authored by Yale anthropologist Eric Sargis, demonstrates that the mature adult Mixodectes weighed about 3 pounds, dwelled in trees, and largely dined on leaves. It also shows that these arboreal mammals — an extinct family known as mixodectids — and humans occupy relatively close branches on the evolutionary tree. 

“A 62-million-year-old skeleton of this quality and completeness offers novel insights into mixodectids, including a much clearer picture of their evolutionary relationships,” said Sargis, professor of anthropology in Yale’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences, curator of vertebrate paleontology and mammalogy at Yale Peabody Museum, and the director of the Yale Institute for Biospheric Studies. “Our findings show that they are close relatives of primates and colugos — flying lemurs native to Southeast Asia — making them fairly close relatives of humans.”

The study was published on March 11 in the journal Scientific Reports. Stephen Chester, associate professor of anthropology at Brooklyn College, City University of New York, is its lead author.

The skeleton was collected in New Mexico’s San Juan Basin by co-author Thomas Williamson, curator of paleontology at the New Mexico Museum of Natural History & Science, under a permit from the federal Bureau of Land Management. It includes a partial skull with teeth, spinal column, rib cage, forelimbs, and hind limbs.

The researchers determined that the skeleton belonged to a mature adult that weighed about 1.3 kilograms, or 2.9 pounds. The anatomy of the animal’s limbs and claws indicate that it was arboreal and capable of vertically clinging to tree trunks and branches. Its molar teeth had crests to break down abrasive material, suggesting it was omnivorous and primarily ate leaves, the study showed.

“This fossil skeleton provides new evidence concerning how placental mammals diversified ecologically following the extinction of the dinosaurs,” said Chester, a curatorial affiliate of vertebrate paleontology at the Yale Peabody Museum. “Characteristics such as a larger body mass and an increased reliance on leaves allowed Mixodectes to thrive in the same trees likely shared with other early primate relatives.”

Mixodectes was quite large for a tree-dwelling mammal in North America during the early Paleocene — the geological epoch that followed the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event that killed off non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago, the researchers noted.

For example, the Mixodectes skeleton is significantly larger than a partial skeleton of Torrejonia wilsoni, a small arboreal mammal from an extinct group of primates called plesiadapiforms, that was discovered alongside it. While Mixodectes subsisted on leaves, Torrejonia’s diet mostly consisted of fruit. These distinctions in size and diet suggest that mixodectids occupied a unique ecological niche in the early Paleocene that distinguished them from their tree-dwelling contemporaries, the researchers said.

Two phylogenetic analyses performed to clarify the species’ evolutionary relationships confirmed that mixodectids were euarchontans, a group of mammals that consists of treeshrews, primates, and colugos. While one analysis supported that they were archaic primates, the other did not. However, the latter analysis verified that mixodectids are primatomorphans, a group within Euarchonta composed of primates and colugos, but not treeshrews, Sargis explained.

“While the study doesn’t entirely resolve the debate over where mixodectids belong on the evolutionary tree, it significantly narrows it,” he said.

The paper’s co-authors are Jordan Crowell of The Graduate Center at the City University of New York, Mary Silcox of the University of Toronto Scarborough, and Jonathan Bloch of the Florida Museum of Natural History at the University of Florida.

 

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Journal

Scientific Reports

 

Dozens of 3-toed dinosaurs leave their mark in Queensland

University of Queensland

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The rock from the Callide Basin contains 66 footprints left in white clay by small dinosaurs around 200 million years ago.

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Credit: Dr Anthony Romilio, The University of Queensland

A University of Queensland researcher has confirmed a boulder at a regional school contains one of the highest concentrations of dinosaur footprints per square metre ever documented in Australia.

Dr Anthony Romilio from UQ’s Dinosaur Lab  has identified 66 fossilised footprints left in the Callide Basin in Central Queensland during the Early Jurassic period, around 200 million years ago.

“The footprints are from 47 individual dinosaurs which passed across a patch of wet, white clay, possibly walking along or crossing a waterway,” Dr Romilio said.

“It’s an unprecedented snapshot of dinosaur abundance, movement and behaviour from a time when no fossilised dinosaur bones have been found in Australia.  

“Each footprint has 3 toes, indicating they belong to the ichnospecies Anomoepus scambus.

“These dinosaurs were small, with legs ranging from 15 – 50 cm in length and when they left these marks, they were travelling less than 6 km/hr.

“Evidence from skeletal fossils overseas tells us dinosaurs with feet like these were plant eaters with long legs, a chunky body, short arms, and a small head with a beak.”

The remarkable rock was uncovered 20 years ago at Callide Mine near Biloela and given to the local high school.

Its significance remained unknown until Dr Romilio’s previous work on nearby Mount Morgan footprints prompted the community to contact him.

“Significant fossils like this can sit unnoticed for years, even in plain sight,” Dr Romilio said.

“It’s incredible to think that a piece of history this rich was resting in a schoolyard all this time.

“With advanced 3D imaging and light filters, I was able to reveal hidden details in the footprints.

“Another sample in this study of Callide Basin footprints was also hiding in plain sight – I spotted it being used as a carpark entry delineator at Callide Mine.

“This rock is much larger at around 2-tonnes with 2 distinct footprints left by a slightly larger dinosaur walking on 2 legs around 80cm in length.

“Along with a sample from a third rock that is encased in resin and was being used as a bookend, we have gained new insight into the ancient past in this region.”

High-resolution models of the fossils are available online, allowing anyone to explore these ancient tracks in detail.

Investigation of the rock samples has been supported by Batchfire Resources, Biloela State High School and the Banana Shire Council.

The research is published in Historical Biology.

Images and video are available via Dropbox.

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Journal

Historical Biology

DOI

10.1080/08912963.2025.2472153 

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Dinosaur footprints from the Lower Jurassic (Hettangian–Sinemurian) Precipice Sandstone of the Callide Basin, Queensland, Australia

Article Publication Date

12-Mar-2025

 

Poor sleep may fuel conspiracy beliefs, according to new research

University of Nottingham

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A new study from the University of Nottingham has revealed that poor sleep quality may increase susceptibility to conspiracy beliefs, with depression likely playing a key role in this relationship.

Experts from the University’s School of Psychology examined the link between sleep quality and conspiracy beliefs in two studies involving over 1,000 participants. Their findings, published in the Journal of Health Psychology, indicate that individuals with poorer sleep quality over the past month were more likely to endorse conspiracy theories, particularly after exposure to conspiratorial content.

Conspiracy theories claim that powerful, secretive groups act in their own self-interest, to the detriment of society. These beliefs can have serious consequences, such as increasing vaccine hesitancy, climate change scepticism, and political distrust.

In their first study, 540 participants completed a standardised sleep quality assessment before reading an article about the Notre Dame Cathedral fire in Paris. Some were exposed to a conspiracy narrative suggesting a deliberate cover-up, while others read a factual account attributing the fire to an accident. The researchers found that those with poorer sleep quality were more likely to believe the conspiratorial version of events.

A second study with 575 participants expanded on these findings by investigating the underlying psychological mechanisms that explain the link between poor sleep quality and conspiracy beliefs. The results showed that both poor sleep quality and insomnia were positively linked to the endorsement of conspiracy theories, with depression emerging as a mechanism. Anger and paranoia also played a role, but their effects were less consistent.

Dr Daniel Jolley, Assistant Professor in Social Psychology led the research team that included, Research Fellow Dr Iwan Dinnick and recent graduates Lauren Burgin, Sophie Ryan, Olivia Morgan-Finn and Samuel Muncer.

Dr Jolley explained: “Sleep is crucial for mental health and cognitive functioning. Poor sleep has been shown to increase the risk of depression, anxiety, and paranoia - factors that also contribute to conspiracy beliefs. Our research suggests that improving sleep quality could serve as a protective factor against the spread of conspiratorial thinking”

These findings highlight the potential for sleep-focused interventions to mitigate susceptibility to conspiracy theories. By addressing sleep quality, individuals may be better equipped to critically evaluate information and resist misleading narratives.

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Journal

Journal of Health Psychology

DOI

10.1177/13591053251320598 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Investigating the Link Between Sleep Quality and Belief in Conspiracy Theories

Article Publication Date

12-Mar-2025