It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Thursday, July 02, 2026
Yak waste does not always add up: New field study reveals surprising greenhouse gas dynamics in alpine meadows
Overlapping yak urine and dung patches may produce far less nitrous oxide than expected, challenging a common assumption in grassland greenhouse gas estimates
Shenyang Agricultural University Collaborative Journals
Credit: Bo Fan, Wenting Jiang, Yan Wang, Haibin Liang, Huai Chen, Dongwei Liu, Kumuduni Niroshika Palansooriya & Yanjiang Cai
Grazing animals return most of the nitrogen they consume back to the land through urine and dung. In grasslands, these nutrient-rich patches can become hotspots for nitrous oxide, or N₂O, a powerful greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting substance. But what happens when urine and dung overlap in the same place, as often occurs where animals gather near shelters, water points, or resting areas?
A new field study published in Nitrogen Cycling provides an unexpected answer. Researchers found that combined yak urine and dung deposition in an alpine meadow on the Qingzang Plateau did not simply add together to create higher nitrous oxide emissions. Instead, overlapping patches showed an antagonistic effect, meaning the measured emissions were far below the theoretical sum of urine-only and dung-only patches.
“Our results show that excreta patches cannot always be treated as independent sources of greenhouse gas emissions,” said corresponding author Yanjiang Cai. “In yak-grazed alpine meadows, the interaction between urine and dung can change the soil microbial processes that control nitrous oxide production and reduction.”
The team conducted an in-situ field experiment in a typical alpine meadow on the Qingzang Plateau, a region that supports millions of yaks and contains vast areas of grazing grassland. The researchers compared four treatments: no excreta addition, yak urine application, yak dung application, and combined urine plus dung application.
The results confirmed that urine deposition was a much stronger driver of soil N₂O emissions than dung deposition. Cumulative emissions from urine-treated plots reached 295.82 g N ha⁻¹, more than four times the emissions from dung-treated plots, which reached 72.29 g N ha⁻¹. The researchers linked this difference to higher nitrogen availability, increased soil pH, and stronger nitrification activity following urine deposition.
However, the combined urine and dung treatment produced 296.45 g N ha⁻¹, nearly the same as urine alone. This was surprising because the theoretical additive value of urine plus dung was much higher. The team calculated a proportional change value of 0.84, indicating an antagonistic interaction rather than an additive or synergistic one.
The study suggests that the combined treatment may have created a balance between two competing processes. On one side, the added nitrogen and carbon could stimulate N₂O production. On the other side, the presence of dung may enhance the soil’s capacity to reduce N₂O further to harmless nitrogen gas. Under the relatively dry conditions of the experiment, this balance may have prevented emissions from rising as much as expected.
“This finding is important for greenhouse gas accounting in grazing systems,” Cai said. “If models assume that urine and dung emissions are simply additive, they may overestimate emissions from some alpine meadow environments.”
The study also highlights the importance of soil moisture. By comparing their results with published studies from other regions, the authors found that combined urine and dung deposition tended to show stronger synergistic effects under wet conditions, while dry conditions were more likely to produce non-additive or antagonistic outcomes.
The findings provide new insight into how yak grazing affects nitrogen cycling and greenhouse gas emissions in fragile alpine ecosystems. They also suggest that more field-based studies are needed to improve emission models for livestock systems, especially in regions where animal behavior, soil moisture, and microbial processes interact in complex ways.
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Journal Reference: Fan B, Jiang W, Wang Y, Liang H, Chen H, et al. 2026. Co-application of yak urine and dung deposition antagonistically affected soil nitrous oxide emissions in an alpine meadow. Nitrogen Cycling 2: e018 doi: 10.48130/nc-0026-0005
About Nitrogen Cycling: Nitrogen Cycling (e-ISSN 3069-8111) is a multidisciplinary platform for communicating advances in fundamental and applied research on the nitrogen cycle. It is dedicated to serving as an innovative, efficient, and professional platform for researchers in the field of nitrogen cycling worldwide to deliver findings from this rapidly expanding field of science.
Children growing up in a low-income urban community in Vellore are now facing two seemingly opposite forms of malnutrition simultaneously: persistent thinness and rising obesity by the time they reach primary school age. A longitudinal birth cohort study of 251 children found that while thinness remained common, the prevalence of overweight and obesity nearly tripled between ages seven and nine, underscoring the country’s growing “double burden of malnutrition.” The double burden of malnutrition, as defined by the World Health Organization, refers to the coexistence of undernutrition along with overweight, obesity or diet-related non-communicable diseases within individuals, households and populations.
The study, a collaboration between the Advanced Research Unit on Metabolism, Development and Aging (ARUMDA) at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) and Christian Medical College (CMC), Vellore, was led by Dr. Beena Koshy (CMC Vellore) and Dr. Birsen Yilmaz (ARUMDA, TIFR). The analyses were carried out on a longitudinal birth cohort established by CMC Vellore and now maintained by Dr. Beena Koshy.
Of the 251 children enrolled at birth, 205 (82%) were followed up to nine years of age, with height and weight measured at multiple time-points. The study showed that most children maintained a normal body mass index (BMI) in the first five years of life. However, by mid-childhood, a more complex picture emerged. At age seven, 26.3% of children were classified as thin and 5.2% as overweight or obese. By age nine, thinness remained high at 21.6%, while overweight and obesity had risen to 14.6%, nearly a threefold increase in just two years, which clearly indicates the double burden of malnutrition in this population.
Dr. Beena Koshy, who presently maintains the cohort at CMC Vellore, said, “Our findings show that children in low-income urban communities are now facing both thinness and emerging obesity before they even enter their teens, which means malnutrition in India is no longer just about underweight toddlers, but about the entire childhood years.”
The researchers also found that the low maternal BMI and the child’s low birth weight were strongly linked to children remaining thin later in childhood, highlighting how malnutrition can be passed from one generation to the next. At the same time, children born with normal birth weight were more likely to go on to develop obesity by 9 years, pointing to the influence of changing diets and physical activity patterns in rapidly urbanizing environments. Together, these findings show that Indian children may move from early growth deficits to later excess weight within a single decade of life.
Dr. Nihal Thomas of CMC Vellore commented on the long-term health implications of these findings, “Undernutrition in early life can lead to two potential trajectories. Persistence of undernutrition, besides leading to stunting, can potentially lead to defects in insulin secretion and even situations where lean individuals develop diabetes in relation to malnutrition. On the contrary, in those with overnutrition, the potential of higher body fat accumulation, coupled with a sedentary lifestyle and other environmental factors, could lead to an exponential increase in overweight and subsequently increase the risk of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease.”
The work adds an important time dimension to India’s nutrition story by identifying the primary school years, especially between 7 and 9 years, as a period when overweight and obesity begin to rise rapidly, even as undernutrition remains common. This has direct relevance for public nutrition programmes in India, which have traditionally focused on the first 1,000 days and preschool years. The study posits that policies must now simultaneously strengthen maternal nutrition before and during pregnancy, continue growth monitoring into the school years, and improve nutrition support and physical activity environments in and around schools if India is to curb the rising double burden of malnutrition and future risks of metabolic diseases.
Prof. Ullas Kolthur (ARUMDA, TIFR) and Prof. Mahendra Sonawane (TIFR, Mumbai) emphasized the importance of extending attention beyond early childhood, “Our findings suggest the importance of focusing on child growth beyond the first 1,000 days. Extending nutrition, growth monitoring, and healthy food and physical activity initiatives into the primary school years is essential because this is when children’s metabolic profiles are being shaped. Acting in this window could have a major impact on preventing the progression from early growth faltering to later obesity and related metabolic disorders in adulthood.”
Dr. Nihal Thomas (CMC Vellore) noted that addressing India’s double burden of malnutrition would require balanced public health strategies. “The public health policies that need to evolve in this regard would need a judicious blend of lifestyle interventions and the balance of dietary co-interventions that may appear to contravene, but essentially involve promoting higher-protein diets through potentially cost-effective formulations.”
Decades-old hospital samples have helped University of East Anglia (UEA) researchers uncover how a deadly antibiotic-resistant "superbug" quietly tightened its grip across the globe.
It lurked in hospital corridors for decades, largely unnoticed by the wider public.
But now an international team - including scientists at the Quadram Institute and in Canada and Mexico - have uncovered how one of the world’s most feared superbugs rose to global dominance.
In a groundbreaking new study, researchers pieced together the genetic history of Acinetobacter baumannii - a notoriously stubborn hospital pathogen - using samples stretching back as far as the 1970s.
They found that this bacterium evolved and adapted quietly for decades, accumulating small changes that eventually made it resistant to antibiotics.
Lead researcher Dr Benjamin Evans, from UEA’s Norwich Medical School, said: “We know that bacteria that cause infections in people can adapt to the antibiotics we use to treat them, rendering the antibiotics ineffective.
“We looked at a specific type of bacterium called Acinetobacter baumannii from the 1970s to the present day.
“This bacterium particularly thrives in hospital environments and can cause infections that are extremely difficult to treat - particularly for vulnerable patients.
“Understanding how it evolved into such a formidable threat is really important in stopping its spread. But until now, the genetic events behind this bacterium’s success were poorly understood.
“What we found is that it has adapted in waves, with each wave producing bacteria that were better adapted to resist antibiotics than the previous wave.
“Our work provides one of the clearest pictures yet of how antibiotic resistance can accumulate gradually - and then suddenly tip the balance in favour of the pathogen.
“One thing is clear - this superbug didn’t just appear. It was decades in the making, and it’s still evolving.”
How the research happened
Scientists made the breakthrough by combining decades-old bacterial samples with cutting-edge genome sequencing.
The team assembled a unique collection of 226 Acinetobacter baumannii samples dating from the 1970s to the early 2000s. These historical samples were carefully grown in the lab before their DNA was extracted, purified and sequenced using long-read Oxford Nanopore technology.
To build a global picture, the newly sequenced genomes were merged with more than 1,000 more recent genomes from six continents around the world.
Using high-performance computing, the scientists compared all 1,281 chromosomes and created a detailed evolutionary tree.
They paired this analysis with a comprehensive scan of antimicrobial resistance genes, tracking how these genes appeared, disappeared and reshaped the bacteria over time.
Tracking a drug-resistant threat
By aligning genetic changes with sample dates and locations, the team identified when key resistance traits emerged and how they spread globally.
This combined historical and modern approach allowed the team to reconstruct the pathogen’s evolution over decades, revealing how it became a dominant, drug-resistant threat.
Dr Evans said: “Comparing patterns in the DNA sequence in the genomes allowed us to see how this bacteria has evolved over time, and how it has become more resistant to antibiotics.”
“We found that it didn’t suddenly emerge as a superbug. Instead, it crept into dominance - and by around 2005, it had become the leading lineage of A. baumannii worldwide.”
But what happened around that time is key.
‘Supercharged’ bacteria
Researchers identified the acquisition of two major genetic elements - including a gene called oxa23, known for conferring resistance to powerful antibiotics - as a turning point.
This effectively supercharged the bacterium’s ability to survive treatment. It became much harder to kill.
Not one bug - but many
The team also found that the bacterium in question isn’t a single uniform strain. Instead, it can be divided into at least four distinct groups, each following its own evolutionary path.
Three of these groups appear to show a gradual, step-by-step evolution over time - like a slow genetic arms race against modern medicine. But a fourth group stands apart.
Dr Evans said: “This ‘group 4’ lineage appears to have branched off independently and is now being detected more frequently in recent samples. This is worrying because it means that a newer and potentially better adapted variant may already be on the rise.
Guiding policy
“This work is really important because understanding how antibiotic-resistant bacteria respond to changes in antibiotic use over time is essential for guiding policies on how we use antibiotics now and in the future.
“This is particularly important for bacteria like Acinetobacter baumannii. These bacteria represent a serious threat to healthcare systems worldwide, and we need new approaches to combat them otherwise infections will become untreatable.”
This work was supported with funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), and in Canada from the New Frontiers in Research Fund, the Fonds de Recherche du Quebec, and the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR).
Dr Sadhana Sharma, UKRI-Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Anti-Microbial Resistance lead, said: “This study shows how a major hospital superbug evolved over decades, quietly adapting into distinct, drug-resistant groups and spreading globally.
“It underlines how antimicrobial resistance builds over time, and why understanding these changes is critical to staying ahead.
“It also highlights the importance of international collaboration, including with partners in Canada, and sustained BBSRC investment in fundamental bioscience to protect health, advance knowledge, improve lives and drive growth.”
‘New isolates from the 1970s to early 2000s provide insights into the evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii international clone 2 and its resistome’ is published in the journal Microbial Genomics.
ENDS
Journal
Microbial Genomics
Method of Research
Observational study
Subject of Research
Cells
Article Title
‘New isolates from the 1970s to early 2000s provide insights into the evolution of Acinetobacter baumannii international clone 2 and its resistome’
Article Publication Date
2-Jul-2026
‘Drunk riding’ behind almost half of fatal electric scooter crashes in Sweden
In almost half of the fatal electric scooter crashes in Sweden, the driver is significantly intoxicated, and most fatal crashes occur with privately owned vehicles. This is shown by a new study from Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, and the Swedish Transport Administration. The image has no connection to the study. Photo: Chalmers University of Technology | Mia Halleröd Palmgren
Credit: Photo: Chalmers University of Technology | Mia Halleröd Palmgren
In almost half of all fatal electric scooter crashes in Sweden, the rider has been under the influence of alcohol. These fatal crashes occur mainly in the evenings or through the night, and in all cases, no helmet has been worn. This is shown by a new study from Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, and the Swedish Transport Administration. The study also states that most fatal crashes occur with private electric scooters, rather than rentals.
The researchers have analysed all fatal crashes involving electric scooters, electric bicycles and conventional bicycles in Sweden between 2016 and 2024.
Alcohol is often a factor in fatal crashes occurring with all three of these vehicle types – but the figures for electric scooters stand out. Of the fatal e-scooter crashes, 44 per cent of the riders were under the influence of alcohol, compared to 27 per cent among e-bike riders and 13 per cent among cyclists.
More specifically the levels of alcohol in the blood have been shown to be high across all three groups. Of the e-scooter riders that were under the influence of alcohol, the median blood alcohol content was 1.8 per mille. This can be compared to the legal limit of alcohol content in the blood for driving a car in Sweden, which is 0.2 per mille, above which it is considered drunk driving, and 1.0 per mille in the blood which is considered aggravated drunk driving.
"Alcohol intoxication is a common issue among all road users, but it appears to be particularly severe among riders of electric scooters. Not only were many fatally injured e‑scooter riders intoxicated, but their levels of intoxication were also extremely high," says Marco Dozza, Professor of Active Safety and Road User Behaviour at Chalmers University of Technology, and senior researcher in the study.
Lack of helmets worn in those killed
The study also showed that helmet use in fatal crashes was very low. Of those fatally injured riding an e-scooter, none were wearing a helmet. And for those killed riding an e-bike or a bicycle, only about 25 per cent were wearing a helmet.
Head injuries were the most common cause of death in all groups.
"The numbers speak for themselves. Since the head is the area of the body that is most affected by a fatal injury and almost no one wears a helmet, we have a clear opportunity to save lives. A helmet is not a guarantee but improves the chances dramatically, so we should do everything we can to encourage helmet use," says Rahul Rajendra Pai, doctoral student at Chalmers and first author of the study.
"I think many people don't understand the danger of using an electric scooter under the influence of alcohol, and think that the vehicle doesn't go that fast," says Marco Dozza. “But it is enough hitting a stone on the road or a small hole in the ground to lose balance, especially when intoxicated, because alcohol slows down cognition and reactions. If you don't wear a helmet, it may end up even worse”.
Different crash patterns for different vehicles
The study included 204 deaths, and the researchers saw clear differences between the three vehicle types in terms of rider and crash patterns.
In fatal crashes involving ordinary bicycles, the median age of the cyclist was 71 years old. The crashes often occurred on weekdays and usually involved collisions with motor vehicles.
Fatal e-scooter crashes looked different. The riders had a median age of 47.5 years old, and most of the crashes were single vehicle crashes that occurred at weekends, evenings and nights.
According to the researchers, the results indicate the need for measures and regulations to be adapted to the different types of vehicles.
"The typical fatal bicycle crash, with an elderly cyclist being hit by a motor vehicle in daylight, may require completely different countermeasures than the typical fatal electric scooter crash, where a younger rider crashes alone at night while intoxicated," says Marco Dozza.
Fatal crashes most common with private electric scooters
Almost nine out of ten alcohol-related e-scooter deaths occurred with privately owned vehicles. Public debate and regulations have largely focused on rented electric scooters, and operators have introduced measures such as speed limits and night restrictions. However, these measures do not affect privately owned electric scooters.
According to the researchers, rules and measures can to some extent counteract crashes with electric scooters. Marco Dozza, for example, is leading an ongoing study on how today's sensor technology in rented electric scooters can make it possible to detect impaired riding ability in real time.
"If a vehicle can identify that its rider is not in control, it is possible to take various measures before a crash occurs. That kind of intelligent intervention can save lives, and is within reach," he says.
At the same time, he emphasises that neither rules nor sensor technology alone can solve the problem.
"The big challenge with electric scooter riding is social norms and rider behaviour, and this does not disappear with regulations. Training is an important key to understanding how the vehicle should be handled and what you can, and cannot, do.
Rikard Fredriksson, Senior Advisor in Vehicle Safety at the Swedish Transport Administration and co-author of the study, agrees:
"Alcohol is still a major problem for road safety in Sweden. Alcohol is involved in about 20 per cent of all fatal road crashes. This study shows that the number of alcohol-related fatalities involving electric scooters is more than twice as high, at 44 per cent. We are committed to the development of technology to counteract electric scooter driving under the influence of alcohol. It is also important to always wear a helmet, and to use only a vehicle that cannot exceed legal speed," he says.
More about the research
The study, "Three modes, three profiles: Characterizing fatal crashes on e-scooters, e-bikes and conventional bicycles in Sweden", has been published in the Journal of Safety Research. The authors are Rahul Rajendra Pai and Marco Dozza at Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden, as well as Rikard Fredriksson at the Swedish Transport Administration and Chalmers University of Technology. The study was funded by the Swedish Transport Administration within the SIMT project (grant 2022/32014).
The results in brief
The study analysed 204 fatal crashes involving electric scooters, electric bicycles and conventional bicycles in Sweden between 2016 and 2024 using data from the Swedish Transport Administration's database of fatal crashes.
Fatal crashes with electric scooters. 44 per cent, or 8 out of 18 fatally injured riders, were under the influence of alcohol, with a median blood value of 1.8 per mille. No one wore a helmet, the crashes usually occurred on weekends, evenings and nights and were mainly single vehicle crashes. The median age of the fatally injured riders was 47.5 years.
Fatal crashes involving electric bicycles: 26.5 per cent, or 9 out of 34 fatally injured riders, were under the influence of alcohol, with a median blood value of 1.24 per mille. 26.5 per cent wore helmets; the crashes occurred mainly on weekdays and involved collisions with motor vehicles in half of the cases. The median age of the fatally injured riders was 71.5 years.
Fatal crashes involving bicycles: 12.5 per cent, or 19 out of 150 fatally injured cyclists, were under the influence of alcohol, with a median blood level of 2.0 per mille, 25 per cent wore helmets, the crashes occurred mainly on weekdays and usually involved collisions with motor vehicles. The median age of the fatally injured riders was 71 years.
More about electric scooters and safety
According to a recent study from the Swedish Transport Agency, 6,624 people were injured and seven died as a result of electric scooter crashes in Sweden in 2025. This is an increase of 38 per cent from 2024. Almost half of the seriously injured e-scooter riders were under 25 years of age and about two-thirds were men.
In Sweden, there is no fixed blood alcohol limit for electric scooters, but there are regulations stating that you are not allowed to drive an electric scooter if you cannot drive the vehicle safely.
There is no common EU law for alcohol and electric scooters, but several countries treat electric scooters as motor vehicles in alcohol legislation. This applies, for example, to Finland, France, Italy and Spain, which have a blood alcohol limit of 0.5. per mille.
In Sweden, there is a law that children and young people under the age of 15 must wear a bicycle helmet when riding an electric scooter. However, there is no common EU law about wearing a helmet whilst riding electric scooters and the rules vary greatly between countries.
A Chalmers study from 2025 shows that crashes on electric scooters in Sweden are largely due to the riders' behaviour.
Results from the study "Three modes, three profiles: Characterizing fatal crashes on e-scooters, e-bikes and conventional bicycles in Sweden." The graphics show fatal crashes with electric scooters, electric bicycles and bicycles in Sweden, 2016 – 2024.
Graphics: Chalmers University of Technology | Rahul Rajendra Pai
Credit
Graphics: Chalmers University of Technology | Rahul Rajendra Pai
"Three modes, three profiles: Characterizing fatal crashes on e-scooters, e-bikes and conventional bicycles in Sweden
Article Publication Date
4-Jun-2026
COI Statement
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: [Given Marco Dozza’s role as the Guest Editor to the same special issue this paper is sent to, he had no involvement in the peer review of this article and had no access to information regarding its peer review. Full responsibility for the editorial process for this article was delegated to another journal editor. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.].
Almost half of dementia cases could be prevented – but change is needed
Nearly half of dementia cases could be prevented by tackling modifiable risk factors, but new research suggests current public health approaches are falling short of driving real behavior change
Nearly half of dementia cases could be prevented by tackling modifiable risk factors such as physical inactivity, smoking, low education or social isolation, but new Curtin University research suggests current public health approaches are falling short of driving real behaviour change.
A major international review published in The Lancet Healthy Longevity has found while large-scale health awareness campaigns for dementia prevention can reach wide audiences, they often lead to only small improvements in knowledge and limited changes in behaviour.
The study analysed public health campaigns and programs across eight countries and found more engaging, personalised and community-driven approaches were needed to genuinely influence behaviour and reduce dementia risk.
“Up to 45 per cent of dementia cases are linked to modifiable factors we can change, such as our lifestyle, health status and environment,” Professor Siervo said.
“But simply telling people what those risks are isn’t enough; awareness campaigns are important, but on their own they rarely lead to meaningful or lasting behaviour change.”
Professor Siervo also said a second new study conducted by the group has provided further evidence on the relevance of modifiable risk factors for dementia.
The results indicated that muscle strength and body composition play a significant role in dementia risk, highlighting the need for more targeted prevention approaches.
The Curtin-led research followed nearly 500,000 adults over more than a decade and found people with both low muscle strength and excess body fat — known as sarcopenic obesity — had a higher risk of developing dementia.
In contrast, obesity on its own was not associated with increased dementia risk if muscle strength was preserved, highlighting the importance of muscle health alongside maintaining an optimal body composition in dementia prevention.
“There is still a widespread belief that dementia is an unavoidable part of ageing, which is not the case,” Professor Stephan said.
“But even when people are aware of the risks, barriers such as time, cost and motivation can prevent them from making changes to their lifestyle.”
The review found interactive approaches were consistently more effective in motivating people to make lifestyle changes than passive information campaigns.
These included:
Online education programs that guide people through practical steps to improve brain health
Personalised risk assessments showing individuals how their lifestyle affects their dementia risk
Community-based programs delivered by trusted local figures, such as peer educators, health workers or community leaders
Professor Siervo said these types of approaches were more likely to engage people and support sustained behaviour change.
“When people understand their own personal risk and are given clear, practical ways to act – especially through trusted community networks – they are more likely to make meaningful changes,” he said.
Examples of effective approaches included community education sessions run by local leaders, culturally tailored programs delivered in familiar settings and interactive courses helping participants set realistic health goals.
Professor Stephan said future public health strategies should move beyond awareness alone and focus on long-term engagement.
“We need to combine broad public messaging with targeted support that helps people take action,” she said.
“That means investing in programs that are accessible, culturally relevant and designed with communities, not just delivered to them.
“With dementia rates expected to rise significantly in coming decades, prevention is one of the most powerful tools we have -but to get there, we need to rethink how we communicate risk and support people to act on it.”
Population-level interventions for dementia prevention: a systematic review was published in The Lancet Healthy Longevity.
Population-level interventions for dementia prevention: a systematic review
Article Publication Date
30-Jun-2026
COI Statement
BCMS is a member of the Board of Directors of the Dementia Australia Research Foundation and codirector of NeuroAnalyse. MS is codirector of NeuroAnalyse. All other authors declare no competing interests.
