Showing posts sorted by relevance for query BAHAI. Sort by date Show all posts
Showing posts sorted by relevance for query BAHAI. Sort by date Show all posts

Tuesday, August 02, 2022

Iran steps up Bahai persecution with wave of arrests

AFP , Monday 1 Aug 2022

Iranian authorities have stepped up persecution of the Bahais with a wave of arrests of prominent members of the country's biggest non-Muslim minority, leaving the battered community in shock, activists said on Monday.

The terraces of the Bahai faith temple on Mount Carmel
The terraces of the Bahai faith temple on Mount Carmel in the northern Israeli port city of Haifa. AFP

The Bahais in Iran, who have been subjected to harassment ever since the inception of the Islamic republic in 1979, had already complained that dozens of community members had been arrested, summoned or subjected to house searches in June and July.

But the intensification of the persecution reached a new peak on Sunday when 13 Bahais were suddenly arrested in raids on the homes and businesses of 52 Bahais across the country, Diane Alai, the representative of the Bahai International Community (BIC), told AFP.

She said those detained included prominent Iranian Bahai figures Mahvash Sabet, Fariba Kamalabadi and Afif Naemi who had previously each served a decade in jail and been part of a now disbanded Bahai administrative group known as the Yaran.

"This is an outrageous move," Alai told AFP. "It is an escalation."

"We did not want to believe that this was going to happen but we could see it in the making," she said, noting a "campaign of incitement to hatred" in pro-government media.

James Samimi Farr, of the Bahais of the United States, added: "For whatever reason there is an emboldened effort to persecute our community and test the waters of what can be done against us."

'Not a shred of proof'

Iran's intelligence ministry said Monday it had arrested members of the Bahai minority suspected of spying for a centre located in Israel and of working illegally to spread their religion.

They had been instructed to "infiltrate educational environments at different levels, especially kindergartens across the country", it said.

Bahais are used to accusations by Iran of links to Israel, whose northern city of Haifa of hosts a centre of the Bahai faith established due to the exile of a Bahai leader well before the State of Israel was established.

Such allegations contain "not one shred of proof," said Alai.

Samimi Farr said: "The government has felt emboldened to persecute us on flimsy pretexts that have been disproved again and again".

The Islamic republic recognises minority non-Muslim faiths including Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism but does not extend the same recognition to Bahaism with followers estimated to number 300,000 in Iran.

Community leaders say Bahais have been subjected to persecution throughout the more than four decade-long existence of the Islamic republic, with members notably facing major obstacles to access higher education.

'Eliminate the community'

During her previous stint in prison, Fariba Kamalabadi got to know the daughter of late former president Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, Faezeh Hashemi, who had herself been imprisoned in the wake of protests.

When Kamalabadi was allowed a brief break from prison in 2016, Faezeh Hashemi met her, breaking a major taboo in Iran and outraging conservatives and her own father.

Mahvash Sabet, who wrote poetry during her decade in Tehran's Evin Prison, was recognised in 2017 as an English PEN International Writer of Courage.

The Bahai faith is a relatively modern monotheistic religion with spiritual roots dating back to the early 19th century in Iran, promoting the unity of all people and equality.

Adherents say the tenets of the faith encourage a non-confrontational approach known as "constructive resilience" and insist the Bahais of Iran want to work for the good of the country and not against its leadership.

Iran is currently in the throes of a major crackdown affecting all walks of life in an economic crisis that has sparked protests. Filmmakers, unionists and foreign nationals have been arrested.

Alai said the latest spike in repression had just one ultimate goal. "Their aim is to eliminate the Bahai community as a viable entity."

Sunday, May 03, 2020

MATERIALS FOR THE STUDY OF THE BABI RELIGION
 THE EARLIEST STUDIES OF THE BAHAI RELIGION
https://archive.org/details/materialsforstud00browuoft/page/n9/mode/2up





Life and teachings of Abbas effendi; a study of the religion of the Babis
by Phelps, Myron Henry, 1856-1916. [from old catalog]
https://archive.org/details/lifeandteaching00phelgoog/mode/2up
Publication date 1903

Topics ʻAbd ul-Bahā ibn Bahā Ullāh, 1844-1921. [from old catalog], Bahai Faith, Babism


 May 24, 2015

Subject: a mixed reception
This book was popular among early Baha'is because it was the first account of Abdul-Bahas' life and teachings by any Westerner. But Shoghi Effendi, the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith, thought it not advisable to publish this book in any language, as it was "full of inaccuracies" (see http://bahai-library.com/khanum_phelps_abbas_effendi). The persian to english interpreter also testified that Phelps would "write as he pleased" (see 'The Master in Akka' published by Kalimat: https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=WVrQ1gfZPfgC&pg=PR22&lpg=PR22&ots=fSMjKSFfPu&focus=viewport&dq=phelps+khanum#v=onepage&q&f=false). The book is an accurate record of Phelps' personal reflections on his talks with Abdul-Baha, not an accurate record of Abdul-Bahas' words.






Resurrection And Renewal: The Making of the Babi Movement in Iran, 1844-1850.

by Abbas Amanat
https://archive.org/details/resurrectionandrenewalthemakingoft/mode/2up



The Emergence Of The Babi Baha’i Interpretation Of The Bible

https://archive.org/details/TheEmergenceOfTheBabiBahaiInterpretationOfTheBible/page/n1/mode/2up

Topics Bible, Bahaism, Islam, Tafsir, Babism,

ABSTRACT
'Some Aspects of Isra'Iliyyat and the Emergence of the Babi-Baha'T
Interpretation of the Bible'
Stephen N. Lambden
This thesis deals with Islamic Isralliyyat ("Israelitica") literary traditions, the Bible and
the relationship to them of two closely related post-Islamic movements, the Babr and Bahal
religions. It concerns the Islamic assimilation and treatment of pre-Idamic, biblical and related
materials and their level of post-Islamic Babi-Bahal assimilation and exposition. More
specifically, this thesis focuses upon select aspects of the biblical and Islamo-biblical
("Islamified", "Islamicate") traditions reflected within the Arabic and Persian writings of two
Iranian born 19th century messianic claimants Sayyid 'All Muhammad Shirazi, the Bab (1819-
1859) and Mirza Husayn 'All NOrT (1817-1892), entitled Bah'-Allah, the founders of the BabT
and Baha'T religions respectively.
The presence of Islamo-biblical citations and the absence of canonical biblical citations
within the writings of the Bab will be argued as will the emergence of the Baha'T interpretation
of the canonical Bible though its founder figure Bah'-Allah who first cited an Arabic Christian
Bible version whilst resident in Ottoman Iraq (Baghdad) towards the end of what has been
called the middle-BabT period (1861-2 CE). This laid the foundations for the Bahl interpretation
of the Bible which was greatly enriched and extended by oriental Bahl apologists , Bah'-
Allah's eldest son 'Abd al-Baha' Abbas (d. 1921) and his great-grandson Shoghi Effendi (d.
1957) who shaped the modern global Baha'T phenomenon. Over a century or so the neo-Shn
millennialist faction that was Babism (the religion of the Bab) evolved into the global Baha'T
religion of the Book
Throughout this thesis aspects of Isralliyyat will be analysed historically and the
Islamic, especially Shi sT-ShaykhT background to and the BabT-Baha'T messianic renewal of the
Isra'Tliyyat rooted tradition of the ism Allah al-a'gam (Mightiest Name of God) will be noted and

commented upon.

The Organizational Hierarchy of the Bābīs during the period
of Ṣubḥ-i-Azal’s residency in Baghdad (1852 – 1863)
https://archive.org/details/theorganizationalhierarchyofthebabi/mode/2up
N. Wahid Azal
© 2018
Abstract
This article discusses the organizational hierarchy of the Bābīs during the
period of Ṣubḥ-i-Azal’s (d. 1912) concealment from the public and his
residency in Baghdad between the years 1852 to 1863. It pursues an
analytic historiographical and textual critical approach by mainly
utilizing primary and secondary sources in Arabic, Persian and English
belonging to both the Bayānīs (i.e. Azalīs) and the Bahāʾīs alike. First by
offering some brief context, it will explain this organizational hierarchy
of the Bābīs during the Middle Bābī period (1850-66), highlighting the role
and function of the witnesses of the Bayān (shuhadāʾ-i-bayān). More
importantly, it will introduce a hitherto unknown work (and primary
source) of Ṣubḥ-i-Azal’s from that era, namely the kitāb al-waṣīya (the
Book of the Testament), wherein seven to eight prominent Bābīs of that
period were appointed to the rank. The two presently known MSS of this
work will be discussed, as well as extensively quoted in translation, with
the individuals named in it identified. The sectarian narratives (with their
conflicting authority claims) dividing the Bayānīs (i.e. Azalīs) and Bahāʾīs
over the history of the period will be critically evaluated while also
briefly revisiting the ‘episode of Dayyān’. It will conclude by proposing
the untenability of the terms ‘Azalī’ and ‘Azalī Bābism’. This study
supplements Denis MacEoin’s two articles on the subject published during
the 1980s

https://archive.org/details/TheReligionOfTheBayanAndTheClaimsOfTheBahais/page/n21/mode/2up

Friday, September 11, 2020

PROVING BAHAI RIGHT 
Unconscious learning underlies belief in God, study suggests
Individuals who can unconsciously predict complex patterns, an ability called implicit pattern learning, are likely to hold stronger beliefs that there is a god who creates patterns of events in the universe, according to neuroscientists.
INTELLIGENT DESIGN BY ALLA 

Date:September 9, 2020
Source:Georgetown University Medical Center
FULL STORY

Hands raised to sunset, prayer concept (stock image).
Credit: © ipopba / stock.adobe.com

Individuals who can unconsciously predict complex patterns, an ability called implicit pattern learning, are likely to hold stronger beliefs that there is a god who creates patterns of events in the universe, according to neuroscientists at Georgetown University.


Their research, reported in the journal Nature Communications, is the first to use implicit pattern learning to investigate religious belief. The study spanned two very different cultural and religious groups, one in the U.S. and one in Afghanistan.

The goal was to test whether implicit pattern learning is a basis of belief and, if so, whether that connection holds across different faiths and cultures. The researchers indeed found that implicit pattern learning appears to offer a key to understanding a variety of religions.

"Belief in a god or gods who intervene in the world to create order is a core element of global religions
," says the study's senior investigator, Adam Green, an associate professor in the Department of Psychology and Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience at Georgetown, and director of the Georgetown Laboratory for Relational Cognition.

"This is not a study about whether God exists, this is a study about why and how brains come to believe in gods. Our hypothesis is that people whose brains are good at subconsciously discerning patterns in their environment may ascribe those patterns to the hand of a higher power," he adds.

"A really interesting observation was what happened between childhood and adulthood," explains Green. The data suggest that if children are unconsciously picking up on patterns in the environment, their belief is more likely to increase as they grow up, even if they are in a nonreligious household. Likewise, if they are not unconsciously picking up on patterns around them, their belief is more likely to decrease as they grow up, even in a religious household.

The study used a well-established cognitive test to measure implicit pattern learning. Participants watched as a sequence of dots appeared and disappeared on a computer screen. They pressed a button for each dot. The dots moved quickly, but some participants -- the ones with the strongest implicit learning ability -- began to subconsciously learn patterns hidden in the sequence, and even press the correct button for the next dot before that dot actually appeared. However, even the best implicit learners did not know that the dots formed patterns, showing that the learning was happening at an unconscious level.

The U.S. section of the study enrolled a predominantly Christian group of 199 participants from Washington, D.C. The Afghanistan section of the study enrolled a group of 149 Muslim participants in Kabul. The study's lead author was Adam Weinberger, a postdoctoral researcher in Green's lab at Georgetown and at the University of Pennsylvania. Co-authors Zachery Warren and Fathali Moghaddam led a team of local Afghan researchers who collected data in Kabul.

"The most interesting aspect of this study, for me, and also for the Afghan research team, was seeing patterns in cognitive processes and beliefs replicated across these two cultures," says Warren. "Afghans and Americans may be more alike than different, at least in certain cognitive processes involved in religious belief and making meaning of the world around us. Irrespective of one's faith, the findings suggest exciting insights into the nature of belief."

"A brain that is more predisposed to implicit pattern learning may be more inclined to believe in a god no matter where in the world that brain happens to find itself, or in which religious context," Green adds, though he cautions that further research is necessary.

"Optimistically," Green concludes, "this evidence might provide some neuro-cognitive common ground at a basic human level between believers of disparate faiths."


A scholar of the Middle East, Moghaddam is a professor in Georgetown's Department of Psychology. Warren, who received his doctorate in Psychology at Georgetown and also holds a masters of divinity, directs the Asia Foundation's Survey of Afghan People. Additional authors include Natalie Gallagher and Gwendolyn English.



Story Source:

Materials provided by Georgetown University Medical Center. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.


Journal Reference:
Adam B. Weinberger, Natalie M. Gallagher, Zachary J. Warren, Gwendolyn A. English, Fathali M. Moghaddam, Adam E. Green. Implicit pattern learning predicts individual differences in belief in God in the United States and Afghanistan. Nature Communications, 2020; 11: 4503 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18362-3

Friday, June 18, 2021

First person of color named to Canada's top court

FIRST BAHAI, FIRST INDO CANADIAN JUSTICE

Issued on: 18/06/2021 - 
Prime Minister Justin Trudeau names Mahmud Jamal, 
the first person of color to the Supreme Court of Canada 


Ottawa (AFP)

Prime Minister Justin Trudeau on Thursday nominated the first person of color to the top court in Canada, a country in which nearly one in four people identify as a minority.

Mahmud Jamal has been an Ontario Court of Appeal judge since 2019, after having previously taught at two of Canada's top law schools and worked for decades as a litigator -- including appearing in 35 appeals before the Supreme Court.


"He'll be a valuable asset to the Supreme Court -- and that's why, today, I'm announcing his historic nomination to our country's highest court," Trudeau said on Twitter.

Jamal must still be vetted by the House of Commons justice committee, but this is a formality.

He was born in 1967 into an Indian family in Nairobi and raised in Britain before moving to Canada in 1981.


Canada is a multicultural nation with almost one quarter of its population of 38 million identifying in the last census as a member of a visible minority group.

But recent attacks on Muslims, its historical treatment of indigenous peoples -- labeled by a commission as "cultural genocide" -- and police brutality against Black people and other ethnic minorities have highlighted the ongoing legacy of racism in Canada.

Trudeau, who last year took a knee in solidarity with US protestors marching against racism, said many white Canadians had awakened "to the fact that the discrimination that is a lived reality for far too many of our fellow citizens is something that needs to end."

"Systemic racism is an issue right across the country, in all of our institutions," he said.

In a job questionnaire Jamal said that his hybrid religious and cultural upbringing and his experiences in Canada -- along with those of his wife -- "exposed me to some of the challenges and aspirations of immigrants, religious minorities, and racialized persons."

"I was raised at school as a Christian, reciting the Lord's Prayer and absorbing the values of the Church of England, and at home as a Muslim, memorizing Arabic prayers from the Quran and living as part of the Ismaili community," he wrote.

"Like many others, I experienced discrimination as a fact of daily life. As a child and youth, I was taunted and harassed because of my name, religion or the color of my skin."

His wife, he said, immigrated to Canada from Iran to escape the persecution of the Baha'i religious minority during the 1979 revolution.

"After we married, I became a Baha'i, attracted by the faith's message of the spiritual unity of humankind, and we raised our two children in Toronto's multi-ethnic Baha'i community," he said.


Jamal will replace Justice Rosalie Abella, the nine-person court's longest serving justice who is due to retire on July 1.

© 2021 AFP

Tuesday, June 07, 2022

RIP
TWO HIT WONDER
Jim Seals of Seals and Crofts, 'Summer Breeze' fame dies


Jim Seals of soft-rock duo Seals and Crofts died Monday at the age of 80. 
File Photo courtesy of Warner Brothers Records

June 7 (UPI) -- Singer and songwriter Jim Seals of the 1970s duo Seals and Crofts, which produced soft-rock hits "Summer Breeze" and "Diamond Girl," has died, his family announced. He was 80.

Family members confirmed his Monday death on social media.

"I just learned that James 'Jimmy' Seals has passed," said his cousin, Brady Seals of the country band Little Texas. "My heart just breaks for his wife Ruby and their children. Please keep them in your prayers. What an incredible legacy he leaves behind."

No other details or cause of death were given.

Jim Seals was the lead vocalist of the harmonizing duo with mandolinist Darrell "Dash" Crofts. The Texas natives met in local bands during the 1950s. Together they formed Seals and Crofts in 1969 and converted to the Bahai Faith five years before their first big hit.

"It was the only thing I'd heard that made sense to me, so I responded to it," Jim Seals recalled in a 1991 interview with the Los Angeles Times. "That began to spawn some ideas to write songs that might help people to understand, or help ones who maybe couldn't feel anything or were cynical or cold. Lyrically, I think music can convey things that are hard sometimes for people to say to each other."

Seals and Crofts released their hit song "Summer Breeze" in September 1972, peaking at No. 6 on the Billboard Hot 100. Seals and Crofts' second big hit, "Diamond Girl," followed a year later also landing at No. 6. The pair also found success with their exotic instrumentation in "We Will Never Pass This Way," "I'll Play for You" and "Hummingbird."

"I think our music is a combination of the Eastern part of the world and the Western," Jim Seals said in 1971. "We've had people from Greece, Israel, England and France, China, everywhere, listen to our music and say, 'Oh, it's music from the old country.'"

Seals and Crofts toured and recorded throughout the 1970s, but the pair never bested its two pop-single chart-toppers. In all, Seals and Crofts had four gold and two platinum albums before they broke up in 1980.

The duo attempted to reunite in 1991 and again in 2004 for a new album Traces, which included remakes of their classics. Jim Seals retired from music to Nashville before having a stroke in 2017.

Jim Seals, who was born in 1941 in Sidney, Texas, came from a musical family. His younger brother was Dan Seals of England Dan & John Ford Coley. Dan Seals died in 2009 from cancer.

On Tuesday, John Ford Coley shared his thoughts on Jim Seals' death in a lengthy Facebook post.

"He was Dan's older brother and it was Jimmy that gave Dan and me our stage name," Coley wrote. "You and Dan finally get reunited again."

Thursday, March 02, 2023

Women of Iran's Evin prison, locked up amid protests, remain defiant

Agence France-Presse
March 02, 2023

In this 2006 file image, a guard at Evin prison walks down the corridor of the women's ward in Tehran, Iran
. © Atta Kenare, AFP

"Listen to this! One. Two. Three!" Down the crackling phone line from the women's wing of Tehran's Evin prison, a chorus of prisoners then launch into raucous song. It's a Persian rendition of the Italian protest song "Bella Ciao".

"All for one and one for all!" they sing, laughing in shared defiance in support of the "Woman, life, freedom" protests that have shaken Iran's clerical authorities for five months.

The audio clip of the January telephone call, released on social media by a daughter of one of those held, has become a symbol of the courage of the women held in Evin prison and their refusal to stop campaigning even behind bars.

Many such as environmental activist Niloufar Bayani, arrested in 2018, have been held for several years. Others including the activist Narges Mohammadi, tipped by supporters as a Nobel Peace Prize contender, have spent much of the past decade in and out of jail.

Some were arrested well before the women-led protests sparked by the September 16 death in custody of Mahsa Amini, a young Iranian Kurd who had been detained for allegedly violating the strict dress code for women. But their numbers swelled in the ensuing crackdown.

Several women have been released in recent weeks, including Alieh Motalebzadeh, a journalist and women's rights campaigner whose daughter posted the viral clip of the "Bella Ciao" protest song, and French-Iranian academic Fariba Adelkhah.

'Basic rights and freedoms'

But campaigners have rejected the amnesty as a PR stunt and key figures remain detained. They include Bayani and Mohammadi and also environmental campaigner Sepideh Kashani, arrested in the same case as Bayani, the labour activist Sepideh Gholian, journalist Golrokh Iraee, arrested in the protest crackdown, and German-Iranian Nahid Taghavi.

Also held in Evin are Fariba Kamalabadi and Mahvash Sabet, two members of the Bahai faith not recognised by the Islamic republic who were detained in July and are now serving a 10-year prison sentence apiece for the second time in their lives.

These women remain deprived of their freedom because Iran's clerical authorities under supreme leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei "tremble at their words", said Jasmin Ramsey, deputy director of the New York-based Center for Human Rights in Iran (CHRI).

"The hijab headscarf is a pillar of the Islamic revolution and so is the subjugation of women. They hate it when women speak out and say 'I can do anything!'" she told AFP.

Ramsey dismissed the recent amnesty, saying: "The doors of Iranian prisons are revolving when it comes to political prisoners... The prisons will swell when there are more protests."

Of those who remain jailed, she said: "Many need medical help and their basic human rights have been violated for so many years."

The CHRI is now leading a petition signed by almost 40 other rights groups and directed at the current European Union presidency holder Sweden urging EU nations to summon Iranian ambassadors in unison for International Women's Day on March 8.

The ambassadors should be told to "stop detaining and committing violence against women who are calling for basic rights and freedoms in Iran" and to "end the physical and sexual violence against women detainees and protesters", it said.

'Sound of a revolution'

Mohammadi, a member of the chorus in the "Bella Ciao" song, has in the last months emerged as among the most outspoken of those held, denouncing the conditions in Evin and vocally supporting the protests.

"Narges does not stay silent. This is not acceptable for the Iranian government," her Paris-based husband Taghi Rahmani told AFP in October.

In December, she released an open letter from prison denouncing the sexual assault of detainees and detailing shocking cases of women being raped by their interrogators.

"I believe that we, the brave, resilient, lively and hopeful women of Iran, will come to the streets and will continue to fight despite the government's repressive and violent measures and despite the danger of assault and even rape."

Sepideh Gholian, who is serving a five-year sentence on national security charges after supporting a strike by workers, in a lacerating letter published by BBC Persian in January described the methods used by interrogators to force confessions and the screams heard within the prison.

"Today the sounds we hear... across Iran are louder than the sounds in interrogation rooms; this is the sound of a revolution, the true sound of 'Woman, life, freedom'," she said.

The women have also launched appeals published on the Instagram account of Mohammadi for the Islamic republic to halt executions, after four men were hanged in cases related to the protests.

"The women have shown they are voices of change, freedom and equality. One reason Narges is still there is they (the authorities) are scared of her. She makes them quiver," said Ramsey.

(AFP)


Friday, October 14, 2022

Opinion: Iran protests a struggle for self-determination

In their struggle for self-determination, Iranians are displaying a level of courage and cohesion we have not seen before. That's why the protests sparked by Jina Mahsa Amini's death are feminist, writes Katajun Amirpur.

Students in a girls' school in Tehran remove their headscarves in protest against the

 Iranian government

The uprising in Iran is feminist. After all, feminism isn't about putting women in power instead of men. It is about self-determination for all, men and women alike. And today's protesters regard the enforced wearing of the hijab as a symbol of the state's refusal to grant them self-determination.

This right covers much more than "just" the right to dress as you like; it means the 50% of Iranians whose first language isn't Farsi being allowed to learn their first languages in schools; it means lesbians and gay men being able to freely express their sexual orientation; it means the Bahai being allowed to practice their religion — and so on.

Katajun Amirpur, a woman with shoulder-length hair wearing a dark top, smiles at the camera

Katajun Amirpur is a scholar of Islam and an expert on Iran. She lives and works in Cologne.

The artist Shervin Hajipour's song "Baraye" (meaning "for" or "because"), which has become a hymn of the uprising, summarizes a series of Twitter posts in which protesters give their reasons for taking to the streets: for dancing in the street; for the girl who wishes she was born a boy; for freedom, freedom, freedom. And there may well be as many men as women currently demonstrating for these things. In this respect, too, the videos that are now going viral are probably giving us a skewed picture.

But the hijab is symbolic of all this, and that is why young girls are now tearing off their headscarves. Ironically, the hijab has been used as the ultimate symbol for systemic change in Iran once before, during the revolution that took place in 1978/79. And it looks like it might be again.

A sledgehammer approach to modernization

The hijab is tightly bound up with the history of emancipation in Iran, in the sense of liberation from a paternalistic state — and not just since 1978, the year of the last Iranian revolution of the 20th century: Reza Shah Pahlavi banned women from wearing it in 1936. Reza Shah, the Cossack general who rose to become an emperor, wanted to modernize his country in every way, even aesthetically — and he was prepared to take a sledgehammer approach to achieve this. And so Iranian women were banned by law from wearing a headscarf. The state itself tore the hijab from the heads of women in the street.

Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, who succeeded his father on the throne, was at first a weak, indulgent ruler. Under his regime the hijab ban was less strictly enforced. Women and girls were free to wear a hijab in schools and on the street. It could still be detrimental to your career, however. An employee in a ministry or a bank, for instance, would have to choose between their headscarf and their job. Nor could they be worn in universities.

Mohammad Reza continued his father's policy of westernization, which was once again shown first and foremost in outward appearances, such as the women wearing miniskirts and high heels who were now to be seen on the streets of Tehran.

This new image for women — and the fact that they were much more present in public — met with resistance from sections of the conservative population. In an impressive study, the sociologist Martin Riesebrodt showed that the changes to the role of women was not just one of many points on the Islamists' agenda, but their central concern.

Ali Shariati, for example, who was arguably the revolution's most important ideologue, said the new Iranian woman had become a tawdry doll who wanted only to please. He wrote: "So-called religion makes cry-babies of our women; so-called civilization makes them barmaids." The changes were not just to women's appearance, but also to their legal status. In the 1960s, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini's criticism of the shah also focused on the new family law, which was designed to give women greater legal equality.

Hijab as a symbol of protest against the shah

Although the shah certainly introduced some laws that improved women's legal status, including giving them the right to vote, he remained primarily a dictator to them. In 1978, many Iranian women began wearing a hijab when they took to the streets to demonstrate against political oppression, as a way of manifesting their anti-shah position. The headscarf became the ultimate symbol of protest against the shah.

Women also played a crucial role in the toppling of the shah's regime. The opposition politician and women's rights campaigner Parvaneh Eskandari, who was murdered in 1998 by henchmen of the Islamist regime, once made a statement that may seem surprising in light of the situation of women under the current regime. "Women played the same role as men [in toppling the shah — Editor's note]. But you mustn't forget that women had more constraints placed on them under the shah. In religion, they saw a way to overcome those constraints."

The revolutionary leader Khomeini had promised freedom in all areas, but what followed was history repeating itself, though the omens were reversed. The headscarf became compulsory. Three rulers, one maxim: we will prescribe how women must dress, and deny them self-determination even in their choice of clothing.

Iranian scholars debate the hijab

Admittedly, things had been shifting in Iran for a long time prior to the protests that have now broken out — at least in the debate around the headscarf. And even among the imams, who are traditionally the hijab's greatest advocates. Ayatollah Fazel Meybodi from the theologists' capital of Ghom, for example, explained some years ago that, "The religious enlightener argues: I believe in the hijab. But a government interfering and saying, woman, why are you not wearing a hijab, no, I don't accept that. That is not the job of a government.”

There was some danger involved in making any critical statement about the hijab, as the case of liberal cleric Hasan Eshkevari shows. He said: "The hijab is not one of the essential features of our religion; it is one of those social commandments that can change depending on circumstances."

These words saw him charged with renouncing his religion in 2001, an offense that carries the death penalty in Iran. [Eshkevari was initially sentenced to death, but the sentence was subsequently commuted to life imprisonment — Editor's note.]

And it is not only Iranian history that can be written in relation to the headscarf. It is also the ultimate symbol of this Iranian system. There are only three ideological pillars that make Iran an Islamic Republic. Two of them — the Iranian state doctrine and anti-Americanism — have been increasingly called into question since the late 1990s.


IRAN PROTESTS: RALLIES AND GRAFFITI WORLDWIDE IN SUPPORT OF IRANIAN WOMEN
At the Iranian Embassy in Mexico City
A woman spray-paints messages against "macho country" Iran on a wall of the Iranian Embassy in Mexico City in solidarity with Iranian women and in memory of Jina Mahsa Amini — the 22-year-old woman who died in custody after she was detained by Iranian authorities for allegedly violating strict Islamic dress codes for women.
12345678

And then there is the hijab. It isn't unfair of the West to associate the word "Iran” with the headscarf first and foremost. If Iran were to scrap this symbol, it would probably serve as sufficient evidence for the West that Iran was willing to reform. But that would be shortsighted.

Fear is dissipating

For this reason, the Islamists will cling to this piece of fabric for as long as they possibly can. The feminist lawyer Mehrangiz Kar once made a compelling argument for why Islamic systems of rule usually begin with the oppression of women. "They're choosing the weakest victims to create an atmosphere of fear. When fear rules, then everyone is afraid and the rulers can stabilize their power. It's impossible to imagine half of the people living in fear and at the same time the population as a whole confidently grappling with political problems."

For many people, this fear has now abated. The whole of the young generation is so fed up of being infantilized, disciplined and monitored that they are now hitting back when the regime's henchmen start beating them. You can see this right now on the many videos being shared on social media, and it's new.

In this struggle for self-determination, people are displaying a level of courage and cohesion we haven't seen before. For that reason, what we are seeing now is feminist. And feminist foreign policy would mean supporting Iranians in this feminist aim to achieve self-determination in their lives. 

This article was originally published on Qantara.de.

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  • Date 13.10.2022

Saturday, June 19, 2021













ALSO THE FIRST OF THE BAHAI FAITH

Duration: 01:34

At a time when incidents of racism and hate keep making headlines in Alberta and across the country, news that Canada's highest court could welcome its first person of colour is inspiring people in Edmonton that knew him. Chris Chacon has more on the early life of Mahmud Jamal.

Saturday, January 22, 2005

Make the bigots pay! Tax the Churches!

And the mosques, temples, synagogues, etc.


Well tax time rolls around again, as we prepare to get our T4 income tax slips from our employers. The majority of Canadians pay taxes, unless you bank offshore like the Bronfman and Irving families and Prime Minister Martin.

Corporations can defer theirs while calling for more handouts. As studies have shown, the average working Canadian is paying the bulk of the support for the State, while the corporations have seen their taxes decline from 60% of the governments income to a mere 20%. This led to a federal deficit and forced the Liberal Government to steal funds from Employment Insurance (formerly Unemployment Insurance) to prop up its artificial budget surpluses. Again taking money from Canadian workers.

Tax breaks, Tax Breaks Tax Breaks, all for the rich and corporations but none for the rest of us. Last election the only political parties calling for a tax break for the average Canadian working Jane and Joe was the NDP and Bloc Québécois, both on the Left. The Liberals didn't talk tax breaks since they had implemented them for Canada Inc. already, and the new Federal Tories, parroting their Republican mentors in the South, had no other economic platform.

Tax Time For Canadians, but NOT all Canadians

The greatest outrage is that there is a sector of Canadian society that pays NO taxes.They own huge tracts of land, buildings, publishing houses, media conglomerates. They employ low waged workers, and rely on volunteer labour; they prey on the old, the weak, the disabled. They are an effective political lobby, which can be used for social good or social evil. They have been accused of child abuse, pernicious racism and abuse of native peoples; they have abused pregnant mothers by locking them away in secret cloisters. Over the centuries as they amassed amazing wealth, property and power, they have encouraged and promoted policies of genocide against those who would stand in their way. They are an undemocratic, unelected, non representative monolith able to avoid prosecution because of their special political and social relationship they have with the state, which some would call blackmail. They are indeed the ultimate economic Ponzi scheme, a multilevel marketing insurance scheme that takes your money and makes promise they can't prove or deliver on. As Joe Hill the Wobbly poet wrote; "They will give you pie in the sky when you die."

I am of course talking about "organized religion", of all varieties, Catholics, Protestant, Orthodox and Evangelical Christians, Muslims, Jews, Bahai, Buddhists, all religions that hold state power, from A to Zoroastrians. Ok the Zoroastrians don't hold state power anywhere, but if it weren't for Persian dualism we wouldn't have God and the Devil. And they did hold power in the Ancient world, so there!

In the West the power of the Church has been the defining power of the State. The Papacy, the Byzantium Empire and the Church of England all defined the political and economic forces of Europe and North America over the past millennium. And these anachronistic medieval institutions are still with us today, preying on us as they have in the past, despite their profuse apologies to one and all about their past indiscretions; the European genocide against the Jews, the Native Americans, etc. etc. ad nauseum. They have apologized to each other for their wars and assaults on each other. But they have NOT apologized to homosexuals, for whom they reserved a special place in hell which they have historically dispatched them to as quickly as possible.

While the canon laws against Witchcraft and eventually against the Jews were ended, those against sorcery and sodomy remained. Sorcery was often used as the definition of not only heresy but of sodomy. The pogroms gained the church and the feudal state property and monies from those they killed, maimed, imprisoned or exiled. The Protestants were as ruthless as their Catholic counterparts, continuing their witch-hunt well into the 18th century. And they shipped there bigotry across the sea to America to justify massacring native peoples as well as turning on women and people of colour at Salem.

The Church of England and its State, continued to hang homosexuals as they once hanged witches right up until the fin de sicle of the 19th century, when they liberalized the law and threw them into prison. From Lord Byron to Oscar Wilde, the crime which dare not speak its name (in public) was the moral crime ne plus ultra. This crime was closely followed by the crime of abortion, which after the repeal of the witchcraft acts, was still used to prosecute non state healers; midwifes, herbalists, women healers all.

The Christian churches have blood on their hands and it is not that of their beloved Messiah or the saints. It is the millions of lives they have taken in the name of morality and church law. Bigotry suckles at the bosom of mother church. Patriarchical religions, regardless of their mythic origins, of all shapes and kinds, have created caste systems which are with us today.

The Hindus as Indo European (Aryan) racists and fascists imposed the caste system, which is with us today. The Dalits, the untouchables, are reduced to no political or economic status except as social slaves within the Hindu society even today. They do not view Hinduism, no matter its form, as being in anyway enlightened. While Buddhism spoke to this oppression, its adoption as a State religion in Tibet, Japan, and other Asiatic countries has also bespoken its patriarch cal origin. Islam a syncretistic religion of the Middle East spread through out Asia, replacing Hinduism and Buddhism as the new State Religion.

And all these religions being patriarchical have little use for women as human beings, but simply as breeders of the race or in some special cases, carrier of the Messiah. The bigotry of patriarchical religions is their Demonization of earlier pagan religions, religions based on a Mother Goddess and her son, which they adapted, throwing down the mother and raising the father to crown of the world.

So bigotry, the bias against a people, is deeply embedded in these religions, it is the core of their teachings no matter how much they apologize or reform. Homophobia, Misogyny, Anti-Semitism, and Racism are their real moral values.

The battle lines have been clearly drawn in the war over Family Values. As you can tell in my previous articles on this issue, I have a low tolerance for the religious argument that the family is a sacred institution, when in fact it is a property relationship. And for that matter religious institutions are not sacred institutions either, they are the medieval remains of the feudal system existent in modern capitalism, like the Monarchy and other aristocracies.


The bigotry of religion has raised its ugly face in the news as the Federal Government considers passing a law recognizing gay marriage. In the last two days the voice of religious leaders have not counseled tolerance, but have donned their white hoods and called for "using the not withstanding clause" to void the constitutional protections of equal rights to gays and lesbians. Worse one Catholic Bishop, Fred Henry, from Calgary, actually suggested that the state use its "coercive power" to deny any rights to gays and lesbians.

"Bishop Henry, in his letter, abruptly linked homosexuality with adultery, prostitution and pornography as human acts that undermine the foundation of the family, and argued for "the state . . . [to] use its coercive power to proscribe or curtail them in the interests of the common good." He also appeared to challenge the late prime minister Pierre Trudeau's famous dictum that the state has no place in the bedrooms of the nation. "It is sometimes argued that what we do in the privacy of our home is nobody's business," the bishop wrote. "While the privacy of the home is undoubtedly sacred, it is not absolute. Furthermore, an evil act remains an evil act whether it is performed in public or in private." Globe and Mail, January 20, 2005


When the bishop calls for coercive power, is he perhaps not pining for the good old day of the noose for sodomites?! The Bishop was ridiculed for extremism and apologized for offensive language after his comments were published. But apologetics aside the Vatican (the last of the medieval city states in Europe) has sanctioned these assaults by the Church on civil society by saying: "Those who would move from tolerance to the legitimization of specific rights for cohabiting homosexual persons need to be reminded that the approval or legalization of evil is something far different from the toleration of evil." Evil indeed, that's the pot calling the kettle black. What is this evil; is it the same evil that led the church to sanction pogroms against Jews, heretics, witches, sorcerers, and sodomites.

It is not evil it is a political choice the church has made to define civil society in terms of its medieval thinking. The same thinking that burned Giordano Bruno at the stake, because he said the universe was not earth centric which was 'evil'. The same evil that obviously infected Galileo and Copernicus, today we know this 'evil' as science. We laugh at the churches belief in a flat earth, and in the future we will laugh at their insistence that human sexuality is "evil". And that’s their real moral message; human sexuality is evil. It is a bigotry that has plagued humanity since the destruction of the culture and economy of paganism.


"Cardinal Aloysius Ambrozic, the Roman Catholic archbishop of Toronto, sailed full-steam yesterday into Canada's marriage debate, making public a letter to Prime Minister Paul Martin urging him to maintain marriage as a heterosexual rite and use the Constitution's notwithstanding clause to override the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. The cardinal warned the Prime Minister that, if Parliament were to proceed now to pass legislation permitting same-sex marriage, Canada would be tipped into an uncharted sea fraught with risks to some of the country's most significant social institutions, such as public education. The cardinal, as head of Canada's largest and most multicultural English-speaking Catholic diocese, with 1.4 million adherents, is an important voice in the Canadian church, the country's largest faith group. Its collective leadership body, the Canadian Conference of Catholic Bishops, stated five weeks ago that "as pastoral leaders of the Catholic community in Canada, we intend to be part of this [marriage] debate."His proposals come as the Prime Minister felt the heat of religious criticism yesterday in India, where the Sikh religion's leading cleric, Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti, condemned Canada's same-sex-marriage policy and urged Sikhs to prevent such marriages from occurring in Sikh temples anywhere in the world.Mr. Martin said such concerns were misplaced. "This is a question of civil marriage, not religious marriage," Mr. Martin told reporters after his visit with Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh."No church, no temple, no synagogue will be forced to provide a marriage in any other way than with those [values] which are accepted by its own beliefs." Globe and Mail, January 20, 2005


Paul Martin is bending over backwards for these political lobbyists, which now includes the diversity of medieval thinkers including religious Jews, Muslims and sects like the Sikhs. With their political allies in Stephen Harpers Tory Party of Social Conservatives, and with the Liberal party divided [with the likes of David Kilgour one of two Liberal MPs from Alberta, who proclaims on his website that Christians are an oppressed minority (sic) ] the bigots at the pulpit have declared class war on civil society.


And how do these bigots intend to pay for this war? Why with the shekels they get from you. Since they are tax free charities, they can spend their money any way they want. Despite Revenue Canada rules against political lobbying by registered charities, Christian churches and other religious bodies in Canada flaunt this ruling daily. If its not attacks on gays and lesbians, it’s the effort to make abortion illegal.


As the largest political lobby in Canada it is time that these bigots paid the price for their attempts to drive civil society into some medieval past. Its time to TAX religious organizations. As a tax free institution in civil society, they can espouse their bigotry as morality and not have to pay the piper. They can mobilize their wealth to deny others their human rights. They demand assurances they will not be forced to marry gays and lesbians, and will be protected by the same constitutional rights they would deny gays and lesbians. The hypocrisy would do Pontius Pilot proud.


"Dr. Janet Epp Buckingham, the Evangelical Fellowship's legal counsel and director of law and public policy, said the Fellowship has no objection to the notwithstanding clause but does see it as a short-term option without significant majority public support. The only long-term solution, she said, is enshrining heterosexual marriage in the Constitution where it would be beyond reach of the provisions of the Charter. " Globe and Mail, January 20, 2005


The homophobia of the church knows no bounds, despite being regularly exposed as child molesters; they dare to link homosexuality to pedophilia. This is the real moral underpinning of all their feigned concern. Homosexual = pedophile is the subtext here. Unfortunately the facts show that having a career in the clergy produces more pedophiles, than being homosexual. Undeterred their moral solution is heterosexual marriage enshrined in the constitution, an institution that will supposedly prevent this problem. If such was the case the Catholic Church should heed its own dictum and allow priests to marry to reduce the pedophilia that has historically plagued it. Opp’s that didn’t work for Pope Alexander VI (Caesar Borgia) who not only was married, but had a mistress and relations with his daughter; Lucrecias Borgia. Ah, heterosexual marriage that bastion of morality in an immoral world. Except would it allow for marriage with ten year olds?

" A man who married a girl when she was 10 said Wednesday he did nothing illegal because, he argues, Canadian law allows people of any age to wed.The law has been kept secret from the public, the man told his preliminary hearing on five sex-abuse charges. Quebec court has ordered the man's name cannot be published to protect the identity of the girl, who is now 15. A court order has kept him away from his bride, stating their relationship compromised her safety.The man, who is now 52, said outside court that current laws make it possible to marry anyone - "even a baby" - because there is no minimum age.However, he also said "federal common law" puts the minimum age at seven years old."People don't know the law and the law has been hidden from the population," said the man, who is acting as his own counsel because he can't afford a lawyer."Because the law allows marriage at a young age, the government did not want people to know it was legal and rather than changing the law, it just kept the law and made people believe it was not legal."He said the federal common law originated with the Romans about 2,000 years ago, was transferred to England and France and then made its way to Canada and the provinces.The law was codified in the provincial common law and the Civil Code of Lower Canada in Quebec in 1866, said the accused, who is a pastor in a Christian sect."There's a continuity of this law that has never been changed for 2,000 years," he said.He has acknowledged that Quebec law set the marriage age at 16 in 2001 but maintains the amendment doesn't apply to him because he had already wed the girl.The man also said he does not support gay marriage, noting that "I don't think gay people should have sex."The man said he had the consent of the girl's mother, who is a single parent. He didn't know the whereabouts of her father at the time and still doesn't.Asked by reporters if he thinks it's right for a man to marry a woman 40 years younger, the man replied: "I would say it's none of your business.""It's something that is not seen well but the question is whether it's legal."The man said he wants the case sorted out so he can also get on with his plans to minister to married couples."I need my wife at my side to do such a ministry," he said.January 20, 2005 © The Canadian Press

Can we expect an outbreak of pedophilia if we enshrine heterosexual marriage in the Constitution "where it would be beyond reach of the provisions of the Charter". It appears likely if this case is any example. Sure there will be those who say this is unique, a single case, but it exists because anyone can form a Christian sect in Canada, and get tax free status.

Its not a moral issue, its an economic issue, if you can create a tax free cult or sect, based on some personal revelation, more of these abuses will happen. If churches actually had to pay taxes, such sects would be seen for the mentally defective criminal organizations they are. But as long as they can cloak their moral crimes in religion, they often remain out of reach of the courts. In this case being a self proclaimed sect, gives this criminal little protection. On the other hand when you have a criminal organization the size of the Catholic Church, they can move abusers from location to location, not face criminal charges, pay a fine and do what they do best; "apologize".


Both Dr. Buckingham and Cardinal Ambrozic expressed concern about the impact a legal redefinition of marriage would have on public education. If same-sex marriage were to become law, they said, public schools would in all likelihood feel obligated to present heterosexual and homosexual activity as morally equivalent -- which would be totally unacceptable to parents from several faith groups." Globe and Mail, January 20, 2005


Gadzooks, of course public schools would. Homosexuality is a fact, it is a historical fact. It is not Evil or a moral question but a question of human sexuality and evolution. Freud and others have pointed out as human beings we are all bisexual, with social conditioning defining our gender identities, we developed the modern heterosexual identity as a property relationship based on private property. The end of communalism saw the development of the patriarchy as a social, economic and political force based on the ownership of land.


It’s not a moral question any more than the social construction of race is, it is about property relations, and when it comes to property Churches, Temples, Synagogues, etc. own more of it than anybody. So let’s tax them. They should have to shoulder the burden of the social restriction they have imposed and continue to impose on society.


It was Christian ideology that viewed Canada's first Nations as primitive, child like and "evil", it was their policy of assimilation which was codified by the Canadian State. The State funded religious residential schools and the result was the horror of abuse now being revealed after eighty years. The Church, before the advent of modern civil society with its social welfare plans, was the agent of the State in providing social services. Paid for by the taxpayers of Canada, the Churches made money abusing children, single mothers, the poor and indigent, the mentally and physically challenged.


The charitable model of social services that George W. Bush calls Faith Based is in reality just the same old poor houses and workhouses of the 19th Century of Dickens. It attempts to have churches do more with their money for civil society, while priming the pump by funding them. We need the churches and the religious organizations in Canada to be morally responsible for the result of their politics and the best way to do that is to tax them. Then we could afford to pay every Canadian a living wage, whether they work or not, and would no longer have to worry about funding the dark dank morass of charitable institutions for the poor, the unwed, etc.


It's a plan as long as they don't figure out that they can bank offshore like the Canadian ruling class has.