GOLDBUGS

Central Banks Double Down On Gold Buying

By ZeroHedge - Apr 06, 2023

• Central banks, led by China, continue to buy gold with 11 straight months of net purchases.
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• Emerging market banks are comparatively under-allocated to gold, and the trend of buying gold is expected to continue.
• 
  
• Turkey has been battling inflation, and its Central Bank has been the biggest gold buyer for 15 straight months.

There’s no sign of a slowdown in central bank gold buying.

In February, central bank gold reserves rose by another 52 tons, according to the latest data compiled by the World Gold Council.

It was the 11th straight month of central bank net gold purchases.

Through the first two months of 2023, net central bank gold purchases came in at 125 tons. This is the strongest start to a year since 2010.

China was the biggest buyer in February. The Peoples Bank of China increased gold holdings by a reported 24.9 tons. It was the fourth consecutive month of reported Chinese gold purchases. In that time, China’s official gold reserves have grown by 102 tons.

The Chinese central bank accumulated 1,448 tons of gold between 2002 and 2019, and then suddenly went silent until it resumed reporting in November 2022. Many speculate that the Chinese continued to add gold to its holdings off the books during those silent years.

There has always been speculation that China holds far more gold than it officially reveals. As Jim Rickards pointed out on Mises Daily back in 2015, many people speculate that China keeps several thousand tons of gold “off the books” in a separate entity called the State Administration for Foreign Exchange (SAFE).

Last year, there were large unreported increases in central bank gold holdings.  Central banks that often fail to report purchases include China and Russia. Many analysts believe China is the mystery buyer stockpiling gold to minimize exposure to the dollar.

Turkey continued to pile up gold, adding another 22.5 tons of gold to its hoard in February. The Central Bank of Türkiye was the biggest gold buyer in 2022 and has increased its gold holding for 15 straight months.

Turkey has been battling rampant inflation. Price inflation accelerated to as high as 85% last year and was at 64% in December. The Turkish lira depreciated by almost 30% last year.  Meanwhile, the price of gold in lira terms increased by 40% on an annual basis, according to Bloomberg.

After a pause in January, India went back to buying gold in February, adding 2.8 tons to its reserves. India ranks as the ninth largest gold-holding country in the world. Since resuming buying in late 2017, the Reserve Bank of India has purchased over 200 tons of gold. In August 2020, there were reports that the RBI was considering significantly raising its gold reserves. India now holds 790 tons of gold.

After a massive 44.6-ton increase in its gold reserves in January, Singapore continued its buying spree in February with another 6.8-ton purchase.

The Central Bank of Uzbekistan added 8 tons of gold to its reserves, following three consecutive months of sales.

Mexico bought 0.3 tons of gold in February.

The National Bank of Kazakhstan was the only notable seller in February, decreasing its reserves by 13.1 tons.

It is not uncommon for banks that buy from domestic production – such as Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan – to switch between buying and selling.

The Central Bank of Russia disclosed its gold reserves for the first time in over a year, reporting gold holdings of 2,330 tons at the end of February 2023. That was a 31-ton increase since its last report. The timing of the gold purchases remains unclear.

The World Gold Council said it expects net central bank gold buying to continue through 2023. According to the WGC, emerging market banks remain relatively under-allocated to gold.

Overall, we expect further buying, with EM banks at the forefront of this trend as they continue to redress the imbalance in gold allocations with their developed market peers.”

Total central bank gold buying in 2022 came in at 1,136 tons. It was the highest level of net purchases on record dating back to 1950, including since the suspension of dollar convertibility into gold in 1971. It was the 13th straight year of net central bank gold purchases.

According to the World Gold Council, there are two main drivers behind central bank gold buying — its performance during times of crisis and its role as a long-term store of value.

It’s hardly surprising then that in a year scarred by geopolitical uncertainty and rampant inflation, central banks opted to continue adding gold to their coffers and at an accelerated pace.”

World Gold Council global head of research Juan Carlos Artigas recently told Kitco News that the big purchases underscore the fact that gold remains an important asset in the global monetary system.

Even though gold is not backing currencies anymore, it is still being utilized. Why? Because it is a real asset.”

By Zerohedge.com

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/goldbug.asp

Gold Bug Defined - Investopedia 

A gold bug is an investor who is particularly bullish on gold and is adamant and outspoken about the reasons why gold is a good investment. Most gold bugs ...

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_bug

Gold bug - Wikipedia 

"Gold bug" (sometimes spelled "goldbug") is a term frequently employed in the financial sector and among economists in reference to persons who are ...

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/goldbug

Goldbug Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster 

The meaning of GOLDBUG is a supporter of the gold standard.

Service Charges

So I went to the Alberta Government Treasury Branch the other day to get some cash out of the instant teller. Now I belong to a credit union and so as usual this would mean an Interact service charge anywhere from $1.50-$2.5o. So I ask for $40 and get $40 and on the receipt I find there is NO SERVICE CHARGE. Damn right.



ATB was created as a People Bank by the Social Credit Government in 1938 to counter the Eastern Banking Monopoly and for the creation of Funny Money in order to offset the massive debt and depression affecting the province.

There is great irony that the Alberta Treasury Branches still operate in Republican Lite Alberta. They are unionized, the only unionized banking system in Canda!

The credit union movement in Quebec Cassie du Populaire is close to the ATB model of the peoples bank though it is more of a federated peoples bank as adovacted by mutualists and Proudhon.

The provincial ATB's have low interest rates for citizens banking with them. And they have minimal service charges, like none on Interact banking through the ATM. This is unique since both banks and credit unions charge service charges.

And that fact is amazing because that is where we as consumers get ripped off. We pay exorpident services charges above the actual cost of maintaining the local ATM and the Interact/Plus network that is owned and operated by the Banks! The bank workers get ripped off because ATM's have seen a reduction in teller services.

With electronic transfers of social welfare benefits to banks the poor face a dispraportionate disadvantage of being taxed with user fees/service charges on their accounts.

Like the perennial debates in the House of Commons on gas prices, banking charges are another of those debates that parliament can never resolve. Even as they discuss allowing for bank mergers. Which as documentation shows have increased across North America over the past two decades, with no reductions in service charges or savings to depositors or borrowers.

So why are we being ripped off, paying for service charges for use of ATM's then paying for using the ATM when it is not our bank, while Interac, ATMs etc are all controled by the banks.

In Europe last week the EU announced that it was looking into regulating Master Card and Visa, both controled by the banks as well, due to excessive and profit gouging by the banks and the credit card companies they own.

The report found:

* Credit card charges to retailers add an average of 2.5% to the cost of goods.

* Small and medium businesses pay up to 70% more than large companies for offering credit card payments.

* Consumers pay 100% more for MasterCard and Visa in some countries than in others

While this was report on Europe the same can be said for the North American marketplace.

The banks use the excuse that their costs are the techonology and start up costs. However those costs began over twenty years ago, and are no longer real costs of doing business.

Since these fees hurt customers as well as business, which is charged a service charge for bank cards as well as credit cards, when will we hear from the CFIB and the Canadian Taxpayers Federation, along with consumer advocates and unions about how we are being ripped off by the banks?

If you want to put real money in your pocket, as the on line no service charge bank ING says, then its time we ended service charges for Interac banking and on Credit Cards. Service charges that are tacked on over and above interest payments by Visa and Mastercard.

So if the ATB can not charge me for Interac banking why can't the rest of them?
Again a failure of the ideology of competition, obviously in this case the taxpayers citizens of Alberta underwrite this competitive advantage while the rest of the financial industry goes on its merry way gouging us.

Private ATM deployers take root in Canada�s wide-open market - August 1, 1998

Canada's Office of Consumer Affairs says ATM fees on the rise ...

Overview of the ATM and Debit Card Industry

"Rip-Off" ATM Surcharges
Nadia Massoud, Dan Bernhardt
RAND Journal of Economics, Vol. 33, No. 1 (Spring, 2002) , pp. 96-115

Fees and surcharging in automatic teller machine networks:
Non-bank ATM providers versus large banks

ATM networks were initially developed as a means by which banks could save costs by shifting
customers from costly “teller” transactions using personnel at a branch to the use of machines. In the early 1980s in North America, these initially proprietary systems evolved into shared networks, which enhanced customer convenience in accessing their account, without having to go to their branch. A main fee set by the (shared) network is an “interchange fee” that banks must pay to other member firms for each “foreign” transaction made by one of their customers at another member’s ATM. In order to recover at least part of the cost, banks typically charge their own customers a “foreign fee” for these transactions. In addition to the foreign fee, customers making foreign ATM transactions may pay a “surcharge” directly to the owner of the ATM. This fee structure has the interesting and unusual feature that all three fees apply to the same transaction.

Harming Depositors and Helping Borrowers: The Disparate Impact of Bank Consolidation

Recently, banking has experienced rapid consolidation in many countries. For banks in the United States, corporate restructurings have been driven by advances in information technology and by a loosening of geographic restrictions on branching and acquisitions. The number of U.S. commercial banks declined from 14,469 in 1984 to 7,888 in 2002, while the average asset size of banks has more than tripled over this period, from $268 million to $897
million.

The Welfare Consequences of ATM Surcharges: Evidence from a Structural Entry Model

The goal of this paper is to estimate a structural model of the market for automatic teller
machines (ATMs) in order to understand the implications of regulating ATM surcharges on
ATM entry and consumer welfare.
Since the establishment of the first ATM networks in the early 1970s, ATMs have
become a ubiquitous and growing component of consumer banking technology. By 2001, there
were over 324,000 ATMs in the United States, processing an average of 117 transactions per
day, suggesting that each person in the United States uses an ATM an average of 45 times per
year.
In spite of the vast and growing presence of ATMs, product differentiation may imply
that the market for ATMs does not reflect perfect competition or yield optimal outcomes. In
particular, the surcharge—the price charged by an ATM on top of the set interchange fee—has
increased significantly over the last several years. The increase can be linked to an April 1996
decision by the major ATM networks to allow surcharges among their member ATMs.2 Between 1996 and 2001, the number of ATMs tripled, but the number of transactions per ATM fell by about 45 percent. The technology of ATMs is characterized by high fixed costs—primarily the cost of leasing the machine, keeping it stocked with cash, and servicing it—and very low marginal costs. Thus, the increased price of ATM services has been accompanied by an increased average cost per ATM transaction.


See:

A History of Canadian Wealth, 1914.

Historical Memory on the Eve of the Election

Calgary Herald Remembers RB Bennet

Canada's First Internment Camps

Social Credit And Western Canadian Radicalism

Rebel Yell

The Peoples Bank of Alberta


Find blog posts, photos, events and more off-site about:
banking, ATM, Interac, Visa, Mastercard, Service-charges, Credit, Unions, Cassie, du, Populaire, ATB, Alberta, Canada, banking, finances

Bank of Canada takes to Twitter to set record straight on 'printing money' claim

Yesterday 

OTTAWA — As the Bank of Canada tries to reign in red hot inflation, the central bank is engaging in another fight: one against misinformation.


Bank of Canada takes to Twitter to set record straight on 'printing money' claim© Provided by The Canadian Press

In recent weeks, the central bank has been using social media to engage the public on the economy, explaining how inflation works and what it's doing to bring inflation back to its two per cent target. However, in its most recent Twitter thread, the bank went beyond explaining economics and took direct aim at a common attack levied against its policy decisions during the pandemic.

“#YouAskedUs if we printed cash to finance the federal gov’t. We didn't,” the Bank of Canada tweeted on Aug. 25, followed by a series of tweets refuting the claim.

While central bank officials normally hold speeches and other events to communicate their thinking and to set expectations, Laval University economics professor Stephen Gordon says its audience has traditionally been smaller than it is today.

“The only people who pay attention are insiders and market experts. And that's usually the only people that they have to talk to,” Gordon said.

Today’s high inflation environment and the politicization of the central bank has led to a wider audience, with more Canadians concerned about rising interest rates and the high cost of living. Alongside this heightened interest has also come a level of distrust of the Bank of Canada's operations and a misperception that it printed money during the pandemic.

Conservative leadership front-runner Pierre Poilievre has been a loud critic of the Bank of Canada, vowing to fire Governor Tiff Macklem if he becomes prime minister. Poilievre has not explained how he plans to fire Macklem given the Bank of Canada Act does not provide the federal government with that power.

He’s also repeatedly claimed that the central bank printed money to finance federal spending and therefore caused inflation.

However, the Bank of Canada and economists say that’s not what happened.

“There's always been this expression of the bank printing money whenever they engage in these kinds of policies, but it's not actually what happens,” said Jeremy Kronick, the director of Monetary and Financial Services Research at the C.D. Howe Institute.

Related video: Inflation and increased demand leave Breakfast Club of Canada with $2M shortfall

Duration 4:49  View on Watch

The policy Kronick refers to is quantitative easing, a measure the Bank of Canada attempted to explain in a series of tweets.

“We bought existing gov't bonds from banks on the open market. Why? This helped unblock frozen markets at the start of the pandemic. It let households, companies and governments access funding when they really needed it,” one of the tweets said.

“We did not print cash to pay for the bonds,” the thread went on to say.

Sometimes referred to as QE, quantitative easing is a relatively new tool used to keep money flowing when interest rates are already hovering around zero and can't be cut further. It garnered worldwide attention when it was used by the U.S. Federal Reserve in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis.

The Bank of Canada used this policy tool for the first time when the pandemic hit to fight off the risk of deflation. It bought government bonds from financial institutions using settlement balances, or reserves, that it deposited into the accounts of financial institutions and paid interest on. As the bank stated, these reserves are not the same as cash.

“That purchase of the bond lowers the interest rate on that bond and therefore lowers other interest rates, which makes it cheaper to borrow for you and me. So that's really where QE has its impact, not so much from the exchange,” Kronick said.

The Bank of Canada began the process of quantitative tightening, where bonds are sold back to financial institutions or allowed to mature without being replaced, in April of this year. The central bank has opted for the latter option.

While the Bank of Canada’s motivation to speak directly with Canadians and justify its policies is understandable, Gordon says he’s unsure how effective its efforts are given the central bank doesn’t have much experience in this realm.

“They don't have nowhere near the media arsenal of the people who are trying to promote the wrong agenda. So, they're in some sense massively outgunned,” he said.

A recent Angus Reid survey found 46 per cent of Canadians trust the Bank of Canada to fulfil its mandate, while 41 per cent said they don’t. The survey found distrust was higher among people who had voted for the Conservatives or the Peoples Party of Canada.

The online poll surveyed 5,032 Canadian adults and was conducted between June 7 and 13. It cannot be assigned a margin of error because according to the polling industry's generally accepted standards, online surveys do not randomly sample the population.

Looking ahead, the Bank of Canada plans to expand its educational programming on the economy and the bank's role.

Kronick meanwhile says what will ultimately help foster trust in the Bank of Canada is bringing inflation back down to target.

“What matters and what will regain that trust is the bank getting inflation back under control."

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Aug. 31, 2022.

Nojoud Al Mallees, The Canadian Press

INDIA

Close to 200 Civil Society Groups, Individuals Demand Shutdown of World Bank, IMF

Newsclick Report | 24 Oct 2024

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On the 80th anniversary of the Bretton Woods institutions, Indian civil society groups call for creation of a ‘new, democratic, decentralised’ global financial system.

World Bank and IMF should be replaced by institutions that reflect the needs and aspirations of all communities and nations.

New Delhi: Close to 200 individuals and civil society groups have called for the creation of a new democratic and decentralised financial system that prioritises sustainability and equality.

Representing a wide range of social movements, campaigns, and grassroots organisations and campaigns, a statement endorsed by close to 200 signatories has demanded the shutdown of the two Bretton Woods institutions—World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)—to pave the way for “more democratic, public- spirited institutions.”

“For the past 80 years, the World Bank and IMF have globalised a model of development and financialisation rooted in the colonial logic of extraction and exploitation. These institutions have facilitated the continuous transfer of wealth from the Global South to the Global North, while trapping nations in deep debt and depriving them of sovereignty over their natural resources,” read the statement, which assailed the policies pushed by World Bank and IMF that have led to the privatisation of essential public services, including water, electricity, education, healthcare, and transportation.

“Despite the harm they have caused to societies, economies, and the environment, the World Bank and IMF have remained immune from accountability,” the civil society groups, adding that they believe these institutions are beyond reform and called for new institutions that “prioritise equality, sustainability, and the needs of all nations, not just a select few.”

 

Read the full statement and the list of signatories below:

 

Indian civil society demands a new democratic financial system on World Bank/IMF’s 80th anniversary

 

The Bretton Woods institutions - the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF)- have completed 80 years of existence and operations.  As people of the

global south, who continue to bear the brunt of the impacts of colonial expansion, resource extraction, wealth concentration, climate change and deepening inequality,

we demand that these institutions be shut down and make way for a new global democratic and decentralised economic system which protects both people and the

planet.  For far too long, the World Bank and IMF have been instrumental in entrenching a system of global financial governance that perpetuates poverty and

inequality, displaces people and communities, and destroys nature, livelihoods and life itself. 

The World Bank and IMF were created in 1944 at the end of the Second World War to ostensibly rebuild war-torn economies and countries newly liberated from colonialism through international economic cooperation. In truth, however, they have globalised a model of development and financialisation that is rooted in the colonial logic of extraction and exploitation and have been vehicles for the continued extraction and transfer of wealth from the Global South to the Global North. 

 

The Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs) and austerity measures imposed by the World Bank and IMF respectively included the privatisation of essential public services including water, electricity, education, healthcare and transportation, steep cuts in spending on social protection and welfare programmes, labour market deregulation, drastic wage cuts and labour contractualisation, and the reduction and/or elimination of subsidies in food and agriculture resulting in hunger and food and nutrition insecurity. Not only was the existing public sector substantially shrunk across the global south, but the very conditions of building/rebuilding robust public

sectors were eliminated.  Rural and urban working classes, poor communities, women, small-scale food producers, indigenous peoples and other marginalized groups were the hardest hit by these policies.  

The policy conditionalities at the core of SAPs, austerity measures and so-called development policy and fiscal stabilisation loans aligned with the economic and

financial interests of Western countries that were former colonial powers. These policies, commonly known as the Washington Consensus, boosted the market power

of western transnational corporations and established forms of financial-economic governance that have snared countries in vicious debt traps, undermining national

sovereignty and people’s democratic control over their resources in the global south.  

 

Projects funded by the World Bank such as big dams, mines, ports, and other large infrastructure projects have displaced entire communities and villages, caused

deforestation, and accelerated ecological destruction and degradation.  The earth has been plundered, and countless peoples have been dispossessed of their means to dignified livelihoods and lives. 

 

People across the world in the global south and north have risen up against the World Bank and IMF, leading to massive protests challenging their policies and conditionalities.  In India, protests by affected communities against the World Bank-supported Sardar Sarovar hydropower project that resulted in large-scale

displacement without adequate resettlement and rehabilitation forced the World Bank to withdraw its support, citing social and environmental impacts. 

 

Likewise, the fisher people in Mundra, Gujarat challenged the immunity of the World Bank after their sea and fisheries were destroyed by a thermal power plant funded by the World Bank Group.  The tea garden workers of Assam have been questioning the complicity of IFC in perpetuating the low wages, and poor living conditions of tea workers giving rise to poverty and child labour. The policies of the World Bank and the push for privatisation and deregulation have impacted people’s access to health and quality education on the one hand and impacted the collective bargaining right of the labour and environmental regulations. 

 

Despite the destruction that they have wreaked on people, societies, economies and nature, the World Bank and IMF have faced no consequences. Their respective founding charters provide them with full immunity from legal and material accountability–they are literally above the law.  The introduction of Inspection Panels and social safeguard policies have not changed their policies and operations in any Meaningfull manner, and have reduced all accountability measures to toothless instruments. 

 

Given their origins, history and track records, we believe that the World Bank and IMF are beyond reform. Their governance, policies, and market obsessed  economic paradigm are too deeply entrenched in the status quo to allow for meaningful change and  their transformation from forces for evil to forces for good.

 

We need a fundamental paradigm change through new institutions founded on principles of democratic and decentralised economic governance, prioritising

equality, sustainability, and the needs of all nations, not just a select few. 

These new institutions must be committed to truly inclusive development, ensuring that all voices are heard – especially of those who bear the brunt of financial, economic and social insecurity – and that policies are designed to meet the needs of the world’s poorest and most vulnerable populations. They should promote development approaches that are embedded in human rights, protect the environment, and ensure the abilities of future generations to live in dignity, harmony and peace. The new institutions should support genuine debt relief initiatives as a

matter of urgency and provide favourable financing that helps countries break free from the vicious cycles of debt dependency.

 

The new paradigm of financial and economic governance must recognise the interconnectedness of economic, social, environmental, climate and political justice. It must end the financialisation of nature, protect the rights of indigenous peoples, local communities, workers, women and youth, and legally regulate the economic power of transnational corporations. 

 

It is time for the World Bank and IMF to realise that their time is over. These outdated institutions should be replaced by ones that reflect the needs and aspirations of all

communities and nations. Only by doing so can we build a more just, equitable, and sustainable world.

 

Endorsed by:

1. Aashima Subberwal - Friends of Earth India

2. Abha - One Billion Rising

3. Achin Vanaik

4. Adarsh K Warman

5. Aditya Nigam

6. Adv Dr Shalu Nigam

7. Agnes Kharshiing

8. Alpha Thomson Abumwami - YPC

9. Ambika Yadav - Jharkhand Kishan Parishad

10. Amitanshu Verma - Centre for Financial Accountability

11. Anant Phadker - Shramik Mukti Dal

12. Andrew Wheeldon - Bicycle Cities

13. Anirban - CFA

14. Anne Stegmann

15. Annie Namala

16. Anshu Kumari - JJSV, Bihar

17. Anto Elias - KSMTF

18. Aparna - NCDHR

19. Aravind Unni - NAPM - SHRAM (Urban Struggles Forum)

20. Arundhati Dhuru - NAPM

 

21. Ashish Kothari

22. Ashish Ranjan - JJSS

23. Ashok Choudhary - All India Union of Forest Working People (AIUFWP)

24. Ashok Shrimali - Mines, Mineral & People

25. Asmi Sharma - Jan Sarokar

26. Avinash Kumar Chanchal - Greenpeace India

27. Aysha - Right to Food Campaign

28. Badami Lal - Aravallis Suraksha Udaipur

29. Banojyotsna - Independent Research Consultant

30. Benny Kuruvilla - Focus on the Global South

31. Bhanumathi Kalluri - Dhaatri

32. Bhargav Oza

33. Bhavreen Kandhari

34. Bijay Bjai - Bharat Jana Andolan

35. Butchaiah Gadde - United Nations

36. Chinmay Mishra - Madhya Pradesh Sarvoday Mandal

37. Chythenyen - Centre for Financial Accountability

38. Debsmita Roychowdhury

39. Devaky

40. Devidas Tuljapurkar - Maharashtra State Bank Employees Federation

41. Dinesh Abrol - Delhi Science Forum

42. Disha A Ravi - Fridays For Future India

43. Dr Meena Kandasamy - Writer

44. Dr Sunilam - Kisan Sangharsh Samiti

45. Dr. O. G. Sajitha

46. Dr. Suhas Kolhekar - National Alliance of People's Movements

47. Eddy Monte

48. Elsy Gomes

49. Financial Accountability Network India (FAN India)

 

50. Fr. Eugene Pereira

51. Gautam Bandyopadhyay - Nadi Ghati Morcha - India

52. Geeta Sahu

53. Geo Damin - Poovulagin Nanbargal

54. Guman Singh - Himalaya Niti Abhiyan

55. Hans Kaushik

56. Haripriya Harshan - CFA

57. Himanshu Thakkar - SANDRP

58. Himmat Singh - Bahujan Communist Party

59. Ian Williamson

60. India Greens Party

61. Jacob Kurien - Sarvodayasangham

62. Jammu Anand - Indian Social Action Forum

63. Jannet Cletus - Theeradesa Mahila Vedi

64. Jawan Singh - VMKS

65. Joe Athialy - Centre for Financial Accountability

66. John Dayal - Writer

67. John Dsouza - CED

68. Jones Thomas Spartegus

69. Josephine Joseph - CWCSN

70. K VITTALRAO - RAI CENTRE Utnoor, Adilabad

71. K.V Krishna Kumar

72. Kailash Anerao - Environmental & Climate Change Activist

73. Kailash Mina - NAPM

74. Kamayani - JJSS

75. Kangkimang Takuk - Siang Indigenous Farmers Forum (SIFF)

76. Kanhaiya - Aravalli Mazdoor Sangathan

77. Kapil Agarwal - YMC

78. Kavita

79. Khirod Routray - Udyog

80. KP Das

81. Krishna

82. Krunal

83. Kurien John

84. Lalita Ramdas

85. Lambodar Mohanta - EKTA NIKETAN

86. Lara Jesani

87. Lima Sunil - Fr. Thomas Kocherry Centre

88. Linda Chhakchhuak

89. Lisa Pires

90. Lucas Braganca

91. Mahendra Kumar - NCAER

92. Maimoona Mollah - AIDWA Delhi-NCR

93. Maju Varghese - BIC Trust India

94. Mallela Seshagiri Rao - Capital Region Farmers Federation, Amaravathi

95. Manan - Independent Journalist

96. Manasi - Johns Hopkins University

97. Manisha Desai - Center for Changing Systems of Power, Stonybrook University

98. Md. Zahidul Islam - COAST Foundation

99. Mecanzy Dabre - Kamgar Ekata Union, Maharashtra

100. Meera Sanghamitra - National Alliance of People's Movements (NAPM)

101. Mercy Mathew - Cheru Resmi Centre

102. Mohammad Chappalwala - Sambhaavnaa Institute

103. Moncy M Thomas

104. Monica - Independent Researcher

105. Moushumi Basi - Jawaharlal Nehru University

106. Mujahid Nafees - MCC

107. Mukta Srivastava

108. Muralidharan - National Platform for the Rights of the Disabled

109. Nancy Pathak - Pension Parishad

110. Narayan Lal Panwar

111. National Hawker Federation

112. Navdeep Mathur - IIM Ahmedabad

113. Nawaz - Avsar Collective

114. Neelam Ahluwalia Nakra - Founder Member, People for Aravallis

115. Nidhi

116. Nikhil Dey - MKSS

117. Nikita Chatterjee

118. Nikita Naidu - Climate Action

119. Nitin

120. Nitin Sethi

121. P. M. Bhattacharya

122. Pamela Philipose

123. Pavuluri Siva Prasad

124. People for Aravallis

125. Pervin Jehangir

126. Prafulla Samantara - Lok Shakti Abhiyan

127. Prakash Chandra Bhagota - SR Abhiyan

128. Prakash Louis

129. Pranay Raj - CFA

130. Pranita Kulkarni - CFA

131. Prasad Chacko - People's Union for Civil Liberties

132. Priya Dharshini - Delhi Forum

133. Purushan Eloor - Periyar Malineekarana Virudha Samithy

134. R Ravi - Samata

135. R. Ajayan - Editor, Navayugom, Kerala

136. Raj Kumar Sinha - Bargi Bandh Visthapit Evam Parbhavit Sangh

137. Raj Shekhar - Right to Food Campaign

138. Rakesh Dewan - Sarvodaya Press Service

139. Ram Puniyani - All India Secular Forum

140. Ram Wangkheirakpam - Indigenous Perspectives

141. Ranjan Kumar - JJSV, Bihar

142. Rashi Rajgor

143. Ravindranath - River Basin Friends

144. Rita Das

145. Rizwan - Pension Parishad

146. Rohini Hensman - Writer and Independent Scholar

147. Rohit Prajapati - Environment Activist, Gujarat

148. Roma - All India Union of Forest Working People

149. Rosamma Thomas - Freelancer

150. Saba Dave

151. Sabita Lahkar - NWMi

152. Sagari Ramdas - Food Sovereignty Alliance

153. Saktiman Ghosh - National Hawker Federation, India

154. Sameer Vartak - Paryavarn Samvardhan Samiti

155. Samir K. Chakravorty - Freelancer

156. Sandeep Pamarati

157. Sandiksha Roychowdhury

158. Sandip Roychowdhury

159. Sanjeev Chandorkar

160. Sarath Cheloor - Dynamic Action, Keralam

161. Sarika - IGP

162. Satheesh Lakshmanan - Poovulagin Nanbargal

163. Sauraj Gurjar

164. Sayantan Das

165. Shabnam Hashmi - Anhad

166. Shamala Kumar - University of Peradeniya

167. Sheelu Francis - Women's Collective

168. Shehri Mahila Kamgar Union

169. Shiraz Bulsara Prabhu - PUCL

170. Sho - Jan Jagran Shakti Sangathan, Bihar, India

171. Shruti - PhD student at VIT-AP University

172. Shweta Tambe

173. Shyam - चरागाह एवं पर्यावरण विकास समिति

174. Simran Grover

175. Sitaram Shelar

176. Soumya Dutta - Bharat Jan Vigyan Jatha (BJVJ)

177. Subham Biswas - Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan

178. Suchetana Ghosh

179. Sujata Patel

180. Sukumaran Krishnan - Advocate

181. Suma Josson

182. Suresh Garimella - CPI-M

183. Sutapa Majumdar

184. Tani Alex - Financial Accountability Network India

185. Thomas Franco - People First

186. Uma Shankar

187. Usha Lachungpa - Green Circle, Sikkim

188. Usmangani Sherasiya - Samsat Machimar Samaj Gujarat

189. Vaishnavi Paliya - Azim Premji University

190. Vaishnavi Varadarajan - International Accountability Project

191. Vanaja Mercima Soundarabai

192. Veena M - Ecosystems Services

193. Venkateswara Rao Maddi - Maddi Lakshmaiah & Co Pvt Ltd

194. Vijoo Krishnan - All India Kisan Sabha

195. Vinay Baindur

196. Vinita Balekundri - Maharashtra Hawker Federation

197. Vinod Koshy - Dynamic Action

198. Yash Agrawal - Fridays For Future Mumbai,