DÉFENDRE L’INDÉFENDABLE

France's Macron defends Saudi visit after Khashoggi murder

By AFP
Published December 3, 2021

The murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul in 2018 has prompted most Western leaders to shun talks with the kingdom's de facto ruler Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman - Copyright Afghan Taliban/AFP/File STR

French President Emmanuel Macron insisted he hadn’t forgotten the murder of Saudi journalist Jamal Khashoggi on Friday as he defended his decision to visit Saudi Arabia during his Gulf tour.

On Saturday, Macron will become one of the first Western leaders to meet the kingdom’s de facto ruler, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, since Khashoggi was killed inside the Saudi consulate in Istanbul in 2018.

Khashoggi’s murder sparked international outrage that continues to reverberate. But Macron said it was impossible to engage with the region while ignoring the powerful Saudis.

“Who can think for one second that we can help Lebanon and preserve peace and stability in the Middle East if we say: ‘We’re not going to speak to Saudi Arabia, the most populated and most powerful country in the Gulf’?” he told media in Dubai, the first stop of his tour.

“It doesn’t mean that I endorse anything, that I’ve forgotten, that we’re not demanding partners,” he said, adding that he was acting “for our country and in the interests of the region”.

Macron will fly to the Saudi Red Sea city of Jeddah on Saturday after an overnight stay in Qatar, another resource-rich Gulf country where France will defend their World Cup football title next year.

On October 2, 2018, Khashoggi entered the Saudi consulate in Istanbul to file paperwork to marry his Turkish fiancee. According to US and Turkish officials, a waiting Saudi hit squad strangled him and dismembered his body, which has never been retrieved.

Lewis Hamilton condemns Saudi Arabia's 'terrifying' LGBTQ+ laws ahead of race and says it is 'not my choice to be here'

Formula 1's most successful driver Lewis Hamilton is preparing to wear his Progress Pride helmet during the grand prix, to draw attention to LGBTQ+ intolerance in Saudi Arabia.


By Rachel Russell, news reporter
Friday 3 December 2021 

0:42
Play Video - Hamilton on Saudi Arabia's human rights record


Lewis Hamilton has said he does not feel comfortable about racing in Saudi Arabia's grand prix this weekend, as he expressed concern about human rights in the kingdom.

The seven-times Formula 1 world champion will be competing in a night race around a street circuit in Jeddah.

Hamilton said he had received a warm welcome on arrival, but felt "duty-bound" to speak out amid human rights groups accusing Saudi Arabia of using the event to distract from scrutiny about its abuses.

He also said the Liberty Media-owned sport needed to do more before adding he will wear the same Progress Pride helmet he wore at last month's Qatar Grand Prix, in order to draw attention to LGBTQ+ intolerance.

This is due to gay sex also being a criminal offence in the kingdom, which Hamilton said was "pretty terrifying".

Hamilton said: "Do I feel comfortable here? I wouldn't say that I do.

"But it's not my choice to be here. The sport has taken the choice to be here.

"There's changes that need to be made. For example women's rights of being able to drive [legally] in 2018, it's how they are policed. Some of the women are still in prison from driving many, many years ago.

"So there's a lot of changes that need to happen and I think our sport needs to do more."

Lewis Hamilton is a seven-times Formula 1 world champion

Formula 1 boss Stefano Domenicali has also argued that sport can help bring change.

He told Sky Sports: "As soon as these countries choose to be under the spotlight Formula 1 is bringing, there is no excuse.

"They have taken the route of a change."

Meanwhile, Formula 1 announced its We Race As One campaign last year to help highlight issues such as racism and inequality.

Four-times world champion Sebastian Vettel said it was clear "some things are not going the way they should".

However, he added change took time and he wanted to highlight positive examples of progress.

Vettel said: "For sure there are shortcomings and they have to be addressed but I still feel the more powerful tool is the positive weapon."

#OUTLAWBLASPHEMYLAWS

Dozens arrested in Pakistan after mob kill Sri Lankan factory manager


The vigilante attack in Sialkot has caused outrage (AFP/Arif ALI)

Sat, December 4, 2021

Up to 120 people have been arrested in Pakistan after a Sri Lankan factory manager was beaten to death and set ablaze by a mob who accused him of blasphemy, officials said on Saturday.

The vigilante attack has caused outrage, with Prime Minister Imran Khan calling it a "day of shame for Pakistan".

Few issues are as galvanising in Pakistan as blasphemy, and even the slightest suggestion of an insult to Islam can supercharge protests and incite lynchings.

The incident took place on Friday in Sialkot, a district in central Punjab province, about 200 kilometres (125 miles) southeast of the capital Islamabad.

Police on Saturday said that the manager was killed after it was rumoured that "the manager has committed blasphemy".

"Rumour spread in the factory that the manager had torn down a religious poster and thrown it in the dustbin," Zulfiqar Ali, a police official in the area told AFP.

Khurram Shehzad, a police spokesman said up to 120 people had been arrested, included one of the main accused.

Tahir Ashrafi, a religious scholar and special representative of the prime minister on religious harmony, confirmed the arrest and told AFP that workers had complained of the manager being "very strict".

"Police experts are investigating this case from various angles, including that some factory workers played a religious card to take revenge on the manager," Ashrafi said.

Shehzad said raids are continuing.

- Crowd watched -

Several gruesome video clips shared on social media showed a mob beating the prone victim while chanting slogans against blasphemy.

Other clips showed his body set ablaze, as well as the overturned wreckage of what was said to be his car.

Many in the mob made no attempt to hide their identity and some took selfies in front of the burning corpse.

Malik Naseem Awan, a resident and lawyer in Sialkot, told AFP he was worried about the impact it would have on the country's image.

"I can't tell you how embarrassed I am. It would have been different if someone had done this individually but the crowd present there was watching it silently, and no one tried to rescue him," he said.

Almost all the political and religious parties condemned the incident including Pakistan's Army Chief.

A senior Pakistan official told AFP that Islamabad had been in touch with Sri Lankan diplomats over the incident "and have assured them that all those involved in the heinous crime will be brought to justice".

Rights groups say accusations of blasphemy can often be wielded to settle personal vendettas, with minorities largely the target.

On Sunday thousands of people torched a police station in northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province after demanding officers hand over a man accused of burning the Koran.

In April 2017 an angry mob lynched university student Mashal Khan when he was accused of posting blasphemous content online.

A Christian couple was lynched then burnt in a kiln in Punjab in 2014 after being falsely accused of desecrating the Koran.

sjd/ecl/je

Pakistan police detain scores after mob kills Sri Lankan


Pakistan PM Khan calls for calm as protests erupt after blasphemy verdict

Why is Pakistan so vulnerable to mob rule?

Pakistan arrests cleric whose followers shut down cities over blasphemy

Asia Bibi still in Pakistan, but 'free to go' – foreign office

Pakistani Christian Aasia Bibi leaves Pakistan after blasphemy acquittal

Detentions come a day after a mob of hundreds stormed a factory in Punjab province and lynched the Sri Lankan manager to death over an accusation of blasphemy.

Police have arrested 13 suspects and detained dozens of others in the lynching of a Sri Lankan employee at a sports equipment factory in eastern Pakistan.

Punjab police chief Rao Sardar said on Saturday that investigators arrested prominent suspects after seeing their clear role on video in instigating workers to violence, killing the manager and dragging his body outside, and taking selfies with his burning body and proudly admitting what they did.

Sardar, in his initial report to authorities, said the victim had asked the workers to remove all stickers from factory machines before a foreign delegation arrived.

It said the incident started at around 11 a.m. and three constables reached the factory to control the situation shortly after.

Hassan Khawar, spokesman for the Punjab government, said the provincial police chief was personally overseeing the investigation.

Khurram Shahzad, a police official in Sialkot district, said 123 suspects were detained in ongoing raids.

The lynching was widely condemned by Pakistan's military and political leadership, prominent social and religious figures and civil society members.

Foreign Ministry spokesman Sugeeswara Gunaratne said Friday that Sri Lanka's embassy in Islamabad was verifying details of the incident with Pakistani authorities.

Allegation of blasphemy

A mob of hundreds of enraged Muslims descended on the factory in the district of Sialkot in Punjab province on Friday after the Sri Lankan manager of the factory was accused of blasphemy.

READ MORE: Mob kills Sri Lankan over alleged blasphemy in Pakistan

The mob grabbed Priyantha Kumara, lynched him and publicly burned the body, according to police.

Factory workers accused the victim of desecrating posters bearing the name of Prophet Muhammad.

In the conservative society of Pakistan mere allegations of blasphemy invite mob attacks.

The country's blasphemy law carries the death penalty for anyone found guilty of the offence.

Pakistan’s government has long been under pressure to change the country’s blasphemy laws, which far-right religious groups strongly resist.

A Punjab governor was shot and killed by his own guard in 2011 after he defended a Christian woman, Aasia Bibi, who was accused of blasphemy.

She was acquitted after spending eight years on death row and, following threats, left Pakistan for Canada to join her family.

Bolsonaro to face probe after claiming COVID vaccines increase chance of contracting AIDS

The Brazilian president, who made the remarks in a live broadcast in October, remains unvaccinated and has pushed back against vaccine mandates.

Saturday 4 December 2021 

Brazil's President Jair Bolsonaro linked coronavirus vaccines to AIDS in a live broadcast

Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro will be investigated after he claimed coronavirus vaccines may increase the chance of contracting AIDS.

Brazilian supreme court Justice Alexandre de Moraes instructed the country's top prosecutor, Augusto Aras, to look into the accusation raised by a pandemic inquiry conducted by Brazil's Senate.

Mr Bolsonaro said in a live broadcast on 24 October that "official reports from the UK government suggest that fully vaccinated people ... are developing Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) much faster than anticipated".

Facebook and Instagram took down that video days later, saying it violates their rules.

The Brazilian president, who remains unvaccinated and has frequently pushed against vaccine mandates, argued he was merely quoting an article in the magazine Exame and not making assertions.

Mr Moraes said in his ruling that Bolsonaro "used the modus operandi of mass dissemination schemes in social networks", which requires further investigation.

The future of any probe is uncertain, however.

Mr Aras rarely goes against the president and has not opened an investigation into Mr Bolsonaro's handling of the pandemic despite calls to do so by the Senate committee.

Mr Bolsonaro has flouted local health protocols since the start of the pandemic and has complained that restrictions aimed at controlling the coronavirus do more harm than good.

More than 610,000 people have died of COVID-19 in Brazil, second only to the US.

The country's current seven-day average of deaths is below 300 a day, which analysts have largely credited to immunization efforts.

Canada’s job numbers heat up, but wages barely budge for wait staff

The Canadian job market is busier than before we made first contact with COVID-19 back in early 2020. But in some industries, especially hospitality, there is a shortage of workers and an upward pressure on wages as positions stay vacant.

Across all industries, average wages for new workers have risen 10 per cent (or $2.09 an hour) in the last two years, Statistics Canada said in its monthly jobs report released on Friday.

They’re up 8.5 per cent across new accommodation and food services workers overall but haven’t budged for food and beverage servers less than three months in who are making just under $17 an hour.

That makes more sense when restaurants, fast-food outlets and bars have been closed or restricted in operations as they have for much of that time, but makes starting pay a tough negotiating tactic for employers now that reopenings are the norm.

“The record-high job vacancies in September have continued to focus attention on the question of whether employers in some industries might raise wages to address recruitment and retention challenges,” Statistics Canada said in the report for November.

The federal agency said it was “possibly an indication that employers in this industry face challenges adjusting wages in the context of current business conditions.”

It counted around 190,000 more jobs in the economy overall in November than there were in February 2020, and a similar number of vacancies in accommodation and food services — the largest labour gap of any industry.

The shortages could grow more acute unless the new Omicron variant significantly disrupts these industries, RBC Economics said in a note, adding that a pay bump here could signal relatively modest overall wage growth of 2.7 per cent versus a year ago and could creep higher.

Among young women, the loss of around 30,000 full-time jobs came with an increase of 43,000 in part-time positions. For women aged 20 to 24, it was a second straight month of little job growth, while young men aged 15 to 24 also stood steady in the jobs data.

In contrast to minimal growth in food services jobs after two months of slippage, the number of people working in retail increased by 34,000 in November after adding 72,000 in October, which pushed it above the pre-COVID February 2020 level for the first time.

The reference period for the monthly labour survey was the week of Nov. 7 to 13. In Ontario and Quebec, capacity limits and distancing requirements recently eased in settings where proof of vaccination was required.

Employment in Ontario rose 68,000, or 0.9 per cent, a sixth straight month of gains that totals 421,000, or 5.9 per cent, since May.

After a pause in October, job growth resumed in the Toronto census metropolitan area (CMA) last month, up 44,000, bringing overall gains since May to 311,000, an increase of 9.5 per cent.

Morgan Sharp, Local Journalism Initiative Reporter, Canada's National Observer

THE NEW KINGFISHER
Ron DeSantis plans Florida paramilitary force outside federal control

Oliver Milman 

Ron DeSantis, the Florida governor, has proposed an extraordinary plan to create a state paramilitary unit that he, rather than the federal government, would control.

DeSantis, a Republican, has asked state lawmakers to fund the establishment of what he is calling the Florida state guard to assist with “in state-specific emergencies”.

This force of 200 selected volunteers would “not be encumbered by the federal government”, the governor said.

If the $3.5m plan goes ahead, Florida would gain a state-run force alongside its national guard, which is jointly funded by the federal government and the states.

Florida has previously created a state guard in 1941 to fill in for national guard members who were fighting in the second world war, only for the unit to be disbanded in 1947.

Related: Ron DeSantis wants to pay anti-vaccine police $5,000 to relocate to Florida

“Re-establishing the Florida state guard will allow civilians from all over the state to be trained in the best emergency response techniques and have the ability to mobilize very, very quickly,” DeSantis said on Thursday.

Florida would actually become the 23rd state with a state guard, according to the governor’s office.

The proposal has been sharply criticized by Democrats, who accused DeSantis of authoritarian motives.

“No governor should have his own handpicked secret police,” tweeted Charlie Crist, a Democrat who is running for Florida governor in elections held next year, having previously served as governor as a Republican.

DeSantis said the state guard would be deployed to deal with the aftermath of natural disasters, such as the hurricanes that routinely hit Florida, although these troops could be put to other tasks.

In 2015, Greg Abbott, the Republican governor of Texas, used the state guard there to monitor federal military exercises in his state, amid a baseless rumor that the federal government was nefariously using Walmart supermarket parking lots to establish military control.

The push to establish a new state guard comes amid tensions between the Pentagon and Republican-led states over the vaccination of national guard members to protect them from Covid-19.

Troops have long received a variety of mandatory vaccinations while serving but the Covid vaccine has proved too controversial for some, despite repeated evidence showing its safety and efficacy.

The Department of Defense has said it may dock the pay of any soldier who refuses the jab.

DeSantis has not joined the pushback against military inoculations, although he has attempted to ban vaccine requirements, pay the fines of businesses that flout the federal vaccine mandate and plans bonuses to lure police officers from elsewhere who resist vaccine mandates.

DeSantis is following the rightwing populist mould of Donald Trump and is seen as a leading contender for the GOP’s presidential nomination for 2024, should the twice-impeached former president not secure it for himself.

Demagogues – The Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation

https://fdrfoundation.org/publications/demagogues

Known as the Kingfisher, he had become the virtual dictator of Louisiana when he resigned as governor in 1932 to become senator. Long’s Share Our Wealth Plan called for deeply graduated, confiscatory income and inheritance taxes designed to redistribute large fortunes to the citizenry at large.

Huey Long Official Website | Biography, Quotes, Photos ...

www.hueylong.com

Huey Long 

1. Huey Long's Life & Times | Huey Long Timeline
   https://www.hueylong.com/life-times/index.php

   Life & Times — Introduction. 1920s Louisiana was a powder keg of injustice, and Huey Long was a lightning bolt. The unique influences of his background collided with the oppressive social conditions of his times to produce an explosion of change. Huey Long grew up on a …

1. Watch Huey Long | Ken Burns | PBS
   https://www.pbs.org/kenburns/huey-long

IMF says chief economist taking top leadership role

By AFP
Published December 3, 2021

The IMF for the first time will have women in the two top leadership positions when chief economists Gita Gopinath takes the No 2 role - Copyright AFP Bertha WANG

The IMF’s high-profile chief economist Gita Gopinath next month will become the number two official at the Washington-based crisis lender, the fund announced Thursday.

Gopinath will succeed Geoffrey Okamoto as first deputy managing director, serving under IMF chief Kristalina Georgieva — the first time two women have held the top leadership roles.

Georgieva call Gopinath “the right person at the right time” to take the leadership role.

“Especially given that the pandemic has led to an increase in the scale and scope of the macroeconomic challenges facing our member countries, I believe that Gita — universally recognized as one of the world’s leading macroeconomists — has precisely the expertise that we need for the FDMD role at this point,” Georgieva said in the statement.

“Indeed, her particular skill set — combined with her years of experience at the Fund as Chief Economist — make her uniquely well qualified.”

Gopinath, who was appointed to her current role in October 2018, was due to return to her position at Harvard University in January but will now leave the university. She was born in India but also is a US citizen.

The economist, who leads the IMF team that produces the closely-watched quarterly World Economic Outlook, became a much more visible figure during the Covid-19 pandemic.

She displayed “intellectual leadership in helping the global economy and the Fund to navigate the twists and turns of the worst economic crisis of our lives,” Georgieva said.

Gopinath said that “As the pandemic continues its grip on us, the work of the Fund has never been more critical and international cooperation never more important.”

IMF warns of 'economic collapse' unless G20 extends debt relief

By AFP
Published December 2, 2021

The IMF called for urgent action to ease debt loads in poor nations and prevent "economic collapse"

 - Copyright AFP Bertha WANG Heather SCOTT

The IMF on Thursday urged advanced economies in the G20 to extend and improve their debt relief initiative, warning that many countries face a dire crisis without the help.

“We may see economic collapse in some countries unless G20 creditors agree to accelerate debt restructurings and suspend debt service while the restructurings are being negotiated,” IMF chief Kristalina Georgieva said in a blog, adding that it is critical private creditors also offer relief.

The G20 Debt Service Suspension Initiative (DSSI) expires at the end of the year, and without a renewal, countries would face financial pressure and spending cuts just as new Covid-19 variants are spreading and interest rates are expected to rise, she said.

“Debt challenges are pressing and the need for action is urgent. The recent Omicron variant is a stark reminder that the pandemic will be with us for a while,” Georgieva said in the blog co-authored by Ceyla Pazarbasioglu, director of the fund’s Strategy, Policy, and Review Department.

Georgieva did not specify which economies faced a crisis, but referred simply to “low-income countries.”

Advanced economies in the Group of 20 announced the program last year amid the Covid-19 pandemic, which hit poor countries the hardest, hampering the ability of those governments to service their debt and support their people.

The G20 twice extended the DSSI, but the IMF and World Bank have been urging creditors to do more to help with the burgeoning debt load. There are 73 countries eligible for relief under the program.

– Debt distress –

The World Bank estimates that debt loads in poor countries surged 12 percent to a record $860 billion in 2020 amid the pandemic, and Georgieva said “about 60 percent of low-income countries are at high risk or already in debt distress.”

Given the problems with the debt relief program and the common framework for dealing with private creditors, only three countries so far have applied for relief — Chad, Ethiopia and Zambia — and they have faced “significant delays.”

The framework has “yet to deliver on its promise. This requires prompt action,” she said.

She noted that Chad’s program is hung up due to the need to restructure a large amount owed to a private company.

And with inflation surging in major economies, central banks are pulling back on stimulus and expected to begin raising interest rates next year, which would increase debt service costs for poor nations and likely would see capital flee those countries.

“No doubt 2022 will be much more challenging with the tightening of international financial conditions on the horizon,” Georgieva said.

The IMF is calling for improvements in the program, especially mechanisms to oblige private creditors to participate, which would encourage more poor countries to make use of the DSSI.

In addition, “a comprehensive and sustained debt service payment standstill for the duration of the negotiation would provide relief to the debtor at a time when it is under stress,” she said.

#ECOCIDE
Greek-flagged ship caused Brazil mystery 2019 oil slick: police

By AFP
Published December 2, 2021

A boy removing oil spilled on Itapuama beach, in Cabo de Santo Agostinho, Pernambuco State, Brazil. After a tw-year investigation police have said a Greek-flagged ship was behind the mystery slick - Copyright AFP Ronny Hartmann

A mystery oil slick that caused environmental disaster along a vast stretch of Brazilian coastline in 2019 and 2020 was caused by a Greek-flagged vessel, federal police said Thursday after a two-year investigation.

The police said “there is sufficient evidence that a Greek-flagged oil tanker was responsible for leaking” the oil that afflicted more than 2,000 kilometers (1,200 miles) of coast between August 2019 and March 2020.

The slick affected more than 1,000 towns in 11 coastal states, investigators said, without naming the company that owns the ship.

The vessel’s owners, as well as the ship’s captain and chief engineer, faced charges of “crimes of pollution, non-compliance with environmental obligations and damage to natural reserves,” police said.

In November 2019, Brazilian authorities identified the Greek oil tanker Bouboulina, owned by the Delta Tanker company, which is also based in Greece, as “the main suspect.”

But at the time Delta Tankers denied all responsibility for the environmental catastrophe, which threatened mangroves, humpback whale sanctuaries, coral reefs and numerous beaches in northeastern coastal cities, a poor region whose economy is highly dependent on tourism.

The police estimated that the costs incurred by federal, state and municipal public powers alone for the clean-up of beaches and the ocean ran to some 188 million reais ($47.7 million).

During the disaster, the government of far-right President Jair Bolsonaro, whose environmental policies have been broadly criticized, mobilized some 5,000 soldiers for clean-up operations and more than 4,500 tons of oil residue were collected.

Diverse doubts: How vaccine scepticism takes root


By AFP
Published December 2, 2021

While large swathes of the global population remain unvaccinated because of a lack of access, other people who do are choosing not to get them -

 Copyright AFP RODGER BOSCH

Governments and scientists around the world are championing vaccination as the way to end the Covid-19 pandemic.

Yet while large swathes of the global population remain unvaccinated because of a lack of access, other people who can get their jabs are choosing not to.

French sociologist Jerome Gaillaguet, who has spent years speaking to those who choose not to vaccinate, told AFP their reasons can be diverse and surprising. His answers have been condensed and edited for clarity.

– Is there an anti-vax phenomenon? –

The influence of a loosely-defined activist anti-vaccine movement cannot be discounted but it has to be separated from hesitation.

The way the media frames it you get the impression that there is an anti-vax phenomenon that is widespread with people firmly opposed to vaccination.

Those movements exist and are highly visible and noisy on social media. But the reality is not at all the same: it’s doubt.

The vast majority of people are feeling real hesitation or even indifference and there are as many reasons behind the hesitation as there are states of mind.

As soon as you start talking to people you realise that doubt comes from experience and it comes in many different forms.

And when you start to follow people over time you can see how things can evolve.

Media buzz around a controversy will change attitudes, and I’ve also seen people change their minds after becoming parents.

You also find a huge amount of defiance among people with bad experiences with healthcare.

For example, some people may hesitate if they have gone to doctors who minimise their problems while failing to offer any solutions.

– Have you seen attitudes change? –

One woman I talked to was about 60 years old, we met in 2017 and she was pretty hesitant about vaccines.

When she was younger she worked as a pharmaceutical salesperson who sold medicines to doctors.

She came to the conclusion that lab profits were far more important than people’s health and eventually she got sick of that life and left everything behind to open a pizzeria.

Yet a year into the pandemic she went to get vaccinated without hesitation because she had been in constant contact with customers and had seen many people get sick or die.

She made friends with a nurse who worked in a hospital that was greatly affected.

It can also work the other way.

One person when I first met her was pretty mistrustful. Then, over the course of a few years, the issue kind of disappeared from the media.

She began to have friends and acquaintances with children and she had friends who were doctors and a grandfather at home and she began to think about getting the flu vaccine to protect him.

She began to think: “I was young and rebellious but I can see that risks linked to vaccination are very rare.”

But then the vaccine became mandatory to get a health pass and she completely turned again.

She said: “I do not accept being told what to do.”

– Is the health pass counter-productive? –

In the short and middle term, the health pass [in France] helped force people who were hesitant to get vaccinated by restricting their day-to-day lives.

Of course it did: we were telling them they would no longer be able to travel or go to a restaurant.

But we replaced the health concerns with social concerns.

We took people out of a situation where they had to think in terms of pandemic risks — like whether someone close to them might be fragile, whether they could get sick or whether they might be at high risk.

Acting like these questions did not enter into it when they concern a huge part of the population does nothing to solve the problem of trust in vaccination.