Wednesday, February 11, 2026

A Postcard from Brighter Times


On February 11,1990, Nelson Mandela was released from Victor Verster prison in South Africa after having been incarcerated for twenty-seven years.

On that same day I was trying, not very successfully, to recover from a slew of personal hardships. My partner had died, too young, not long before. After nursing him over four painful years, I fell into incapacity myself, utterly drained and dispirited. My relatively privileged North American life had not well prepared me—by my mid-twenties– for oncology wards and hospice care. The aftermath of his illness left me seeing life through an achingly grey lens, and I had few hopes of any kind.

The news of Mandela’s release from prison was a welcome shaft of sunlight breaking through the grey gloom that encircled my life. I felt it–for a moment–the goodness and potential in a world that I was frankly near-ready to quit, my own tiny and self-imposed jail cell of despond pierced by the potential, by the inherent optimism that this unexpected and righteous turn of events augured.

So when I learned that Mandela and Winnie, the latter as yet untainted by the scandals that would eventually envelop her, were making Boston a stop on their tour of the US that June, I knew I had to be there.

The event was held on the Esplanade at the Hatch Shell amphitheater where Arthur Fiedler conducted the Boston Pops every Independence Day, fireworks over the Charles punctuating the 1812 Overture. On June 23,1990, the day of Mandela’s visit, the celebration was far more visceral and urgent than any Fourth of July concert. The oneness and solidarity which ran through the crowd was such that the signers of the Declaration of Independence would surely have been over the moon had their own work inspired it. This was an unfettered festival of love and joy and hope for a better world, and it went on for what seemed like forever.

There were upwards of a quarter of million people there, every imaginable sort, waving streamers of yellow, green and black beside the

On that same day I was trying, not very successfully, to recover from a slew of personal hardships. My partner had died, too young, not long before. After nursing him over four painful years, I fell into incapacity myself, utterly drained and dispirited. My relatively privileged North American life had not well prepared me—by my mid-twenties– for oncology wards and hospice care. The aftermath of his illness left me seeing life through an achingly grey lens, and I had few hopes of any kind.

The news of Mandela’s release from prison was a welcome shaft of sunlight breaking through the grey gloom that encircled my life. I felt it–for a moment–the goodness and potential in a world that I was frankly near-ready to quit, my own tiny and self-imposed jail cell river, dancing and embracing and cheering and believing together in a future built on love and a shared vision for freedom and justice and equality. It was as if we sensed that against the odds, we had triumphed over the darker side of human nature, that goodness and light were at last going to prevail.

There was music all afternoon. Ladysmith Black Mombazo, Johnny Cleg and Savuka, Paul Simon, Bobby McFerrin, Tracy Chapman, Livingston Taylor, David Bromberg and Michelle Shocked all took turns together and alone on the stage. Hugh Masekela showed up last, to perform his infectious Bring Him Back Home (Nelson Mandela) in an endless and ecstatic loop as the sun began to set.

Mainstream political luminaries–either genuinely eager to join in the celebration or there simply to pick up some star-dust on the soles of their shoes–began to gather on the stage. Jesse Jackson, Mike Dukakis, Ted Kennedy, Boston mayor Ray Flynn milled about, smiling irrepressibly. Masekela’s trumpet kept us all dancing, and at last Nelson and Winnie arrived.

The emotion when Mandela, grinning ebulliently, began to move to the music, his fist raised, shot across the Esplanade and beyond, as if all 250,000 of us were one. It felt like an orgasm of the heart. A spiritual epiphany. A communal peak experience. Like all truly inspirational leaders, he allowed us to project onto himself our own radiance, holding it and then returning it back to us, amplified and sacralized.

No one at the Hatch Shell that day was unaware of the twenty-seven years of suffering and injustice on Robben Island that had preceded, and in fact birthed, this moment. And few of us, I suspect, despite the shimmering diversity of the crowd, forgot that our own city was currently rife with inequality, that there were among us quite a few who were hungry and without shelter. My sorrows were still real and very much with me. Yet, for that one day, in that small spot on this often perplexing planet, things made sense. It surely seemed to me that we were united and joyful, our hearts transcendent with an innocent, unabashed belief in grace and pure goodness.

Mandela’s Boston Speech July 23,1990:

(go to 34:50: for the dancing!)

Elizabeth West has a lifelong interest in revolution, and in exploring the interstices where love, truth, imagination and courage meet, sometimes igniting wild transformation. Write her at: elizabethwest@sonic.netRead other articles by Elizabeth, or visit Elizabeth's website.

Revisiting India and Pakistan Perpetuated 

Animosities


Leaders to See the Mirror

History exists on facts of life and shallowness of a nation’s history are the inept and egoistic leaders. In wars, logic fails to define foes and friends. India and Pakistan have an enriched history to blame games for their failure to preserve freedom, security and the ideological foundation of their existence.

Insecurity and injustice stem from corruption and failed political leadership. India opted for institutional development to avoid military interventions, Pakistanis got derailed for change and national development by continuous military coups and foreign alliance to maintain its survival. British colonialism lasting a few centuries divided and ruled the subcontinent and history keeps on repeating itself for continued insecurity, internal political intrigues and foolish sectarian actions to discard reason for unreasoning. The British left the sub-continent in a hurry fearing Nazi Germany onslaught during the WW2 causing ethnic divides and killings in the name of freedom and social-political identities. While India claims secularism constitutional intent but flourishes a Hindu dominated democracy as its nationalistic basis, Pakistan lost its ideological point of reference having seven military coups and conspiratorial regime changes never ushering a fair system of political governance to ensure its integrity and survival. Some 15 years earlier when this author wrote “Pakistan at Crossroads”, it sounded alarmist to thinking people: how wrong people, with wrong thinking were doing the wrong things across Pakistan. Sadistic leaders are a problem. Perpetuated animosity serves domestic political agendas and ballot boxes.

To learn from history, newly independent Indian and Pakistani states and leaders needed objectively grounded reasons to reconstruct the societies for political change, freedom and friendship. Its dynamics should have envisaged proactive vision and creative leadership pursuing emancipation of peace and harmony over animosity. The State of Jammu and Kashmir is at the heart of all political and strategic problems which characterize the nature of relationships between the two nuclear rivals. Under PM Narendra Modi, India is tainted by Hindu nationalism and its ideological and normative connotations and supremacy of thoughts. But its unilateral claim on the people of Kashmir negates the British constitutional act of freedom for both states and does not have the characteristics of truth, wisdom and honesty to assert moral and intellectual justification. See “India and Pakistan: The Historic Divide Imposed by the British Empire. The Forbidden Truth of People and Cultures.”

Pakistan Needs Political Change and Institutionalized Political Governance

Ignorant, irresponsible and egoistic politicians blame others for their own fault lines and never dare to see the mirror. Societies and nations overtaken by greed and insane leaders would find excuses to claim fair is foul and foul is fair. Pakistan lost several decades of precious time and opportunities for nation-building, unity in soc-economic-political diversity and a peaceful system of transfer of power to elected people. Critical problems of national harmony, peace and unity surge in Baluchistan and Pakthoonwa Provinces. Bombing and killing of innocent people would not bring political change but intelligent leaders of vision and integrity could restore Islamic values of unity and societal harmonization.

The contemporary trajectory of politics spells out inherent mismanagement, abuse of power and amassed internal insecurity. The emerging trends of conflict with Afghanistan and attacks by ISIL and Pakistani Taliban in Baluchistan and Islamabad signal critical issues more than simple sectarian divides. Sharif brothers and a few Generals are part of the problem, not the solution. The prolonged problems deserve comprehensive thoughts of security apparatus and national unity. Truth telling is maligned and persecuted by the ruling elite. Sharifs, Bhuttos and Zaradari or few Generals do not represent the nation. It is an irresistible necessity of time and truth that those in power must be warned to listen to voices of reason and political necessity for change and truth for restraint and civilized behavior.

The February 2024 elections were rigged and demonstrated a fraudulent scheme of internal intrigues to stop peaceful change and transfer of power to Imran Khan, the leader of Teherk-e-Insaf Party. Generals do not build the nation but are a source of conflicts and sectarian divides. The Generals do not develop the economy or moral and intellectual fabrics of a nation but people of knowledge, intellectuals, visionary, thinkers or poets or philosophers do. Generals do not prepare present and future generations of educated people for national responsibility and share no sense of law and social justice to enhance nation-building.

Rationally looking, India and Pakistan failed miserably to understand the meaning and truth of national freedom from British colonialism. Please see: “British Colonialism and How India and Pakistan Lost National Freedom.”

Foes and Friends Co-exist in Global Politics

Nation-building for peace and good neighborly relationships is a critical issue for the present and future generations within the sub-continent. Strangely enough, new, educated and proactive generations are denied time and opportunities in Neo-colonial dominated cultures of political power and elite class domination. Post colonialism, India built some of its public institutions to enhance democracy, free elections and transfer of power but Pakistan fell victim to conspiracies, dismemberment and military coups and lost the strategic path of institutional development and nation-building. The current egoistic politicians who were not elected for the governance must face the mirror to immediately free Imran Khan (Pakistan Teherk-E-Insaf), leader from captivity and unfair treatment. Individualistically motivated animosities implied to charge Imran Khan with 150 or more bogus cases. Domestic harmony in Pakistan wants coherent rethinking to free Khan and his party members. 

Time and opportunities call for new ideas and new efforts on both sides to talk about peaceful means to settle the Kashmir dispute. Effective leaders are always people-oriented, open to listening and learning and know their strengths and weaknesses. The leaders of India and Pakistan must do soul searching and think critically – how to make a navigational change to ensure a sustainable political change in relationships, national freedom and a progressive future. Both nations have friendly ties with the USA, China, Russia and West European nations and leaders of these countries must take initiatives to make India and Pakistan understand the strategy of peace-making and good neighborly relationships as a preventive measure to stop a dreadful futuristic war. Any substantial rethinking for political change would require habitual practice of honesty, rational candor, frankness and sincerity of purpose to avoid dreadful tragedies. Recall that truth, glory and honor live in righteousness not in wickedness.

Mahboob A. Khawaja, PhD, specializes in international affairs-global security, peace and conflict resolution and has spent several academic years across the Russian-Ukrainian and Central Asian regions knowing the people, diverse cultures of thinking and political governance and a keen interest in Islamic-Western comparative cultures and civilizations, and author of several publications including: Global Humanity and Remaking of Peace, Security and Conflict Resolution for the 21st Century and Beyond, Barnes and Noble Press, USA, 2025  and We, The People in Search of Global Peace, Security and Conflict  Resolution. KDP-Amazon.com, 05/2025. Read other articles by Mahboob.

Suffocating an Island: What the U.S. Blockade Is Doing to Cuba

by Medea Benjamin / February 11th, 2026


Electric motorcycles are Cuba’s response to the fuel crisis.

Marta Jiménez, a hairdresser in Cuba’s eastern city of Holguín, covered her face with her hands and broke down crying when I asked her about Trump’s blockade of the island—especially now that the U.S. is choking off oil shipments.

“You can’t imagine how it touches every part of our lives,” she sobbed. “It’s a vicious, all-encompassing spiral downward. With no gasoline, buses don’t run, so we can’t get to work. We have electricity only three to six hours a day. There’s no gas for cooking, so we’re burning wood and charcoal in our apartments. It’s like going back 100 years. The blockade is suffocating us—especially single mothers,” she said crying into her hands “and no one is stopping these demons: Trump and Marco Rubio.”

We came to Holguín to deliver 2,500 pounds of lentils, thanks to fundraising by CODEPINK and the Cuban-American group Puentes de Amor. On our last trip, we brought 50-pound bags of powdered milk to the children’s hospital. With Trump now imposing a brutal, medieval siege on the island, this humanitarian aid is more critical than ever. But lentils and milk cannot power a country. What Cubans really need is oil.

There were no taxis at the airport. We hitchhiked into town on the truck that came to pick up the donations. The road was eerily empty. In the city, there were few gas-powered cars and no buses running, but the streets were full of bicycles, electric motorcycles, and three-wheeled electric vehicles used to transport people and goods. Most of the motorcycles—Chinese, Japanese, or Korean—are shipped in from Panama. With a price tag near $2,000, only those with family abroad sending remittances can afford them.

Thirty-five-year-old Javier Silva gazed longingly at a Yamaha parked on the street. “I could never buy one of those on my salary of 4,000 pesos a month,” he said. With inflation soaring, the dollar now fetches about 480 pesos, making his monthly income worth less than ten dollars.

Cubans don’t pay rent or have mortgages; they own their homes. And while healthcare has deteriorated badly in recent years because of shortages of medicines and equipment, it remains free–a system gasping but not abandoned.

The biggest expense is food. Markets are stocked, but prices are out of reach—especially for coveted items like pork, chicken, and milk. Even tomatoes are now unaffordable for many families.

Holguín was once known as the breadbasket of Cuba because of its rich agricultural land. That reputation took a severe hit this year when Hurricane Melissa tore through the province, destroying vast areas of crops. Replanting and repairing the damage without gasoline for tractors or electricity for irrigation is nearly impossible. Less food means higher prices.

Production across the economy is grinding to a halt. Factories can’t function without electricity, and many skilled workers have given up their state jobs because wages are so low. Jorge, whom I met selling bologna in the market, used to be an engineer at a state enterprise. Verónica, once a teacher, now sells sweets she bakes at home—when the power is on. Ironically, while Marco Rubio claims he wants to bring capitalism to Cuba, U.S. sanctions are crushing the very private sector that most Cubans now depend on to survive.

I talked to people on the street who blame the Cuban government for the crisis and openly say they can’t wait for the fall of communism. Young people told me that their goal is to leave the island and live somewhere they can make a decent living. But I didn’t meet a single person who supported the blockade or a U.S. invasion.

“This government is terrible,” said a thin man who changes money on the street—an illegal but tolerated activity. But when I showed him a photo of Marco Rubio, he didn’t hesitate. “That man is the devil. A self-serving, slimy politician who doesn’t give a damn about the Cuban people.”

Others put the blame squarely on the United States. They point to the dramatic improvement in their lives after Presidents Obama and Raúl Castro reached an agreement and Washington eased many sanctions in 2014–2016. “It was the same Cuban government we have now,” one man told me. “But when the U.S. loosened the rope around our necks, we could breathe. If they just left us alone, we could find our own solutions.”

The only way Cubans are surviving this siege is because they help one another. They trade rice for coffee with neighbors. They improvise—no hay, pero se resuelve (we don’t have much, but we make it work). The government provides daily meals for the most vulnerable—the elderly, the disabled, mothers with no income—but each day it becomes harder as the state has less food to distribute and less fuel to cook with.

At one feeding center, an elderly volunteer told us he spends hours every day scavenging for firewood. He proudly showed us a chunk of a wooden pallet, nails and all. “This guarantees tomorrow’s meal,” he said—his face caught between pride and sorrow.

So how long can Cubans hold on as conditions worsen? And what is the endgame?

When I asked people where this is leading, they had no idea. Rubio wants regime change, but no one can explain how that would happen or who would replace the current government. Some speculate a deal could be struck with Trump. “Make Trump the minister of tourism,” a hotel clerk joked, only half joking. “Give him a hotel and a golf course—a Mar-a-Lago in Varadero—and maybe he’d leave us alone.”

Who will win this demonic game Trump and Rubio are playing with the lives of eleven million Cubans?

Ernesto, who fixes refrigerators when the power is on, places his bet on the Cuban people. “We’re rebels,” he told me. “We defeated Batista in 1959. We survived the Bay of Pigs. We endured the Special Period when the Soviet Union collapsed and we were left with nothing. We’ll survive this too.”

He summed it up with a line Cubans know by heart, from the great songwriter Silvio Rodríguez: El tiempo está a favor de los pequenos, de los desnudos, de los olvidados—time belongs to the small, the exposed, the forgotten.

In the long sweep of time, endurance outlasts domination.

Medea Benjamin is the co-founder of the women-led peace group CODEPINK and co-founder of the human rights group Global Exchange. She is the author of 11 books, including War in Ukraine: Making Sense of a Senseless Conflict, coauthored with Nicolas J.S. Davies. Her most recent book, coauthored with David Swanson, is NATO: What You Need to KnowRead other articles by Medea.

Canadian Airlines start halting flights to Cuba amid US fuel blockade
DW with Reuters, AFP
FEB 11, 2026

Three Canadian airlines have suspended flights to Cuba due to a lack of guaranteed fuel supply. Germany also issued a travel warning.

What to know:Two more Canadian airlines join Air Canada in suspending services to Cuba

Germany issued an advisory against all non-essential travel to Cuba

Fuel stocks on the island are running out as US puts pressure on Cuba's oil suppliers

Which airlines have suspended services to Cuba?

Two more Canadian airlines, Air Transat and WestJet, announced a halt in flights to Cuba. The move comes after Air Canada said Monday it was stopping service to the island due to a lack of guaranteed fuel supply.

Air Transat said it was canceling all flights to Cuba until at least April 30. This follows "the rapid developments of the past few hours and the announcement by Cuban authorities of an anticipated aviation fuel shortage at destination airports," it said in a statement.

Cuba warned on Sunday that jet fuel will be unavailable at airports across the island beginning 10 February through 11 March.

WestJet announced an "orderly wind-down" of its services, adding it would begin sending empty planes to Cuba, stocked with extra fuel, to bring customers home.

Air Canada said it would also send empty flights to pick up and fly home about 3,000 customers in Cuba.

Similar crises have prompted carriers to refuel in nearby third countries, including Panama, the Bahamas, the Dominican Republic and the United States.

The fuel shortage is a further economic blow to the country that relies heavily on tourism.


Why doesn't Cuba have oil and jet fuel?

Historically, Venezuela was the biggest supplier of oil and jet fuel to Cuba followed by Mexico.

Venezuela provided about one-third of the island's daily needs in 2025.

But Cuba hasn't received any crude or refined products from the South American country since mid-December when the US started blocking Venezuelan oil exports to the communist-run island.

This was even before US troops kidnapped Venezuelan leader Nicolas Maduro in early January.

Mexico only ever shipped a fraction of the oil that came from Venezuela.



But Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum confirmed on Monday that oil shipments to Cuba are "on hold" following US President Donald Trump threats to impose tariffs on any country that provides oil to the Caribbean island.

Why has Germany issued a travel warning for Cuba?

Germany advised on Tuesday against all non-essential travel to Cuba

"Cuba is facing an acute energy crisis, which is also being compounded by widespread dilapidated energy infrastructure," the German foreign ministry said in the advisory.

The country is facing "significant shortages in energy and fuel supplies, which are affecting all areas of life" including medical care, it said.

"Public transport, street lighting, traffic lights, cash machines, communication and security systems are already severely restricted or may fail," it said.


How bad is Cuba's energy crisis?

The oil shortages have threatened to plunge Cuba into complete darkness, with power plants struggling to keep the lights on.

The Cuban government has announced emergency measures, including a four-day working week for state-owned companies and fuel sale restrictions.

Cuban officials also announced Monday that bank hours have been reduced and cultural events suspended.

In the capital Havana, the public bus system has effectively ground to a halt, leaving residents stranded as endemic power outages and grueling fuel lines reach a breaking point.

Edited by: Roshni Majumdar
Kate Hairsine Reporter and senior editor


'Trump wants to reverse history,' professor says as oil blockade pushes Cuba to the brink



Issued on: 10/02/2026 - FRANCE24

PLAYING TIME 11:24 min



The island economy was already struggling under the burden of decades of US sanctions, but the situation in Cuba has rapidly deteriorated since Donald Trump signed an executive order threatening to impose tariffs on countries that sell or provide oil to the Caribbean nation. As airlines suspend flights to the island, long queues are forming at gas stations, with fewer buses running and power cuts hitting homes, hospitals and other state institutions. FRANCE 24's Sharon Gaffney speaks with Lillian Guerra, Professor of Cuban and Caribbean History at the University of Florida.




US oil blockade: How long before Cuba collapses?

Andreas Knobloch0
DW
February 7, 2026

As the US oil embargo on Cuba takes hold, the country is rapidly running out of fuel. The effects on the country's economy and population could be devastating, a Latin America expert in Havana told DW.


For days, a cold weather front had brought polar air to Cuba, causing temperatures to drop below freezing on some parts of the island for the first time in recorded history.

But the frosty air hasn't been the only thing bearing down on Cuba from the north.


The United States, after attacking Venezuela — Cuba's closest ally — and abducting its leader Nicolas Maduro has effectively cut off Venezuelan oil supplies to Havana. And in late January, US President Donald Trump called Cuba "an unusual and extraordinary threat" to national security and threatened to impose tariffs on any state that supplied oil or oil products to the island nation.

Cuban President Migual Diaz-Canel initially slammed the move as "fascist, criminal and genocidal." He has since stated that his country was willing to talk with the US, but "without pressure or preconditions."

He has also warned that Cuba was "close to failing" and announced forthcoming rationing plans to address the energy crisis.


'Trump is harming us simple people'

"Trump is crazy, he wants to take away the very air that we breathe," says Aleida, who runs a homestay in Havana and did not want to share her last name, like all private citizens DW spoke with. "And the other one is even more of a fanatic when it comes to Cuba."

She's referring to Marco Rubio, the US secretary of state and son of Cuban migrants. He's long been seen as a leading voice of "maximum pressure" toward Venezuela and Cuba to force regime change.

"We can only wait and see what happens next," Aleida says, her face drawn with concern.

Rachel, a 21-year-old civil servant, feels a similar uncertainty: "Sometimes I think that [Trump] will attack us next, and sometimes I think he won't let us drown, so he can make himself look like the good guy."

She adds that she expects day-to-day life to get more difficult moving forward.

"Trump is harming us simple people, not the government," says Ramon, a taxi driver in his mid-sixties whose main income is from tourism, which declined sharply in the past year.

By now, gas can only be bought with foreign currency and after hours of waiting in line at dollar-only gas stations.

The country is only able to produce about 40% of the energy it requires. Blackouts have become commonplace — they can last 10 to 15 hours and have even reached the capital, Havana.

Bert Hoffmann, a leading researcher at Germany's GIGA Institute for Latin American Studies, says that apart from that, life in Havana is running its regular course.

"I've observed a widespread wait-and-see attitude. There's a great normalization of crisis, a sort of keep calm and carry on," he tells DW. "The blackouts have increased, fuel is in even shorter supply, but it's been fairly gradual. There are still cars on the road."

He adds, however, that this appearance of normalcy is deceptive: The country has "no prospects" of getting oil into the country in the near future, he believes.

A watershed moment in Caracas


Hoffmann says that things have been different since January 3, the day when Venezuela ceased being Cuba's main oil supplier. The island's second-largest supplier, Mexico, also halted its planned oil shipments to Cuba in January.

Hardly any oil shipments have reached the island since December. In January, Cuba appears to have purchased a one-off tanker shipment of oil, bought at spot prices. Departing from Lome, Togo, the shipment was supposed to arrive in early February, but changed its course along the way toward the Dominican Republic.

Hoffmann believes it's safe to assume that this happened due to pressure from the United States.

"That means that, even if Cuba is able to buy oil, it wouldn't arrive," he says, arguing that the same would apply to possible shipments from AlgeriaAngolaChina or Vietnam.

"For the time being, I'd assume that the US is investing a lot in preventing this," Hoffmann adds. "It's likely that Cuba won't be getting any oil into the country for the foreseeable future. And that's brutal."

Cuba's current demand for oil is an estimated 100,000 barrels of crude oil per day (bpd). Until now, between a third and a quarter of that was sourced from Venezuela. In 2025, Mexico supplied between 6,000 and 12,000 bpd, while Russia and Algeria delivered smaller amounts.

"There are rumors that the oil will run out in February," Rachel says. "It's February now."

She hopes the country will be able to reduce its consumption to be able to make the remaining oil last a little longer.
Cuba can't cover its needs with renewable energy or local oil

In the past years, with the support of China, Cuba invested massively in solar energy. But these parks are unable to cover the country's electricity needs. The island's power supply still relies mainly on accident-prone thermal plants of Soviet design, making Cuba heavily dependent on energy imports.

Cuba's own heavy oil can only cover about 40% of the country's overall energy consumption. But it's ill-suited for most fuels, so it's mainly used for power generation.

Hoffmann says nobody really knows how long the remaining oil will last. In late January, the British daily Financial Times predicted the resources could be stretched another 15 to 20 days.

Either way, the fallout will be fatal.

"Basically, it's a matter of [an unknown number of] weeks until the fuel runs out. Then, not only will tourists not be able to get from the beaches to the airports, but food won't make it from the farms to the cities," Hoffmann explains.

And without food the people will go hungry.

Speaking about a German company that produces medical oxygen for hospitals in Cuba, he continues: "If the trucks have no fuel, then the hospitals won't be able to get any oxygen, and the patients will die."

Mexico wants to mediate between Cuba and the US

Mexico recently announced it would be sending humanitarian aid, and was evaluating "diplomatic channels" to be able to send oil to Cuba. But the country's possibilities are limited, as Mexico's economy is very heavily tied to that of the United States. And with the US-Mexico-Canada (USMCA) trade accord set for formal review this summer, Trump has extra leverage.

Mexican President Claudia Sheinbaum has offered to mediate talks between Havana and Washington. But it's unclear what there is to talk about. US State Secretary Rubio has already stated at a recent Senate hearing that he "would love to see" regime change in Cuba.

Unlike Venezuela, Cuba has less economic value than it does symbolic importance. The Caribbean island in many ways represents states' resistance to the Monroe doctrine, which the United States often cites to claim a special sphere of influence in the western hemisphere — notably Latin America.

"They have a score to settle," Hoffmann says. "Washington believes they've got all their hands around [Cuba's] neck, and the time has come for Cuba to capitulate — whatever that might mean in specific terms."

Consequently, he says he has a hard time imagining "which points Cuban leaders might agree upon with Trump and Rubio."
Russia to continue supplying oil to Cuba

Over the past days, Trump has said that his administration was involved in talks with Cuba's leadership, who in turn has denied that ― while both sides had communicated, Cuba said, they had not progressed to formal negotiations.

On Tuesday, Cuba's deputy foreign minister Carlos Fernandez de Cossio told the Spanish news agency EFE that "we've exchanged messages," but it "would be a mistake to say that a bilateral negotiation is being designed."

Havana has, however, repeatedly expressed its willingness to engage in dialogue "that is serious, constructive, responsible and respectful of both states' sovereign equality," de Cossio said.

In light of the effective oil blockade, de Cossio added that his country had "limited options" to manage resources. His government has recently announced a contingency plan "that will require a lot of work, creativity and sacrifice," the minister said.

Meanwhile, Russia's ambassador to Havana, Viktor Koronelli, told Russian news agency RIA in an interview that Moscow would continue to supply oil to Cuba.

"Russian oil has been supplied to Cuba on numerous occasion in recent years," he said. "We expect this practice to continue."

This article was originally written in German and translated by Maren Sass.


AS IT HAPPENED



Why scientists warn of privately funded geoengineering


DW
February 8, 2026

As the climate crisis intensifies, interest in solar engineering is increasing, including among private companies and investors. But the technique is controversial and lacks regulation.


Startups are looking into releasing aerosols into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight and reduce global temperatures
Image: ingimage/IMAGO


As global heating worsens, interest in solar engineering is rising, including from private companies and investors. But the technique remains controversial and lacks regulation.

The planet is heating up faster than expected. Greenhouse gas concentrations continue to rise at record rates, leaving the world off track to limit warming below 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above pre-industrial levels. The latest data shows 2025 was the third hottest year on record.

That growing gap between climate targets and reality is fueling renewed interest in geoengineering — interventions that intentionally alter the Earth's climate system. Among them is solar geoengineering, which aims to cool the planet by reflecting sunlight back into space.

The technology remains largely experimental and could have far-reaching social, political, and environmental impacts if deployed at scale, according to scientists.

Until recently, most solar geoengineering research was carried out by nonprofits and public research institutions, funded by governments and philanthropies. But that landscape is shifting.

Over the past three years, two commercial startups — Israeli-US Stardust Solutions and California-based Make Sunsets — have emerged. As reported by media outlet Heatmap News, Stardust Solutions recently announced it had raised $60 million (around €52 million) in venture capital.

Can solar geoengineering cool the planet  09:27


Yet scientists and researchers, even those who support solar geoengineering, are concerned about for-profit companies entering a field that lacks proper regulation.

"What is worrying is private money coming in that's not accountable to anyone, in sums that potentially could far exceed what has been on the table thus far from governments," said Cynthia Scharf, a senior climate fellow at independent think tank, the Center for Future Generations.
What is stratospheric aerosol injection?

The most widely studied solar engineering technique is stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI).

It involves the injection of highly reflective particles into the stratosphere — the atmospheric layer between 4 to 30 miles (6 to 50 kilometers) above Earth's surface — to reflect a small amount of sunlight back into space.

This mimics the cooling effects of volcanic eruptions, which spew droplets of sulfur gases into the stratosphere. These gases mix with water vapor to form tiny reflective particles called aerosols. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines resulted in global cooling of 0.5 C for a few years.

So far, SAI has mostly been tested in labs and computer simulations. Since 2008, two outdoor experiments involving the release of small amounts of aerosols have been completed in Russia and the UK. Other planned university-led experiments in the UK and Sweden were canceled following opposition from civil society and community groups.

When Mount Pinatubo erupted it cooled the planet as it injected millions of tons of aerosols into the atmosphere
Image: BULLIT MARQUEZ/AP/picture alliance

Make Sunsets began launching balloons filled with sulfur dioxide over Mexico and the US in 2022. As a result, the Mexican government issued a ban on solar geoengineering deployments above its territory.

The company says on its website it has so far released 213 balloons, selling them to companies and individuals as "cooling credits." It remains unclear who is buying the credits, but the quantities are too small to have any measurable benefit to the climate, according to Silverlining, a nonprofit focused on near-term climate risks. DW reached out to Make Sunsets for comment, but the company hadn't responded by time of publication.

But a large-scale SAI deployment would entail sending high-altitude aircraft or balloons to release the particles continuously for decades, since aerosols typically remain in the stratosphere for only months to a few years. Once injected, they would be carried around the globe by the jet stream, dispersing widely but not evenly.

"There'll be a global decrease of maybe half a degree Celsius, but that decrease will be very patchy," said James Dyke, Associate Professor in Earth System Science at the University of Exeter. It could also cause unpredictable precipitation patterns and weather extremes in different parts of the world, he added.

The need for transparency in research

Much of the SAI research to date has focused on injection of sulfate particles — the same type emitted by volcanoes. However, there are side effects associated with sulfate aerosols, including possible damage to the ozone layer and increased air pollution. This could in turn lead to higher rates of respiratory illnesses.

"We don't believe this is a safe or responsible option for policymakers to consider," said Stardust Solutions CEO Yanai Yedvab in an emailed response.

Stardust Solutions claims it has developed a different kind of particle, made of components that are "abundant in nature, chemically inert in the stratosphere, and safe for humans and ecosystems."

The company has so far not released any information about the composition of the particle it is developing. Yedvab said they will begin publishing research this year. But some scientists are skeptical about the safety claims.

"Even if you put something into the atmosphere which is safe in the stratosphere, by the time it's processed and come down to the lower atmosphere, it may be an active particle that's dangerous," said David Keith, a professor of geophysical science at the University of Chicago.

Yedvab said no outdoor testing will take place for now.
Balancing private interests and global safety

Stardust Solutions sees its role as "technological enablers," providing governments and the international community with the tools and evidence needed to make informed decisions amid an escalating climate crisis.

"The last thing anyone who takes this crisis seriously should want is for governments to realize in a decade that they need to deploy SRT (sunlight reflection technology) and for the research, engineering, and de-risking not to be complete," said Yedvab.

But Keith says technology as complex and uncertain as SAI — and marked by significant "unknown unknowns" — requires public confidence above all else.

"I think free-market capital competition can be great when what you're producing is something that's easy to test," he said. "But for things where the whole issue is trust … I'm much more skeptical about the role of private money."

Stardust Solutions will be seeking a patent to claim intellectual property rights for its particle, and recent reporting by energy and environment-focused news outlet E&E News revealed the company has been working with a law firm to lobby the US government.

"We've been informing policymakers about our work and the need for appropriate and robust oversight of sunlight reflection research and development," said Yedvab.

While US President Donald Trump's anti-climate stance has been underscored by his decision to withdraw the US from dozens of major climate pacts, it is unclear what the administration's thoughts are on solar geoengineering.

Yedvab said Stardust Solutions would only work with governments that have "adequate regulatory frameworks, which meet high global standards," and that any discussion and decision on demonstrations and deployment would be conducted by governments and policymakers.

Currently, there is no specific international treaty to regulate SAI research or deployment, and most governments have no regulations either. Some experts have called for an international non-use agreement.

Ocean iron fertilization, another geoengineering method with potentially global effects, was regulated in 2013 following strong opposition from environmental groups and governments. By adding iron to the ocean, the technique aims to boost carbon-absorbing plankton, but risks disrupting delicate marine ecosystems. While research is still permitted, commercialization is not.

Before the ban, several US-based startups had announced their intentions to invest in the technology and start selling carbon credits.

Edited by: Tamsin Walker
Naomi Mihara Freelance multimedia journalist reporting on health, environment, science and global development.