Self-fulfilling prophecy: When physicians associate race and culture with poor health outcomes
Clinicians who attribute the prevalence of poor health outcomes among disadvantaged patients to race-based genetic and cultural differences are more likely to employ race-based care that reinforces disparities, investigators report in the American Journal
Peer-Reviewed PublicationAnn Arbor, February 9, 2023 – A novel study in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, published by Elsevier, is the first to show a direct relationship between belief in race as a cultural phenomenon driving health disparities and the use of race in care. It found that family physicians at academic medical organizations who believe genetics and cultural attitudes are at the root of poor health outcomes of ethnic minority patients are likely to consider race when providing care.
“Disadvantaged and marginalized peoples are at greater risk of poor health outcomes than their White American counterparts. This reality has been used to justify the inclusion of race and ethnicity in medical recommendations, guidelines, and algorithms driving treatment thresholds and interventions – often without mention of the mechanisms through which these identities result in poor health. Using race without recognizing the social, political, and economic factors that contribute to racial inequity can stigmatize racially minoritized people as biologically inferior and normalize their poor health, worsening health disparities by codifying them as inevitable,” explained lead investigator Ebiere Okah, MD, MS, Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
The study cites the example of how until 2021 the vaginal birth after Cesarean (VBAC) calculator, which estimates the probability of a successful vaginal delivery after a Cesarean, used Black race and Hispanic ethnicity to predict an increased risk of failure, reducing the likelihood of these patients being offered a vaginal birth, a preferable birthing option. That changed in 2021 after more and more major medical societies began disavowing policies and practices that use race to ascertain disease risk.
Dr. Okah noted that physicians who believed social factors were responsible for racial differences in health were not more (or less) likely to use race to guide care. This implies that the belief that social factors contribute to racial inequity are not related to race-based practice.
The study is based on a cross-sectional national survey of 689 US academic family physicians conducted in 2021. It is the first to show a direct relationship between the belief that racially linked genetic and cultural factors drive health disparities and the employment of race-based care. The Racial Attributes in Critical Evaluation (RACE) scale was used to evaluate the degree to which race is used in clinical practices. High RACE scores were associated with the belief in genetic and cultural – but not socioeconomic -- causality.
According to the investigators, the question that remains unanswered is which specific clinician behaviors are related to viewing race as cultural. More needs to be known as to how clinicians differentially treat and counsel their patients based on racialized assumptions about their patients’ cultural values.
“The next step in this work is determining how to challenge the belief that race is related to cultural values. Part of the solution lies in advancing cultural humility as an alternative to cultural competency, acknowledging the cultural diversity that exists within racial groups, and considering the ways in which structural factors create what we perceive to be culture,” added Dr. Okah.
JOURNAL
American Journal of Preventive Medicine
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Survey
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
People
ARTICLE TITLE
Race-Based Care and Beliefs Regarding the Etiology of Racial Differences in Health Outcomes
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
9-Feb-2023
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