Experts say Moscow is boosting relations with its longtime
African ally Sudan, eyeing its gold wealth and strategic location
(AFP/-) (-)
Abdelmoneim Abu Idris Ali
Thu, March 10, 2022,
As much of the West seeks to isolate Russia after it invaded Ukraine, experts say Moscow is boosting relations with its longtime African ally Sudan, eyeing its gold wealth and strategic location.
Khartoum has lost crucial Western support since army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan led a military coup last October, a move that triggered broad condemnation and punitive measures, including a suspension of $700 million in US aid.
On February 23, the day before Russia invaded its neighbour, a Sudanese delegation headed by powerful paramilitary commander Mohamed Hamdan Daglo arrived in Moscow for an eight-day visit.
The two sides discussed "diplomatic, political and economic topics", as well as "Russian-Sudanese national security... joint cooperation and counterterrorism", said Daglo, commonly known as Hemeti, at a news conference upon his return.
Sudan relied militarily on Russia under strongman Omar al-Bashir, who was ousted in 2019 following three decades in power marked by international isolation and crippling US sanctions.
Russian private companies have reportedly benefited from Sudan's gold mines by ramping up ties with the military and Daglo's powerful Rapid Support Forces, which emerged from the Janjaweed militias accused of atrocities during the Darfur conflict that erupted in 2003.
"Moscow has been following a clear and coherent policy... to serve its interests" in Sudan and in Africa more broadly, analyst Khaled al-Tijani said.
"Russian investments in Sudan, especially in gold, and ties with security forces have remained shrouded in ambiguity," he added.
- Wagner, RSF -
Researcher Ahmed Hussein said that Daglo likely discussed in Moscow arrangements between his forces and "Russian (security) apparatuses with links in Sudan and Africa, especially Wagner Group".
Wagner, a Russian private military contractor with links to the Kremlin, has faced accusations of involvement in turmoil in Sudan's neighbours the Central African Republic and Libya, while French President Emmanuel Macron last month warned of the shadowy group's "predatory intentions" in Mali.
The European Council on Foreign Relations has said Wagner personnel were deployed in Sudan "to mining exploration sites" following a 2017 meeting between Bashir and Russian President Vladimir Putin, who agreed gold mining deals and negotiated the construction of a Russian naval base on Sudan's Red Sea coast.
Wagner personnel subsequently provided "a range of political and military assistance" to Bashir's regime, according to the ECFR.
Also in 2017, Russian mining firm M Invest gained preferential access to Sudan's gold reserves, according to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Three years later, the US imposed sanctions on Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin, who has links to M Invest and is believed to own Wagner, for "exploiting Sudan's natural resources for personal gain and spreading malign influence around the globe".
The ECFR said Wagner had formed "a triangle of Russian influence linking Sudan, the Central African Republic and Libya", reflecting "Moscow's strategic interest in expanding its Africa footprint".
Daglo's RSF has itself been involved in the conflicts in Libya and Yemen.
- Threats 'matter little' -
As for the planned naval base in the strategic city of Port Sudan, "the Russians need to get to warm-water ports, and the Red Sea is an integral part of that ambition," Hussein said.
In December 2020, Russia announced a 25-year deal with Sudan to build and operate the base, which would host nuclear-powered vessels and up to 300 military and civilian personnel.
The same month, Washington removed Khartoum's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism, a listing that had long crippled its economy.
In 2021, Sudanese military officials said the naval base deal was under "review" after certain clauses were found to be "somewhat harmful".
Daglo said the base was not on the agenda in Moscow but that Sudan was ready to cooperate "with any country, provided it is in our interests and does not threaten our national security".
Following Sudan's October coup, Russia told a UN Security Council meeting that General Burhan was needed to maintain stability, one diplomat had said on condition of anonymity.
Last week, Sudan joined 35 countries in abstaining from a UN General Assembly vote condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
For researcher Hussein, Russia's growing interest in Africa "puts Khartoum in the eye of the storm -- turning it into a battlefield for an international conflict that goes far beyond its borders".
Many fear that Western opposition to the coup is pushing Khartoum further towards Moscow.
"We're basically offering Sudan to the Russians on a silver platter," one Western diplomat told AFP on condition of anonymity.
"The generals sustained themselves under the Bashir-era embargo, which is why threats of isolation matter little today."
ab/sbh/bha/mz/lg/dv/j
Abdelmoneim Abu Idris Ali
Thu, March 10, 2022,
As much of the West seeks to isolate Russia after it invaded Ukraine, experts say Moscow is boosting relations with its longtime African ally Sudan, eyeing its gold wealth and strategic location.
Khartoum has lost crucial Western support since army chief Abdel Fattah al-Burhan led a military coup last October, a move that triggered broad condemnation and punitive measures, including a suspension of $700 million in US aid.
On February 23, the day before Russia invaded its neighbour, a Sudanese delegation headed by powerful paramilitary commander Mohamed Hamdan Daglo arrived in Moscow for an eight-day visit.
The two sides discussed "diplomatic, political and economic topics", as well as "Russian-Sudanese national security... joint cooperation and counterterrorism", said Daglo, commonly known as Hemeti, at a news conference upon his return.
Sudan relied militarily on Russia under strongman Omar al-Bashir, who was ousted in 2019 following three decades in power marked by international isolation and crippling US sanctions.
Russian private companies have reportedly benefited from Sudan's gold mines by ramping up ties with the military and Daglo's powerful Rapid Support Forces, which emerged from the Janjaweed militias accused of atrocities during the Darfur conflict that erupted in 2003.
"Moscow has been following a clear and coherent policy... to serve its interests" in Sudan and in Africa more broadly, analyst Khaled al-Tijani said.
"Russian investments in Sudan, especially in gold, and ties with security forces have remained shrouded in ambiguity," he added.
- Wagner, RSF -
Researcher Ahmed Hussein said that Daglo likely discussed in Moscow arrangements between his forces and "Russian (security) apparatuses with links in Sudan and Africa, especially Wagner Group".
Wagner, a Russian private military contractor with links to the Kremlin, has faced accusations of involvement in turmoil in Sudan's neighbours the Central African Republic and Libya, while French President Emmanuel Macron last month warned of the shadowy group's "predatory intentions" in Mali.
The European Council on Foreign Relations has said Wagner personnel were deployed in Sudan "to mining exploration sites" following a 2017 meeting between Bashir and Russian President Vladimir Putin, who agreed gold mining deals and negotiated the construction of a Russian naval base on Sudan's Red Sea coast.
Wagner personnel subsequently provided "a range of political and military assistance" to Bashir's regime, according to the ECFR.
Also in 2017, Russian mining firm M Invest gained preferential access to Sudan's gold reserves, according to the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Three years later, the US imposed sanctions on Russian oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin, who has links to M Invest and is believed to own Wagner, for "exploiting Sudan's natural resources for personal gain and spreading malign influence around the globe".
The ECFR said Wagner had formed "a triangle of Russian influence linking Sudan, the Central African Republic and Libya", reflecting "Moscow's strategic interest in expanding its Africa footprint".
Daglo's RSF has itself been involved in the conflicts in Libya and Yemen.
- Threats 'matter little' -
As for the planned naval base in the strategic city of Port Sudan, "the Russians need to get to warm-water ports, and the Red Sea is an integral part of that ambition," Hussein said.
In December 2020, Russia announced a 25-year deal with Sudan to build and operate the base, which would host nuclear-powered vessels and up to 300 military and civilian personnel.
The same month, Washington removed Khartoum's designation as a state sponsor of terrorism, a listing that had long crippled its economy.
In 2021, Sudanese military officials said the naval base deal was under "review" after certain clauses were found to be "somewhat harmful".
Daglo said the base was not on the agenda in Moscow but that Sudan was ready to cooperate "with any country, provided it is in our interests and does not threaten our national security".
Following Sudan's October coup, Russia told a UN Security Council meeting that General Burhan was needed to maintain stability, one diplomat had said on condition of anonymity.
Last week, Sudan joined 35 countries in abstaining from a UN General Assembly vote condemning Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
For researcher Hussein, Russia's growing interest in Africa "puts Khartoum in the eye of the storm -- turning it into a battlefield for an international conflict that goes far beyond its borders".
Many fear that Western opposition to the coup is pushing Khartoum further towards Moscow.
"We're basically offering Sudan to the Russians on a silver platter," one Western diplomat told AFP on condition of anonymity.
"The generals sustained themselves under the Bashir-era embargo, which is why threats of isolation matter little today."
ab/sbh/bha/mz/lg/dv/j
Russia's reengagement with Africa pays off
Russia has been aggressively expanding its influence in Africa in recent years. As numerous African nations remain silent on Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the strategy seems to be a winning one.
Russian President Vladimir Putin shakes hands with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa at the 2019 Russia-Africa summit
On March 2, the UN General Assembly in New York was asked to vote on a resolution calling for Russian troops to withdraw from Ukraine "immediately, completely and unconditionally."
One hundred and forty-one of the UN's 193 members voted in favor of the resolution — a strong signal of the international community's condemnation of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
The vote, however, made clear Africa's division on the issue.
While 28 out of 54 African countries sided with Ukraine, the rest, bar Eritrea which voted against the resolution, either abstained or chose not to turn up to vote.
Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Togo, Eswatini and Morocco were absent.
Algeria, Uganda, Burundi, Central African Republic, Mali, Senegal, Equatorial Guinea, Congo Brazzaville, Sudan, South Sudan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa abstained.
South-Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa, seen here with Putin in 2019, says he is taking a neutral stance on Russia's war on Ukraine
Russia has been aggressively expanding its influence in Africa in recent years. As numerous African nations remain silent on Russia's invasion of Ukraine, the strategy seems to be a winning one.
Russian President Vladimir Putin shakes hands with South African President Cyril Ramaphosa at the 2019 Russia-Africa summit
On March 2, the UN General Assembly in New York was asked to vote on a resolution calling for Russian troops to withdraw from Ukraine "immediately, completely and unconditionally."
One hundred and forty-one of the UN's 193 members voted in favor of the resolution — a strong signal of the international community's condemnation of Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
The vote, however, made clear Africa's division on the issue.
While 28 out of 54 African countries sided with Ukraine, the rest, bar Eritrea which voted against the resolution, either abstained or chose not to turn up to vote.
Cameroon, Ethiopia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Burkina Faso, Togo, Eswatini and Morocco were absent.
Algeria, Uganda, Burundi, Central African Republic, Mali, Senegal, Equatorial Guinea, Congo Brazzaville, Sudan, South Sudan, Madagascar, Mozambique, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe and South Africa abstained.
South-Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa, seen here with Putin in 2019, says he is taking a neutral stance on Russia's war on Ukraine
On the wrong side of history?
This has generated fierce criticism, especially from intellectuals, diplomats and opposition politicians in South Africa.
"The refusal to condemn this war puts South Africa on the wrong side of history," said Herman Mashaba of the newly formed opposition party, ActionSA.
Mashaba says it is obvious that Russia's invasion of Ukraine is a "violation of international principles of law" and accuses South Africa's ruling African National Congress (ANC) of refusing to cut ties with Russia, a historical ally.
President Cyril Ramaphosa has since defended his government's decision to abstain from voting on the UN resolution.
In a statement released on Monday, Ramaphosa said that the resolution failed to emphasize the role of peaceful dialogue in stopping the war, which is why his country couldn't support it.
Angolan political scientist Olivio N'kilumbu says many in the ANC are still loyal to Russia.
"Some are of the opinion that the former liberation movement still owes the Russians a lot since the days of the Cold War, and now we Africans have to shut up about the Russian invasion," he told DW.
Russian propaganda aims to "revive the old connections between the Soviet Union and liberation movements" in many African countries, including South Africa, he said.
Battle of words on Twitter
One example of this is a tweet from Russia's Embassy in South Africa, which thanked South Africans who had expressed their solidarity with Russia's fight against what the tweet refered to as "Nazism in Ukraine".
Germany's embassy in South Africa quickly responded with a tweet of its own.
"Sorry, but we can't keep silent on this one, it's just far too cynical. What Russia is doing in Ukraine is slaughtering innocent children, women and men, for its own gain. It's definitely not 'fighting Nazism'. Shame on anyone who's falling for it," says the German reaction, which ends with a statement in brackets: "Sadly, we're kinda experts on Nazism."
But Germany's response provoked some heavy criticisms from South African Twitter users.
Some pointed to the Soviet Union's support for South Africa's apartheid liberation struggle while others sided with Russia's justification for the invasion of Ukraine or were critical of Germany's colonial history in southern Africa.
One user writes: "Russia is only opposing NATO's advance into Ukrainian territory. The consequences of this expansion were clear and NATO decided to ignore them. This war was foreseeable and avoidable."
Another user asks: "What did Germany do in Namibia?"
Africa's historic connection to the Soviet Union
Political scientist N'Kilumbu says that Russia's propaganda is also directed at other African countries, especially in the south of the continent, whose liberation movements had political and military support from the former Soviet Union.
By abstaining from voting on the UN's Ukraine resolution, countries like Angola, Mozambique, Zimbabwe and Namibia had this "historic friendship in mind," N'Kilumbu said.
"Especially in Angola and Mozambique, there has been virtually no political change since the Cold War era. And that's why the umbilical cord that connects these countries to Moscow has never been severed," said N'Kilumbu.
The People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA), for example, continues to maintain close ties with Russia's military, business and political elites, N'Kilumbu points out.
"At the military level, we still have Russian instructors. Our military academy is Russian-influenced," he said.
Russian resources and weapons
In recent years, Russia has increasingly used this historic Soviet connections to expand its political, economic and, above all, military relations with African nations.
In 2019, Vladimir Putin hosted a Russia-Africa Summit attended by 43 African leaders.
Just one year later, Russia became Africa's biggest arms supplier.
According to a 2020 analysis by the peace research institute SIPRI, between 2016 and 2020 around 30% of all arms exported to sub-Saharan Africa countries came from Russia. This vastly overshadows weapon supplies from other nations such as China (20%), France (9.5%) and the USA (5.4%).
This increased the volume of Russian arms shipments by 23% over the previous five-year period.
Russia's Tu-160-Bomber in Pretoria (2019): South Africa is Africa's most important weapons buyer
Arming the Central African Republic
Nowhere on the continent has Russian influence grown as rapidly as in the Central African Republic (CAR).
The intensified cooperation between the two nations began in 2017, when Russia delivered weapons, including Kalashnikovs and surface-to-air missiles, to the war-torn country for the first time.
Since then, Russia has gradually increased its presence in CAR.
In 2018, Russian military advisers were dispatched to CAR with the official aim of training local armed forces.
Meanwhile, numerous Russian companies have received licenses to mine gold and diamonds in the country while its President, Faustin-Archange Touadera, is now guarded by Russians.
His main security adviser is Valery Sakharov, a former employee of Russia's domestic intelligence service, the FSB.
Given Moscow's ties to the nation, it is unsurprising that a pro-Russia rally took place in the capital Bangui on Saturday, says political scientist Olivio N'Kilumbu.
Demonstrators held up placards with slogans such as "Russia, CAR is with you" and "Russia save Donbas", a reference to a region in eastern Ukraine where Russian-backed separatists have been fighting Ukrainian forces since 2014.
'Wagner is in Mali'
Russia has also expanded its presence in crisis-ridden Mali.
Rumors have been flying for months that Mali's military leaders are relying on the support of Russian mercenaries, allegations the junta has denied.
But the United States has repeatedly called out the Malian government for working with Moscow.
Africom, the US military's Africa command, said that "several hundred" Russian mercenaries were in the country.
"Wagner is in Mali," Africom announced in a Voice of America interview in January, referring to the shadowy Russian private military firm linked to a close ally of Vladmir Putin.
Wagner mercenaries are also said to have fought in Mozambique, Sudan and CAR.
A pro-Russia demo in Bangui on Sunday: "Russia CAR is with you" reads one placard
Political, historical and military dependencies
Guinean writer and intellectual Tierno Monenembo believes that many African states will never free themselves from Russia's grip, especially given their increasing reliance on Moscow's military prowess.
Against this backdrop, he said, the decision by 25 African states not to condemn Russia's invasion of Ukraine is understandable.
"In such a situation, it is difficult for African nations to take a stand," he said. "When you are small, when you are weak, if you're poorly armed and underdeveloped, you don't just get involved in a conflict between military superpowers. That's the business of the big players."
He added: "There is a Fulani proverb that says: 'The chicken doesn't need to discuss the price of the knife. Whoever is in possession of the knife — that is who will cut the chicken's throat.
This article was originally written in German.
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