At-risk children gained more than an hour of sleep per night after participating in a mindfulness curriculum at their elementary schools, a study from the Stanford University School of Medicine found.
The research will be published online July 6 in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. The study is the first to use polysomnography techniques, which measure brain activity, to assess how school-based mindfulness training changes children's sleep. The curriculum taught children how to relax and manage stress by focusing their attention on the present, but it did not instruct them on how to get more sleep.
"The children who received the curriculum slept, on average, 74 minutes more per night than they had before the intervention," said the study's senior author, Ruth O'Hara, PhD, a sleep expert and professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at Stanford. "That's a huge change."
Rapid eye movement sleep, which includes dreaming and helps consolidate memories, also lengthened in children who learned the techniques.
"They gained almost a half an hour of REM sleep," said O'Hara, the Lowell W. and Josephine Q. Berry Professor. "That's really quite striking. There is theoretical, animal and human evidence to suggest it's a very important phase of sleep for neuronal development and for the development of cognitive and emotional function."
Helping at-risk kids sleep better
Children in the study lived in two low-income, primarily Hispanic communities in the San Francisco Bay Area. One community received the intervention; the other served as the control. Both had high rates of crime and violence, and families faced such stressors as food insecurity and crowded, unstable housing. These conditions are a recipe for poor sleep, said the study's principal investigator, Victor Carrion, MD, the John A. Turner, MD, Endowed Professor for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Carrion, who directs the Stanford Early Life Stress and Resilience Program, launched the study to help youngsters manage the effects of living in a stressful environment.
Enabling at-risk kids to sleep better isn't just a matter of telling them to sleep more or keep regular bedtimes, however.
"To fall asleep you have to relax, but they have a hard time letting their experiences go," Carrion said. "They don't feel safe and may have nightmares and fears at night."
The study curriculum consisted of training in bringing one's attention to the present; exercises featuring slow, deep breathing; and yoga-based movement. Yoga instructors and the children's classroom teachers taught the curriculum twice a week, for two years, in all elementary and middle schools in the community that received the intervention. Instructors taught children what stress was and encouraged them to use the techniques to help them rest and relax, but they did not give any instruction on sleep-improvement techniques such as maintaining consistent bedtimes.
The instructors used the Pure Power Curriculum, developed by a nonprofit called PureEdge; it is available to schools for free in both Spanish and English.
From the more than 1,000 third- and fifth-graders taking part in the study, the researchers recruited 58 children who received the curriculum and 57 children from the control group for three in-home sleep assessments, conducted before the curriculum began, after one year and after two years. These assessments measured brain activity during sleep, via a cap of electrodes placed on the child's head, as well as breathing and heart rates and blood oxygen levels.
More sleep instead of less
At the start of the study, researchers found that children in the control group slept 54 minutes more, on average, and had 15 minutes more REM sleep per night than children in the group that later received the training: Children in the control group were sleeping about 7.5 hours per night, and those in the curriculum group about 6.6 hours per night. The researchers don't know why children in the two communities, despite similarities in income level and other demographics, had different average sleep times.
But the two group's sleep patterns evolved differently. Over the two-year study period, among the children in the control group, total sleep declined by 63 minutes per night while the minutes of REM sleep remained steady, in line with sleep reductions typically seen in later childhood and early adolescence. In contrast, the children who participated in the curriculum gained 74 minutes of total sleep and 24 minutes of REM sleep.
"It makes intuitive sense that children who didn't participate in the curriculum decreased their sleep, based on what we know about what it's like to be a kid this age," said the study's lead author, Christina Chick, PhD, postdoctoral scholar in psychiatry and behavioral sciences. "Older children are possibly staying up to do homework or talk or text with friends. I interpret our findings to mean that the curriculum was protective, in that it taught skills that helped protect against those sleep losses." Hormonal changes and brain development also contribute to changes in sleep at this age, Chick noted.
Still, the average amount of sleep that study participants in both groups received was low, Chick said, noting that at least nine hours of sleep per night is recommended for healthy children.
The researchers hypothesized that children might experience improvements in sleep via reductions in stress. However, the children who gained the most sleep during the study also reported increases in stress, perhaps because the curriculum helped them understand what stress was. Nevertheless, they slept better.
The researchers plan to disseminate the findings more broadly, such as by helping schoolteachers deliver a similar curriculum. They also plan further studies to understand how various elements of the curriculum, such as exercises that promote deep, slow breathing, may change body functioning to enable better sleep.
"We think the breath work changes the physiological environment, perhaps increasing parasympathetic nervous system activity, and that actually results in improved sleep," Chick said.
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The study's other Stanford authors were Lauren Anker, PhD, postdoctoral scholar in psychiatry and behavioral sciences; Makoto Kawai, MD, clinical associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences; Christine Gould, PhD, clinical associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences; Isabelle Cotto, clinical research coordinator; Logan Schneider, MD, clinical assistant professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences; Omer Linkovski, former postdoctoral scholar in psychiatry and behavioral sciences; current and former clinical research coordinators Anisha Singh, Casey Buck, Rosy Karna, Sophia Pirog, Kai Parker-Fong, Christian Nolan, Deanna Shinsky, Priyanka Hiteshi, Oscar Leyva and Brenda Flores; Ryan Matlow, PhD, clinical associate professor of psychiatry and behavioral sciences; Travis Bradley, EdD, director of Bridge to Learning; and Josh Jordan, PhD, a former research analyst. Carrion is a member of Stanford Bio-X, O'Hara is a member of the Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, and both are members of the Stanford Maternal and Child Health Research Institute and the Stanford Wu Tsai Neurosciences Institute.
The research was supported by the National Institutes of Health (grant UL1 TR001085) and by the Lucile Packard Foundation for Children's Health.
The Stanford University School of Medicine consistently ranks among the nation's top medical schools, integrating research, medical education, patient care and community service. For more news about the school, please visit http://med.stanford.edu/school.html. The medical school is part of Stanford Medicine, which includes Stanford Health Care and Stanford Children's Health. For information about all three, please visit http://med.stanford.edu.
