Saturday, September 26, 2026

Nuclear Weapons Elimination Day

Eliminating Nuclear Weapons: an Urgent Existential Threat

At this time of great peril, it is also a time of great opportunity if only we will act. We know how to build these weapons, and we know how to take them apart.



An inflatable representing a bomb is symbolically dismantled by Alexandra Muñoz, team leader of the Pax No Nukes project, during the protest against nuclear bombs  in Volkel, Netherlands.
(Photo by Sanne Derks/Getty Images)

Robert Dodge
Sep 26, 2026

It was first observed on September 26, 2014 subsequent to the UN Declaration in December 2013 following high-level United Nations meetings on nuclear disarmament. The day provides an opportunity to educate the public and elected officials about the benefits of eliminating nuclear weapons, as well as the humanitarian, social, and economic costs of their continued existence.

Today, our world faces the greatest threat of nuclear war with the devastating possibility of the extinction of humanity. Current nuclear arsenals have roughly 12,187 nuclear weapons, hundreds of which are on hair-trigger alert with the potential to cause the deaths of billions from the use of only this small percentage of the world’s arsenals.

We have seen a breakdown in relationships between the largest nuclear armed states. The expiration of the New START Treaty occurred on February 5 this year. This has left the world for the first time since 1970 with no agreed-upon nuclear limitation treaty. We have witnessed reckless and immoral threats against adversaries and ultimately to all of humanity by the nuclear “superpowers,” including US President Donald Trump’s not-so-veiled nuclear threat to annihilate Iran and its people before the world community at the UN’s 81st General Assembly on Tuesday of this week. Such vitriol and illegal statements regarding the threatened use of nuclear weapons cannot be tolerated. Imagine our reaction if we heard any other nation espousing similar comments before the international community.

An informed and active citizenry must step forward and lead the way.

We have also recently acknowledged the illegal placement of weapons in space by the United States. In our technologically reliant world, the existence and potential use of such weapons threatens much of our day to day lives with the possibility of rendering technology impotent.

Each of these facts when combined with the potential for disruptive technologies, including discussions and testing of artificial intelligence in nuclear war scenarios, led the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists to reset their famous Doomsday Clock to 85 seconds to midnight earlier this year, the closest it has been since the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 81 years ago.

The challenge to rein in these weapons seems daunting and impossible.

Yet, at this time of great peril, it is also a time of great opportunity if only we will act. We know how to build these weapons, and we know how to take them apart. We have made tremendous progress through the decades reducing global arsenals from roughly 64,000 in 1985 to the current totals. What is needed is the political will and courage.

Internationally, nuclear weapons are illegal to possess, develop, test, acquire, transfer, use, or threaten to use, by virtue of the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW), which was adopted on July 7, 2017 and entered into force on January 22, 2021. This treaty evolved from the inertia of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT) with the understanding of the humanitarian consequences of even a limited war, and the refusal of the non-nuclear nations to be held hostage any longer by their nuclear counterparts. Initially adopted by 122 nations, the treaty currently has 101 nations that have signed it and 75 that have ratified it through their legislative bodies representing a majority of the world’s population. The lion’s share of effort on this treaty has been by the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), recipient of the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize. ICAN is a coalition of 733 international partner organizations.

Here in the United States, a similar grassroots coalition exists called “Back From the Brink.” This coalition includes 505 organizations encompassing every sector of society, 78 municipalities and counties, eight state legislative bodies, 594 local and state officials, 70 members of Congress through Congressional Resolutions H.Res 317 and S.Res 323, and 28 community hubs across the nation. Addressing the urgent danger of nuclear weapons, the campaign works to build awareness and support for the need to abolish these weapons coupled with the immediate actionable precautionary measures necessary to prevent nuclear war until their elimination is achieved.

As such, Back From the Brink calls on the United States to lead a global effort to prevent nuclear war. It urges the US to enact these five policy solutions:Pursue global elimination of nuclear weapons through a verifiable agreement among nuclear-armed states to eliminate their nuclear arsenals;
Renounce the option of using nuclear weapons first;
End the sole, unchecked authority of any president to launch a nuclear attack;
Take US nuclear weapons off hair-trigger alert; and
Cancel the plan to replace the entire US arsenal with enhanced weapons.

Working with Back From the Brink is Students for Nuclear Disarmament (SND). As a national, nonpartisan, organization dedicated to raising awareness among Gen Z about the threat that nuclear weapons pose to humanity, its growing presence in high schools, colleges, and universities across the nation educates and empowers young people to take action against the growing threat of nuclear war.

To succeed in this critical effort to save humanity, we must remain informed and work to inform others. Our movement, while still barely noted by corporate media, is unstoppable and must continue to move quickly and strategically. An informed and active citizenry must step forward and lead the way. We must demand wise public officials to act immediately and move away from the brink of nuclear war.



Our work is licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). Feel free to republish and share widely.


Robert Dodge
Robert Dodge, MD, is a family physician practicing in Ventura, California. He serves on the board of Physicians for Social Responsibility Los Angeles (www.psr-la.org), and serves as the cochair of the Committee to Abolish Nuclear Weapons of National Physicians for Social Responsibility (www.psr.org). Physicians for Social Responsibility is the US Affiliate of the International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War who received the 1985 Nobel Peace Prize and is a partner organization of ICAN, recipient of the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize. He also serves on the Back from the Brink (www.preventnuclearwar.org) steering committee.
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Israel’s US-Backed Assault on Gaza Has Created the ‘World’s Most Severe Economic Crisis on Record’: UN

“We have moved from development blocked to development reversed,” said the UN official behind a new report.



Palestinian mother Ismet Subh cooks food on a makeshift stove as her family struggles to survive in difficult conditions, living in a makeshift tent in Gaza City, Gaza, Palestine, on September 22, 2026.
(Photo by Hamza Z. H. Qraiqea/Anadolu via Getty Images)




Stephen Prager
Sep 25, 2026
COMMON DREAMS


Israel’s US-backed military assault on Gaza has not only caused mass death and destruction; it has also created “the world’s most severe economic crisis on record,” according to Pedro Manuel Moreno, the acting secretary-general of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.

Moreno presented a recent report at a press conference on Thursday showing that 92% of economic establishments in Gaza—including shops, factories, restaurants, and farms—have been damaged or destroyed since Israel launched its assault on the territory in October 2023 and reduced most of its infrastructure to rubble.

Less than 1.5% of cropland across the strip remained accessible and undamaged, while more than half of its hospitals and primary health clinics have been rendered nonfunctional.

Compared with 2022, Gaza’s main productive sectors have been almost entirely wiped out: Agricultural and industrial output were each down 94%, while construction was down 99% in 2025. With most of its economic capacity destroyed, unemployment in the exclave skyrocketed to 78% in 2025, while tremendous scarcity led prices to soar to 274% above 2022 levels.


Dropping to just 17% of its 2022 level, Gaza’s gross domestic product (GDP) per capita cratered to $212 in 2025, equivalent to about 58 cents per person per day.

“Productive capacity is wiped out while the entire population is displaced and condemned to multidimensional poverty,” said UNCTAD’s coordinator for assistance to the Palestinians, Mutasim Elagraa, who led work on the report. “By multidimensional poverty I mean not just income poverty; it’s also a lack of proper shelter, a lack of access to basic services like health and education and sanitation.”

“Before the onset of this crisis in October 2023, two out of three residents were poor,” Elagraa continued. “Today, everyone in Gaza is multidimensionally poor.”

These conditions have increased the territory’s reliance on outside aid, which Israel has often blocked, leading UN experts and human rights organizations to accuse its leaders of using starvation and deprivation as “weapons of war.”

The International Criminal Court has found reasonable grounds to believe that Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu—who gave a defiant speech denying Israel’s responsibility for genocide at the UN General Assembly Thursday—bears criminal responsibility for the war crime of starvation as a method of warfare.

The report estimates that $71.5 billion will be needed for recovery and reconstruction, as well as $35.2 billion in physical infrastructure damage and $22.7 billion in economic and social losses.

“Restoring the collapsed health system, rebuilding destroyed education infrastructure and other public infrastructure will need to go together while restoring productive capacity, employment, functioning markets and the ability for businesses to operate,” Moreno said. “Peace cannot be built on a collapsed economy.”



Though the report emphasizes how Israel’s bombardment has brought near-apocalyptic conditions upon the strip, it notes that Gaza’s economic deprivation dates back decades before the Hamas-led attack in October 2023, which was the catalyst for the unprecedented assault.

It noted that 59 years of Israeli occupation of Palestine had severely stunted its economic growth, particularly as it tightened its blockade of Gaza in the last two decades.

Previous UNCTAD analyses have shown that between 2006, a year before Israel began its land, air, and sea blockade of Gaza, and 2022, Gaza’s real GDP per capita fell by 37% while its productive economy, including agriculture and manufacturing, was hollowed out by Israel’s restrictions on movement and imports. Even before 2023, nearly half of Gaza’s workforce was unemployed, roughly two-thirds lived in poverty, and 80% depended on international aid.

“The central message of this report we are talking about today is that about six decades of occupation have hollowed out the Palestinian economy and de-developed it,” Elagraa said. “We have moved from development blocked to development reversed, and now decades of human development that has been achieved in Gaza has been wiped out.”

“Although the intensity of destruction is far more in Gaza” than in the West Bank, he said, the report showed the “destruction” to be “a dramatic escalation of a pattern that dates back to 1967 with the onset of occupation.”

“The report,” he said, “maintains that history did not start in October 2023.”

The Senate Can and Should Take an Important Step Toward Ending Israeli Impunity

A vote is expected early next week on Senate Resolution 852 to hold Israel accountable for its horrific actions against US citizens killed or detained by Israel.


Palestinians and international activists lift portraits of slain Turkish-American activist Aysenur Ezgi Eygi as they arrive for her final farewell at the Rafidia hospital morgue in Nablus in the occupied West Bank on September 8, 2024.
(Photo by Jaafar Ashtieh / AFP via Getty Images)

Kevin Martin
Sep 26, 2026
Common Dreams

Last week, I was pleased to once again participate in a meeting with one of my US Senators, Democrat Chris Van Hollen of Maryland, a consistent leader for peace, justice, and human rights in Congress, and especially for ending US support for Israel’s genocide, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing against the people of Palestine.

The subject of the meeting was his bill, with a vote expected early next week, Senate Resolution 852, to hold Israel accountable for its horrific actions against US citizens killed or detained by Israel. The goal of the resolution is very simple: within 30 days of passage, to require a State Department report on Israel’s alleged killings of nine US citizens, and more broadly, on the commission of “gross violations of internationally recognized human rights by Israel.” The resolution cites US law, section 502(B)(c) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961.

The resolution reads, in part “...since January 2022, at least nine United States citizens have been killed by violent Israeli settlers or Israeli security forces in the West Bank, including Omar Assad, Shireen Abu Akleh, Tawfic Abdel Jabbar, Mohammad Khdour, Ayşenur Ezgi Eygi, Amer Rabee, Sayfollah Kamel Musallet, Khamis Ayyad, and Nasrallah Abu Siyam” and “...the killings of these Americans in the West Bank have been met by a lack of accountability from the Netanyahu government and an inability to secure justice by the United States Government.”

This resolution can help bring an end to US support for Israel’s atrocities, something most people in this country, especially nearly three-quarters of Democrats, support.

Asking the Department of State to produce such a report sounds like the absolute minimum we, as taxpayers, deserve from our government, and certainly the families of those killed by Israel, likely with US-provided weapons, deserve that and much more. The resolution is supported by 84% of voters, on a bipartisan basis, in a just-released poll, and has 24 Senate co-sponsors. And as the resolution states, and many supporters note, protecting US citizens abroad is constantly touted as the top priority for US foreign policy, even by the current rogue Trump regime that regularly flouts domestic and international law, with the most egregious example being the illegal US-Israeli war of aggression against Iran.

Peace advocates regularly support much stronger legislation, and will do so repeatedly, until peace, justice, and human rights are the real foundations of US foreign policy, and not just paid cynical lip service. Soon there will likely be a Joint Resolution of Disapproval (JRD) in Congress to stop the proposed shipment of 40,000 one-ton bombs to Israel. The Biden administration, as bad as it was in its support for Israel during the razing of Gaza, had put this sale on hold, but President Donald Trump is now moving it forward. But the relatively modest Van Hollen resolution would be an important step toward ending Israel’s impunity, and if we can’t get justice for American citizens killed by Israel, then Congress is completely derelict in doing its job.

Peace Action and our colleagues have already generated over 57,000 letters to the Senate in favor of Sen. Van Hollen’s resolution, and many groups are pushing to get that figure close to 100,000, if not more.

With the mess in Congress (not to mention the administration and Supreme Court), there is no guarantee this resolution will pass, or even get a vote, though it is considered privileged, so it can’t be bottled up indefinitely under Senate rules. It could get punted to the lame-duck congressional session after the midterm elections. Regardless, along with other proposed legislation such as the JRD in the pipeline, this resolution can help bring an end to US support for Israel’s atrocities, something most people in this country, especially nearly three-quarters of Democrats, support.

While I doubt hardcore supporters of Israel in this country will be swayed by much of anything, there is a growing political inevitability at play here. Regardless of what one thinks of the state of Israel, its actions, or its “right” to certain territory, US taxpayers are not going to continue to put up with endless amounts of US weaponry and military going to support genocide, apartheid, and gross human rights violations. And it’s easy to connect to the “affordability crisis” in the US and elsewhere. Young Americans who can’t afford to buy a car, let alone a house, and lack the free universal healthcare Israelis enjoy, have especially turned against Israel. The pipeline of US military support is going to be shut off eventually, and perhaps sooner than expected. Politicians of any party ignore this reality at their own peril.


Our work is licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). Feel free to republish and share widely.


Kevin Martin
Kevin Martin is the president of Peace Action and Peace Action Education Fund, with over 40 years experience as a peace and justice organizer. He is helping coordinate the Cease-Fire Now Grassroots Advocacy Network.
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‘Working People Won’: Unions Score Deal to Shield Federal Workers From Trump Government Shutdown Firings

“We’re glad this settlement places limits on their ability to use federal workers as bargaining chips to push their extreme agenda during the next government shutdown, but the fight is far from over,” said one union leader.


Members of the American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) union protest the Trump administration’s mass firings during a February 11, 2025 rally in Washington, DC.
(Photo by Nathan Posner/Anadolu via Getty Images)

Brett Wilkins
Sep 25, 2026
COMMON DREAMS

A coalition of federal employee unions won a settlement Friday requiring the Trump administration to abandon its policy authorizing mass layoffs during government shutdowns, after unions sued to block the firings of thousands of public servants.

“Today, working people won,” American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) president Everett Kelley said in a statement. “The administration tried to turn a shutdown into an excuse to fire the public servants who kept this country running without a paycheck on payday, and we refused to let it stand. We fought back, we held the line, and they backed down.”

“The people they tried to fire are hardworking Americans who care for our veterans, keep our airports safe, and make sure Social Security checks go out on time,” Kelley added. “They deserve to be treated with dignity and respect for their service, not used as pawns in a political fight they had no part in creating.”

The settlement announced Friday settles litigation stemming from the Trump administration’s actions during the 43-day government shutdown in 2025, which was the longest in US history. The administration had directed agencies to implement reductions in force (RIFs) targeting workers whose programs it deemed inconsistent with President Donald Trump’s agenda.

Roughly 4,200 employees at seven federal agencies—including the Environmental Protection Agency and departments of Commerce, Education, Health and Human Services, Homeland Security, Housing and Urban Development, and Treasury—received RIF notices.

A federal judge in California subsequently blocked the administration from carrying out the layoffs, and workers separated through the shutdown-related RIFs were reinstated.

Under Friday’s settlement, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and Office of Personnel Management must notify agencies within 30 days that previous guidance authorizing shutdown-related RIFs has been rescinded. Agencies must remove blanket authorization for such layoffs from their shutdown contingency plans. If an agency later seeks to modify its plan to permit RIFs during a shutdown, it must provide the unions with 30 days’ notice and publicly post the revised plan.

The settlement represents a significant setback for the Trump administration’s broader effort to remake the federal workforce largely spearheaded by Russell Vought, director of Trump’s OMB. Vought co-authored the policy portion of Project 2025, the Heritage Foundation-led blueprint for a right-wing overhaul of the federal government that includes dramatic cuts to critical public programs and abolishing or gutting essential agencies.

The case was initially brought by AFGE and the American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees (AFSCME) and later expanded to include several other unions, including the National Treasury Employees Union, Service Employees International Union, American Federation of Teachers (AFT), and National Federation of Federal Employees.

“Only an administration that wanted to hurt workers and help billionaires would use a government shutdown as a cynical pretext to fire tens of thousands of federal employees,” AFT president Randi Weingarten said Friday.

“Today’s victory is yet another rebuke to this administration’s illegal attacks on the people who keep this country running,” she added. “And if they try it again, we will be waiting in the courts and on the streets to send a message that the American people won’t stand for these bully-boy tactics that hold workers’ careers to ransom to pursue a craven political agenda.”

While welcoming the win, AFSCME president Patrick Moran warned that “this billionaire-run administration continues to put politics between these essential workers and their public service, at great expense to our communities.”

“We’re glad this settlement places limits on their ability to use federal workers as bargaining chips to push their extreme agenda during the next government shutdown,” he added, “but the fight is far from over.”
New York Times Affirms Haaretz Report: Netanyahu Was Warned About Oct. 7

“Netanyahu not only has unleashed vicious crimes onto Palestinians, but he failed his own people.”


A large group of Jewish and Muslim demonstrators carrying banners and Palestinian flags from New York City’s Bryant Park toward the United Nations headquarters to protest the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and US President Donald Trump on September 24, 2026.
(Photo by Waleed Zein/Anadolu via Getty Images)



Jessica Corbett
Sep 25, 2026
COMMON DREAMS

As Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu returned to Israel after using his United Nations speech “to repeat baseless lies meant to sanitize his genocide of Palestinians” in the Gaza Strip, The New York Times on Friday corroborated Haaretz’s recent reporting that the Israeli leader was warned about the Hamas-led October 7, 2023 attack that resulted in the war.

Haaretz reported earlier this month that during a September 2023 phone call, United Arab Emirates President Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan told Netanyahu about now-deceased Hamas leader Yahya Sinwar’s plans “for a major event” targeting Israel.

Netanyahu not only denied receiving that notice but also sent a “warning letter,” threatening to file a libel lawsuit against the Israeli newspaper and journalists Shlomi Eldar and Ruth Yuval. In response, Haaretz said that it stood by their work.

A trio of Times journalists backed up that exposé on Friday, reporting that “a person who said they had spoken with Sheikh Mohammed and another person who said they had been briefed by someone on the call between the two leaders told The New York Times that the Emirati leader had secretly reported to Mr. Netanyahu that Hamas was considering a major attack.”

“The warning from the Emirati leader, however, never reached the leaders of Israel’s security establishment, according to five former senior Israeli officials. Mr. Netanyahu gathered his security chiefs days later, on October 1, 2023, for a meeting about the situation in the Gaza Strip, and never mentioned the warning,” reported the US-based paper, which reviewed meeting minutes.

The minutes show that Netanyahu “pushed back when some security officials said that Israel should consider military strikes against senior Hamas leaders in Gaza who were overseeing attacks against Israelis in the West Bank,” and suggested such action “might sabotage the prospect of Saudi Arabia establishing diplomatic relations with Israel,” according to the Times.

While the Emirati foreign ministry and Netanyahu’s office did not respond to the Times’ requests for comment, the paper also revealed that months after the reported September 2023 phone call, the UAE’s president told then-Central Intelligence Agency Director William Burns that “he had spoken to Mr. Netanyahu about a looming threat of violence in the West Bank or the Gaza Strip carried out by Hamas,” according to someone familiar with that discussion. The paper’s sources were granted anonymity.

The Times’ reporting came just days after an Emirati source commented on the Haaretz article. As the Israeli paper detailed:
“UAE discusses security matters with other countries through the relevant entities, and does not discuss such details at the level of national leaders,” the source told UAE state-owned newspaper The National. He did not deny that the two leaders spoke, nor did he refute Haaretz’s report.

In 2024, the Financial Times reported that The National is owned by Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the UAE’s vice president and the president’s brother. It also reported that the site aligns with the government’s position and practices self-censorship on issues deemed sensitive or problematic by the authorities.

Noting that Netanyahu reportedly declined to pass the warning along to his intelligence agencies, investigative journalist Eli Clifton, a co-founder and senior adviser at the US-based Quincy Institute for Responsible Statecraft, asked: “Why? Did he welcome the attack as an opportunity to wage war?”



Mehdi Hasan, who founded the outlet Zeteo, similarly wrote “wonder why” on social media.

Journalist Zaid Jilani declared that “Netanyahu not only has unleashed vicious crimes onto Palestinians, but he failed his own people.”

Israel’s next parliamentary elections are scheduled for October 27.

Ryan Bohl, a senior Middle East and North Africa analyst at risk intelligence firm RANE, said that it is “as close to an October surprise as one gets in Israel. If I was a betting man, I’d be betting against Netanyahu being next PM.”



In a series of decisions seen as signs that Netanyahu and his allies are worried about holding on to power, Israel’s Central Elections Committee—which is chaired by a Supreme Court justice but dominated by members of the Knesset’s governing coalition—just disqualified all Arab-majority political parties and multiple candidates, while rejecting similar petitions for right-wing parties.

Israel’s Supreme Court is set to review those decisions next week, and may overturn some or all of them before the elections.

While Netanyahu’s allies on the committee tried to bar potential challengers from running, the prime minister briefly traveled to New York City to speak at the UN General Assembly—despite being the subject of a 2024 International Criminal Court arrest warrant issued over Israel’s decimation of Gaza, which human rights groups and scholars have denounced as genocide.

As Netanyahu claimed in his speech that “Israel didn’t commit genocide,” but rather “prevented genocide,” at least hundreds of protesters filled New York’s streets and argued that the Israeli leader “needs to be tried in The Hague.”
JWST Finds Early Galaxies Were Already Seeding The Universe With Heavy Elements


Artist’s visualization of an early galaxy and its surrounding gaseous environment. The orange structures represent metal-enriched gas being expelled from the galaxy, illustrating how young galaxies began dispersing heavy elements into their surroundings within the Universe’s first 500 million years. The visualization is based on publicly available FIRE-2 cosmological simulation data and is not a direct telescope
 image. Credit: Yongda Zhu


A University of Arizona team reports in Nature Astronomy that three galaxies seen ~500 million years after the Big Bang (Epoch of Reionization) were already making and exporting carbon, oxygen and silicon—not sitting in mostly pristine hydrogen–helium gas as many models expected. First author Yongda Zhu: they “escaped… very, very early” and may have seeded other galaxies.

Method: JWST infrared spectra (~30 hours; Zhu scanned public data from hundreds of galaxies). The galaxies served as backlight; blueshifted absorption showed outflowing gas carrying those metals. Chemical fingerprints already looked like much later, evolved galaxies.

Implication for baryon cycling: galaxies were exchanging material this early. That may help explain why Population III (pristine H/He-only) stars are so hard to find—the “vanilla ice cream” was mixed with “sprinkles” fast.


When the universe was still in its infancy – only 500 million years after the Big Bang or about 3% of its current age – some of the universe’s earliest stars and galaxies had already formed. Astronomers have long predicted that much of the gas surrounding these young galaxies must have remained rather pristine, composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, the primordial ingredients available in the newborn cosmos.

According to a study published by astronomers at the University of Arizona in Nature Astronomy, this picture likely is not correct. Instead, galaxies were already seeding the cosmos with heavy elements, such as oxygen and carbon, much earlier than astronomers expected.

“We observed that heavy elements escaped from galaxies very, very early in cosmic time,” said Yongda Zhu, first author of the paper and postdoctoral researcher at the U of A Department of Astronomy and Steward Observatory. “Not only were the galaxies producing these elements, but they were also dispersing them, possibly seeding other galaxies.”

How the universe got its elements

In the early universe, the cosmos barely contained anything other than hydrogen and helium, the two simplest elements occupying the very top of the periodic table. Over time, gravity pulled clouds of these simple elements together to form stars, where the immense pressures and temperatures inside allowed nuclear fusion and other reactions to forge more complex, heavier elements such as carbon and oxygen.

When stars burned out or ended their lives as supernovae, they shed these heavy elements into space, where they became the building blocks for future generations of stars, planets and ultimately, life. Even the carbon in our bodies and the oxygen we breathe were forged in earlier generations of stars.

Until now, however, it wasn’t clear how and when heavier elements were transported from the earliest galaxies into the surrounding universe.

Looking at early galaxies

Zhu’s research centered on three early galaxies whose light has traveled for more than 13 billion years, showing them as they appeared about 500 million years after the Big Bang, during a cosmic period known as the Epoch of Reionization. At that time, the first generations of stars and galaxies were transforming the early universe by ionizing the hydrogen gas between them. This process, during which electrons were stripped from their hydrogen nuclei, gradually brought an end to the cosmic “dark ages” by allowing ultraviolet light to travel more freely through the universe.

“We used the galaxies themselves as background light sources,” said Zhu. “As light from the galaxies traveled toward Earth, it passed through surrounding gas, and we were able to look at the light’s absorption patterns to detect specific elements.”

Observations of these ancient galaxies were only made possible by the infrared capabilities of NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope, which allowed the researchers to observe galaxies as they appeared about 13 billion years ago. The nearly 30 hours of exposure provided enough light to detect faint absorption patterns in the spectra of these distant galaxies.

Over the course of one long night, Zhu manually searched through publicly available JWST spectra from hundreds of galaxies and pinpointed three with absorption patterns indicating the presence of heavy elements, including carbon, oxygen and silicon. The absorption lines were “blueshifted” relative to the galaxies’ redshift, indicating that the gas was moving outward from the galaxies and carrying oxygen, carbon and other heavy elements into intergalactic space.

The chemical fingerprints of these infant galaxies closely resembled those of evolved galaxies billions of years later, providing evidence that even at cosmic dawn, galaxies were already producing and spreading heavy elements into the space around them.

“Think of these elements, which originated from the galaxies’ stars, as food dye dropped into a cup of water,” said Zhu. “The color begins to spread through the water, and, in a similar fashion, these heavy elements from early galaxies began to escape into space and ‘enrich’ their surroundings.”

Baryon Cycling

The process by which galaxies exchange material is known as baryon cycling. It is one reason galaxies are not isolated systems, but interconnected parts of a larger galactic ecosystem. Material produced by one generation of stars can be recycled and redistributed through this galactic ecosystem.

The discovery of early baryon cycling may also help explain why astronomers have struggled to find the first generation of stars, known as Population III stars. These stars are thought to have been the very first stars formed from pristine gas containing only hydrogen and helium, before heavier elements had been produced and dispersed throughout the universe. If galaxies were already enriching their surroundings only 500 million years after the Big Bang, truly pristine gas – and the Population III stars that formed from it – simply may not have been around long enough to be observed.

“If you start out with pure vanilla ice cream but start mixing in sprinkles soon after, it won’t be long until you can no longer find any pristine, plain, vanilla ice cream,” Zhu said.
Learning Style Predicts Survival Skills In Young Orangutans


A Sumatran orangutan infant is feeding on a liana fruit in the forests of Suaq.
 Credit: Eric Balke @ SUAQ Project

A Science paper led by MPI-AB’s Revathe Thillaikumar and Caroline Schuppli, with Universitas Nasional, follows 21 wild Sumatran orangutan infants at Suaq Balimbing (Gunung Leuser) from birth to independence (~8.5 years). About 4,700 hours and ~7,000 learning records link “peering” (watch mother/others), solo exploration, and foods eaten without help—needed for a diet of ~250 items among thousands, some toxic.

Infants differed a lot in how much they watched vs tried, but all used social learning more (about five times as often). Peering triggered extra exploring for up to 2.5 hours. High social and individual learning produced the widest diets at independence; both low produced the narrowest (about a threefold gap). Extra watching could partly make up for little solo practice.

Authors call this an interplay, not “social vs individual,” and a clue to deep roots of human cultural learning. Next: energy intake, survival, reproduction—only long-term field lives can answer. One site, 21 animals; diet breadth, not yet fitness.


Orangutan infants spend their first eight years with their mothers, and throughout this time, they can draw on her knowledge. After that, however, orangutans are entirely on their own. To fare well as an independent orangutan, infants need to learn many survival skills, and arguably the most important of these are feeding skills. An adult orangutan’s diet constitutes nearly 250 distinct food items, which it chooses from thousands of different options, some of them potentially toxic, in the wide maze of the rainforest. Before they set out on their own, infants must also learn how foods should be processed, and when and where foods can be found in the forest

“How do infants master this complex diet curriculum in those first years?” asks Dr. Revathe Thillaikumar, a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Postdoctoral Fellow at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior.

Humans offer clues. Throughout our evolutionary history, humans had to learn an immense set of skills necessary for survival across many years of development. Many of these skills, such as knowledge of new food sources or hunting techniques, are learnt from one’s culture through a complex interplay of different forms of social and individual learning.

“But until now, whether and how wild animals use different forms of learning to develop their survival-relevant skills have remained unknown,” she says.

In a new study, Thillaikumar and colleagues show that wild orangutans build their broad diet profiles through a similarly fascinating interplay of social and individual learning during infancy. The study, published in Science and led by researchers at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB) in Germany in collaboration with Universitas Nasional in Indonesia, is the first to show that multiple forms of learning interact over many years to build broad, survival-relevant ecological skills in a wild great ape.
Learning by watching and doing

Researchers agree that many animals need learning to acquire many of the skills necessary for survival in the wild. However, it is debated to what extent animals learn from others (social learning) or practicing themselves (individual learning).

Answering this is challenging, especially in long-lived species like great apes. “To really understand how these forms of learning translate into actual skills and knowledge, we needed to link learning events to concrete, measurable outcomes like diet. But because orangutans develop so slowly, there is a multi-year lag between learning and measurable behavioral change,” says Dr. Caroline Schuppli, senior author of the study and group leader at MPI-AB.

A detailed dataset

The researchers overcame this challenge by drawing on long-term data from the Suaq Balimbing research station, Gunung Leuser National Park in Indonesia, where an international team of researchers and field assistants follow wild Sumatran orangutans over the course of the animals’ lives. For the study, the team investigated data from 21 immature orangutans recorded from birth to independence at around 8.5 years of age. Across 4,700 hours of observation, they examined three key behaviors: when orangutans closely observed their mother and nearby conspecifics through a behavior called “peering” (a behavioral indicator of social learning); when they explored different items in their habitat (a behavioral indicator of individual learning); and what food items they successfully ate without help from their mothers (a measure of ecological competence).

Thillaikumar worked with theoretical statistician Prof. Paul-Christian Bürkner of TU Dortmund University to analyze just under seven thousand records of social and individual learning, keeping each animal’s history separate to determine how its learning behavior related to its eventual diet breadth. “Analyzing each individual on its own was a linchpin for our study because this allowed us to finally link the two parts that were previously unbridgeable—learning and skill development,” says Thillaikumar.

Two forms of learning

The researchers found that immature orangutans differed substantially in how much they engaged in social versus individual learning. “We were astonished by how different infants were from one another in their tendencies to learn,” adds Thillaikumar. Despite such variation, all immatures engaged in social learning more frequently than individual learning—as much as five times more frequently on average.

“Learning purely through individual exploration can be risky for a naïve orangutan, especially for immatures who are still growing and cannot afford to miss out on feeding opportunities. So the safer option may be to watch and learn from knowledgeable role models, such as their mothers,” explains Schuppli.

Three-fold contribution of social learning

The team found that when infants engaged in social learning, it triggered subsequent exploration for as long as two-and-a-half hours. “Each time an infant peered, it had a prolonged, ripple effect on subsequent explorations,” says Thillaikumar. The authors wanted to pin down the effects of each of the two processes, so they considered only explorations that were independently initiated to test how individual and social learning worked together.


They found that social learning and individual learning worked in tandem over the developmental period. Infants that engaged in high rates of both forms of learning ended up with the broadest diet profiles at independence. Conversely, when both forms of learning were low, individuals ended up with the lowest diet breadth, with a three-fold difference between high and low learning of both forms.

Increased social learning could even partially compensate for low individual learning by improving diet breadth. “Social learning stepped in to do the heavy lifting, which shows us just how significant it is in the lives of great apes,” adds Thillaikumar.

The results prompt a nuanced appreciation of the mechanisms underlying great ape cultures. “It’s about more than just social or individual learning,” says Schuppli. “It’s about the interplay of complex learning mechanisms that has driven the development of a broad, highly survival-relevant cultural competence in one of our closest, living relatives in the wild. This suggests that the sophisticated cultural learning seen in humans may have deep evolutionary roots.”

Linking learning to survival

The results show that heightened learning results in broader diets, but questions remain about exactly how this advantage arises. “Are they learning about lots of items, or are they getting better at learning?” asks Thillaikumar.


The team now plans to look beyond diet breadth to determine whether greater learning also improves energy intake, and ultimately, if this actually translates into survival and reproduction.

“Questions like these can only be answered by watching animals in their natural environment from birth to death,” says co-author Dr. Sri Suci Utami-Atmoko from Universitas Nasional in Indonesia. “Long-term field studies provide the time and space to follow long-lived animals over their whole histories. For orangutans, these studies provide us with window into how culture and survival have become intertwined over evolutionary time.”



UKRAINE

ArcelorMittal Unable To Safely And Sustainably Restart Operations At ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih Following Multiple Recent Missile Strikes – Statement


File photo of the ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih steel-producing facility in Ukraine. Photo Credit: ArcelorMittal

September 25, 2026

By Eurasia Review

Further to the statements issued on 17 August and 14 September following missile strikes on ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, ArcelorMittal said Friday that it has advised the Government of Ukraine that it is unable to restart operations at its Ukrainian subsidiary in a safe and sustainable manner.

Over the past five weeks, ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih has been targeted by four missile strikes, resulting in fatalities, injuries and extensive damage to production facilities. The most recent attack occurred on 21 September. In total the four attacks claimed five lives and injured 17 employees, one of whom remains in a critical condition.

Commenting, Mauro Longobardo, ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih CEO, said, “It is with deep regret that we have concluded that we are no longer able to safely operate ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih. Since the war started, our people in Ukraine have worked tirelessly to keep the mines and plant operating. They have been the embodiment of bravery, in circumstances most of us cannot begin to imagine. We are discussing the future of the plant with the Government of Ukraine and will focus on preserving the infrastructure, so when peace finally returns, options for restarting production remain available.”

Since the start of the war in February 2022, ArcelorMittal’s priority has been the safety and economic security of its Ukrainian employees. Employees from across ArcelorMittal rallied to support their Ukrainian colleagues and a range of measures were introduced locally to support employees and their families. The strength and resilience shown by ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih’s workforce throughout the conflict has been extraordinary.

ArcelorMittal has also provided financial support to ensure continuity of operations at ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih, providing over US$700 million to ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih.

ArcelorMittal expects to record a non-cash impairment charge of approximately US$1 billion, principally reflecting the impairment of property, plant and equipment at ArcelorMittal Kryvyi Rih.
Georgia: Jailed Former Prime Minister Blowing Whistle On Former Colleagues


Georgia's Bidzina Ivanishvili (left) and Irakli Garibashvili. (Photo: Bidzina Ivanishvili's Facebook page)

The author reads ex-PM Irakli Garibashvili’s mid-August prison posts as a break with Bidzina Ivanishvili and Georgian Dream: he says he was pushed “on Ivanishvili’s instruction” to incriminate himself, sat through a January money-laundering conviction out of loyalty, then got a July letter asking for a public guilty plea—his “red line.” He had two PM terms (2013–15, 2021–24) and was defense minister (2019–21).

Late August: a new charge he pocketed almost €300,000 on defense contracts. Tbilisi Mayor Kakha Kaladze called the letters “political speculation.” Former defense minister Juansher Burchuladze’s 10-year term cut to five (two of house arrest) is framed as possible testimony against him. Ex-State Security chief Grigol Liluashvili got 13 years on Sept. 16 on four graft counts.

Piece’s line: no GD lieutenant is safe; faction fights are “politically lethal”; Ivanishvili’s off-stage hold looks total. Commentary on alleged power struggles, not a court finding.


(Eurasianet) — A Georgian jailbird has started to sing, accusing the country’s political impresario, billionaire Bidzina Ivanishvili, and other officials of setting him up to take a fall on corruption charges.

Former Georgian Prime Minister Irakli Garibashvili has languished in prison following a January conviction on a money-laundering charge. In mid-August, Garibashvili decided to speak out about his conviction, posting a statement on social media accusing leaders of the ruling Georgian Dream party of pressuring him “on Ivanishvili’s instruction” to make incriminating statements.

Garibashvili followed initial statement up with a second blockbuster post in which he said a nominal government anti-corruption campaign was specifically tailored to “imprison and politically destroy” him. He went on to state that he remained silent out of a sense of loyalty to Ivanishvili and the Georgian Dream establishment.

“I did everything possible to avoid a confrontation with my team and with a person dear to me. Precisely for this reason, I declined to engage in a legal battle and submitted to a process that was personally devastating, all to avoid harming the interests of the state and the team,” he wrote.

In July, Garibashvili went on, a Georgian Dream go-between delivered a letter to him in prison, reportedly asking him to make a public admission of guilt relating to the January case. At that time, he made a plea deal under which he tacitly admitted to the crime, but he never made an explicit acknowledgement. The idea behind the letter, from Garibashvili’s viewpoint, was to force him to take responsibility for a crime he feels he didn’t commit, thus preventing any chance of his return to politics.

Garibashvili recounted that this request crossed “a red line that compelled me to take the most difficult step of my life. … I am being forced to begin a fight.”

It did not take long for Georgian Dream to punch back hard. In late August, prosecutors brought a fresh corruption charge against him, accusing him of pocketing almost 300,000 euros to help fix some defense contracts.

Garibashvili’s tell-all notes are noteworthy on several levels. Garibashvili was once seen as Ivanishvili’s most trusted lieutenant. He served two stints as Georgian prime minister (2013-15 and 2021-24), sandwiched around a turn as the country’s defense minister (2019-21). His downfall is evidence that no member of Georgian Dream’s leadership should feel secure, not only in their positions, but in their freedom.

The episode also lays bare the inner workings of Georgian Dream, exposing factional infighting and turf battles that have politically lethal consequences for the losers. It also indicates that Ivanishvili’s influence behind the scenes is absolute.

Top government officials have lambasted Garibashvili’s statements. Tbilisi Mayor Kakha Kaladze dismissed Garibashvili’s calls for a formal investigation. “The allegations raised in the letters … are entirely groundless and amount to political speculation by a former teammate,” Kaladze told reporters in early September.


Garibashvili is far from the only casualty in the ongoing power struggles within Georgian Dream. The list of erstwhile Ivanishvili acolytes who now find themselves out of favor or even on the wrong side of the law includes former ministers, MPs and business executives.

The situation is such that those now on Ivanishvili’s ‘enemies list’ are turning on each other in an effort to get back into the power broker’s good graces. Former defense minister Juansher Burchuladze, for example, recently had his 10-year sentence cut to five years (including two years of house arrest), apparently in exchange for testimony against Garibashvili in support of the new corruption charge.

Meanwhile, former State Security Service chief Grigol Liluashvili received a 13-year sentence on September 16 after being found guilty on four counts of graft.
Building A Stronger Global Minerals Economy Through Competitive Supply Chains – OpEd


Korea Zinc’s Onsan Smelter. Photo Credit: Korea Zinc

September 25, 2026

By Gia Kim

Key Takeaways:

The author says the West’s problem is not mines but midstream: Western firms control ~71–81% of critical-mineral extraction (much DRC ore still in the ground) while China processes 19 of 20 minerals used in EVs, AI chips, and defense. Zinc is the exhibit: mine output down 2.6% this year, Chinese-led refining up ~6%.

Cases: Korea Zinc’s Onsan smelter and U.S.-backed Project Crucible (Tennessee, 11 minerals) sit beside a 2024 Young Poong–MBK fight; MBK’s China-linked funds raise governance and know-how worries. Anglo American’s Brazil nickel sale to MMG (China Minmetals-controlled) drew a 16 Sept. 2026 EU statement of objections over low-carbon ferronickel. Indonesia: ~66% of nickel mine and ~40% of processing, three-quarters under Chinese control.

REEs: Mountain Pass plus July 2025 DoD money into MP Materials still faces China’s ~70% mine / ~90% process share. Security is competitive mid- and downstream capacity—and who owns it—not ore in the ground


The imbalance that exists between large-scale Western ownership and control of mines alongside the lack of adequate access to processing and refining capabilities, is likely the most significant challenge which policymakers will have to overcome in order to build truly independent supply chains.

Western-based companies control between 71%-81% of critical minerals extraction globally, although countries like the DRC host significant physical reserves, as much as 90% of which remain untapped. Beijing on the other hand, maintains a near-monopoly over global refining, dominating the processing of 19 out of 20 critical minerals essential for electric vehicles, AI chips, and defense systems. Western stakes in global critical mineral processing pales in comparison.

Building the missing infrastructure between the mine and the factory, is proving to be an arduous undertaking. The immense capital required, created a role for public-private partnerships, especially as Western governments are looking to replicate certain parts of China’s state-backed investment model.


South Korea is an example of both the opportunities and risks involved. Seoul is actively seeking to diversify its critical minerals and high-tech supply chains. One of its largest companies, Korea Zinc, is not only a leading supplier to South Korea’s domestic zinc market, but is also consequential globally. Its non-ferrous smelter in the city of Onsan is the largest in the world. The company is also active in the production of zinc, lead, silver and indium as well as sulfuric acid necessary in the semiconductor industry.

This business portfolio has made Korea Zinc an attractive partner for public-private collaboration. South Korea’s government has backed the firm’s construction of a new smelting and refining hub, Project Crucible, in Tennessee, for 11 critical minerals. The U.S. government has supported the joint venture with equity, federal loans and subsidies. Nevertheless, challenges in insulating the project from competing foreign influence emerged early on.

The high-profile corporate battle that Korea Zinc’s largest shareholder, the Young Poong Group, launched in 2024 has raised concerns about whether Beijing can penetrate an emerging Western-allied supply chain through third-party corporate arrangements. Young Poong joined efforts with MBK Partners, a private equity firm with notable business ties to China, to increase its control over Korea Zinc.


With China’s sovereign wealth fund among the investors in one of MBK’s latest buyout funds, and having entered into joint collaborations with Chinese state-owned entities on past projects, MBK’s newly acquired influence over Korea Zinc should be closely examined. MBK can jointly exercise the rights that come with Young Poong’s shares, securing a call option on some 12% of Korea Zinc shares, alongside other governance controls. For Korea Zinc, this could, in practice, translate into greater influence over corporate decision-making alongside insight into sensitive processes and proprietary corporate know-how by investors with links to Chinese state-owned entities. Beijing may thus see this corporate battle as a strategic means of infiltrating Western critical mineral supply chains. However, should Beijing secure further influence in Korea Zinc through private sector proxies, the specialized knowledge required to successfully operate the project would be sorely missing.

Recent reports from the global zinc industry highlight why the creation of independent supply chains is a Western priority. While global mining of zinc fell 2.6% this year, Chinese-led zinc refining increased nearly 6%, showing access to the ore does not translate into independence from foreign processing.

The recent sale of Anglo American’s Brazilian nickel businesses introduces a different problem: a mismatch between corporate and government priorities. The proposed sale of projects in Brazil which produced approximately 40 thousand tons of nickel to MMG Singapore Resources, has attracted significant government scrutiny, especially in Europe. From Anglo American’s perspective, the transaction represents the simplification of its portfolio. From the perspective of Western governments, however, when strategic mineral assets change hands, especially processing and refining, the deal becomes geopolitically sensitive. The concern stems from the fact that MMG is majority-owned and controlled by the state-owned China Minmetals Corporation.

On September 16, 2026, the European Commission issued a formal statement of objection against MMG’s acquisition, warning that the transaction could leave European stainless-steel manufactures with lower access to low-carbon ferronickel. Europe’s stainless-steel industry might, therefore, be exposed to a supply chain in which Chinese companies maintain substantial control. The global nickel industry is heavily concentrated in Indonesia, accounting for 66% of mining and 40% of processing, three quarters of which operate under Chinese control.


The rare earth elements (REE) industry presents an extreme case of the same problem of incomplete supply chains. Despite the U.S.’s access to ample REEs at Mountain Pass, a rare-earth mine in California, the question remains if Washington can separate these into materials, metals and magnets.

In July 2025, the U.S. Department of Defense made a large investment in MP Materials with the goal of rebuilding the REE supply chain. The deal targeted separation capacity, refining and the production of permanent magnets. Value is further increased by China’s extraordinarily integrated REE supply chain, concentrating 70% of mining and a staggering 90% of processing worldwide. Even with substantial government backing over ten years, rebuilding these links requires commercially viable downstream markets.

The lesson from zinc, nickel and REEs is that mineral security cannot be measured by supply or extraction. It depends on whether countries can process those materials at a competitive scale. Western policymakers need to focus more on developing mid- and downstream capacity. Alongside capital and policy support, new facilities need to operate at a competitive scale. Importantly, even if processing capabilities are physically located in Western-aligned countries, strategic objectives can suffer if Chinese-controlled shareholders gain access to this new network.

The alternative carries significant national security risks: China spent decades building its advantage across the middle and downstream stages of the critical minerals supply chain. The Korea Zinc battle, the Anglo-MMG deal and the U.S. investment in MP Materials all point to the same conclusion: the critical-minerals race will not be determined by access to upstream resources, but by the ability to develop competitive midstream and downstream capacity.




About Gia Kim
Gia Kim is a European-Korean researcher and policy analyst specializing in international trade and politics. Born to a South Korean mother and German father, she grew up between Seoul and Frankfurt, developing an early interest in how economic interdependence and geopolitical competition shape international relations. She holds a master's degree in international political economy, and her research focused on supply-chain security.
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