Scientists Have Observed Evidence of Evolution in Real Time
Darren Orf
Thu, October 17, 2024

30-Year Snail Study Reveals Evolution in Real TimeMARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY - Getty Images

A 30-year-long study of a small population of marine snail shows how evolution can adapt to environmental changes quite rapidly.

This study revealed how a specific ecotype of the snail changed its shape within only a few generations and rapidly developed genetic mutations thanks to its high genetic variation.

This rare, in-the-wild experiment shows the importance of high genetic variation and preserving diverse habitats so species can develop those evolutionary protections.

Evolution is often thought of as the slow work of millennia upon millennia, subtly altering genomes as species slowly adapt to environmental changes or pressures generation after generation. This makes evolutionary study particularly difficult, as it’s not easy to note changes—or even predict future mutations—in most animal populations. But sometimes, the conditions to study evolution at work are just right.

Take, for instance, the species of marine snail known as Littorina saxatilis. This snail is well-known for being a particularly difficult species to identify—not because it’s hard to find, but because it can be found in so many shapes, sizes, and colors. In fact, it’s been labeled the “most misidentified creature in the world,” as it’s been erroneously identified as a “new species” more than 113 separate times since its first description in 1792.

However, it’s because of this species’ ability to quickly adapt to its unique marine environment that Swedish marine ecologist Kerstin Johannesson sensed an opportunity in the early 1990s. When a toxic algal bloom decimated islands and skerries (small rocky islands) off the west coast of Sweden in 1988, Johannesson decided to use the reintroduction of the snails as an opportunity to study evolution in real time. Across the entire species of L. saxatilis, there are two particular ecotypes—genetically different organisms within the same species—known as Crab-ecotypes and Wave-ecotypes, the differences between which in both appearance and behavior are particularly striking. While Wave snails inhabit skerries along this stretch of coastline, both Crab and Wave snails occupy the nearby shore.

So, when Johannesson reintroduced the species to the area, she specifically placed specimens of the Crab ecotype on a skerry and set off a 30-year experiment to see how the population adapted to its new environment. The results of that study were published today in the journal Science Advances.

“Our colleagues saw evidence of the snails’ adaptation already within the first decade of the experiment,” Diego Garcia Castillo, a graduate student at the Institute of Science and Technology Austria and co-author of the study, said in a press statement. “Over the experiment’s 30 years, we were able to predict robustly what the snails will look like and which genetic regions will be implicated. The transformation was both rapid and dramatic.”

Changes were apparent in the snail population after only a few generations due to a phenomenon known as “phenotypic plasticity,” which allowed the Crab-ecotype to rapidly change its shape and adapt to its new environment. However, the ecotype’s “rapid and dramatic” transformation was also genetic and aided, in part, by the diverse gene pool of L. saxatilis.

Because the snails experienced similar conditions in the recent past, low prevalence genes were essentially lying in wait for specific conditions to reoccur. Once the snails found themselves in that familiar environment, they accessed that genetic information, which in turn fueled rapid evolution. Scientists have known that high genetic variation makes a species particularly suited to adapt to a changing climate, but few studies have been conducted in real time in the wild.

This study perfectly showcases why efforts to protect a wide range of habitats are vital—so that species can maintain their genetic variation. Right now, a thriving, 30-year-old population of 1,000 Crab-ecotype snails off the western coast of Sweden provides a powerful example of what is possible if we do protect these wondrous natural spaces.

Scientists feared this huge ‘ghost’ fish was extinct. It was just seen after almost 20 years

Jessie Yeung, CNN
Mon, October 21, 2024 

When scientists heard reports that a large, mysterious fish had been caught in Cambodia in 2020, excitement stirred. Could this be the “Mekong Ghost,” they asked - an elusive fish that hadn’t been seen since 2005 and was feared extinct?

Photos of the fish and its telltale identifiers – an odd-shaped mouth and a protruding knob at its jaw – seemed to confirm it.

But the fish, which can grow as large as 66 pounds, was sold before scientists could get a closer look. It didn’t “feel like definitive proof,” said Zeb Hogan, a research biologist at the University of Nevada, Reno, and head of the US government-funded Wonders of the Mekong project, an initiative to study and conserve one of the most biodiverse rivers in the world.

Three years later, they struck gold.

Cambodian fishermen caught two fish in the Mekong River, measuring between 11 and 13 pounds and two to three feet long. This time researchers were able to purchase and examine the fish for themselves.

“Even though the fishermen … hadn’t seen the fish before, they knew that they had something remarkable, unusual. They knew that it was worth contacting us,” said Hogan, part of an international team of scientists who work with the Cambodian fisheries department, in an interview with CNN.

“As soon as anyone who was part of this search for this fish saw the photos, we knew what it was.”

The giant salmon carp has been rediscovered in Cambodia. - Chhut Chheana/Wonders of the Mekong

The researchers published their findings on Tuesday in a study in the Biological Conservation journal.

It was a moment of celebration for the team, which works to protect the Mekong, one of the world’s longest rivers and a lifeline to tens of millions of people.

Meaning “Mother of Rivers” in Thai and Lao languages, the Mekong winds through multiple Southeast Asian countries and is extremely rich in biodiversity. But it also faces various challenges including hydropower development, overfishing and habitat degradation.

These challenges are why scientists have long worried that the “Mekong Ghost,” a critically endangered giant salmon carp that can measure up to four feet long, could have been quietly wiped out as years passed without a sighting.
Shrouded in mystery

The fish, native to the Mekong, has been shrouded in mystery since it was formally named in 1991. Since then, fewer than 30 individuals have been recorded, making it a highly rare species, according to a press release from the University of Nevada, Reno.

Hogan’s team of researchers – who also study other species and parts of the Mekong’s environment – have kept an eye out for the giant salmon carp, perusing fish markets and doing outreach programs with local fishermen. Hogan himself, who has dedicated much of his career to studying fish in the Mekong River Basin, has only seen it once in the early 2000s.

The giant salmon carp has been rediscovered in Cambodia. - Chhut Chheana/Wonders of the Mekong

“I’ve been looking for it since then, kind of fascinated by it because it’s a very unusual giant fish,” Hogan said. “I thought it was probably extinct, and so to hear that it had been found again – I’ve been waiting 20 years for that news.”

“It’s a sign of hope,” he added. “It means that it’s not too late.”

The study’s lead author, Bunyeth Chan from Cambodia’s Svay Rieng University, echoed this sentiment, saying in a press release: “The rediscovery of the giant salmon carp is a reason for hope, not just for this species but for the entire Mekong ecosystem.”

There’s a lot researchers still don’t know, like how many giant salmon carp actually exist or where those populations reside.

The three fish that were found between 2020 and 2023 were found outside their normal range – which could either mean there are more fish living in areas previously unknown or that they migrated there from neighboring Laos and Thailand.

And though it’s unusual to find three individual fish in quick succession after the species disappeared for nearly two decades, Hogan credits this to the work they’ve been doing on the ground – building good relationships with local communities who know to contact them if they spot anything out of the ordinary.

But researchers say more needs to be done as the Mekong fights off threats from various fronts, including climate change, with the region facing more severe flooding and drought each year as a result.

Human projects such as hydropower dams and sand mining have further degraded marine habitats and disrupted life for the Mekong’s more than 1,100 fish species, many of which are found nowhere else on Earth.

Nearly a fifth of the Mekong’s fish are threatened with extinction, according to a report released in March this year, a collaboration between 25 organizations including the World Wildlife Fund and Wonders of the Mekong.

Cambodia is also not an easy place to be an environmental activist. Many have been jailed or killed over the years as they seek to raise awareness about corruption and business projects that have impacted the environment in a nation where little political opposition is tolerated.

Earlier this year, 10 young activists from the group Mother Nature Cambodia were sentenced to up to six years in prison, each on charges of conspiring against the state, a conviction that was condemned by opposition politicians in exile and prominent youth environmentalist Greta Thunberg.

Researchers behind the latest report hope the giant salmon carp’s rediscovery can build momentum for more study and conservation action – including creating an international team across Cambodia, Laos and Thailand to further study the “Mekong Ghost.”

“This fish is an indicator of river health because it’s a large fish, it’s vulnerable,” said Hogan.

“But it’s also emblematic of all of these other fish that occur in the area that are key fishery species and that are very important for people’s livelihoods, and very important for people’s nutrition and food.”

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