The US-Venezuela Confrontation is a Lose-Lose for Energy Markets

By Cyril Widdershoven - Sep 11, 2025

• U.S. warships are back patrolling the Caribbean.
• 
  
• A September 2 U.S. strike escalated tensions with Venezuela.
• 
  
• Venezuelan heavy oil provided 13% of Gulf Coast refinery imports in 2024, so any disruption risks higher U.S. fuel prices.
• 
  

American warships are once again patrolling the Caribbean while Venezuelan fighter jets fly overhead. A boat, alleged to be manned by drug smugglers, although this is now widely disputed, was blown up by the US military on September 2^nd. The deployment underscores the volatile state of US-Venezuela relations, which in the past two years have swung from Chevron’s license being revoked to its partial renewal, and now to violent escalation.

The common thread behind these developments is a narrative revived in Washington: the existence of the so-called ‘Cartel de los Soles,’ which the Trump administration accuses Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro of directing. This narrative, shrouded in doubt, is cited by the State Department as the rationale for directly confronting Venezuela. The energy industry, particularly Gulf Coast refiners, can only watch in fear. The industry and consumers’ best hope is a resolution to the debate over the veracity of narco-trafficking allegations.

A new report by the digital media outlet Guacamaya, ‘The Cartel de los Soles: How a narrative is used to push for regime change’, explores these narratives in depth.  The report concludes that the ‘Cartel de los Soles’ has not been proven to exist as a centralized criminal enterprise. It finds that over time, the term has expanded in use, with some US policymakers using this loose arrangement to suggest Venezuela itself functions as a ‘narco-state’.

This narrative is closely tied to Secretary of State and National Security Adviser Marco Rubio. According to Guacamaya, Rubio and like-minded officials within the State Department have played a central role in amplifying the Cartel de los Soles narrative, framing it as part of broader policy toward Venezuela. His influence has been significant in keeping the issue on Washington’s agenda, even as Chevron continues to operate in the country and supply heavy crude to Gulf Coast refiners.

At the same time, a contradiction in US policy is apparent: sanctions and military deployments raise tensions, yet US energy interests continue to rely on Venezuelan oil output. This dynamic carries significant risks.

Venezuela holds the world’s largest proven oil reserves, estimated at approximately 303 billion barrels. Its heavy crude is uniquely suited for blending in US refineries. In 2024, Venezuelan oil supplied 13% of Gulf Coast refinery imports.  Shortages of heavy Venezuelan crude following Chevron’s licence suspension on 27 May 2025 forced Gulf Coast refiners to buy higher volumes of Middle Eastern and South American crudes.

Any further disruption to these flows threatens US energy security and market stability. It would also likely be felt at the pump by American consumers and businesses through higher gasoline and diesel costs.

Guacamaya’s report also notes how the “Cartel de los Soles” narrative further complicates regional energy disputes. ExxonMobil is heavily invested in Guyana’s Stabroek block, which holds an estimated 11 billion barrels of reserves in waters that Venezuela continues to contest. Warming relations with Caracas could raise the prospect of territorial talks, complicating Guyana’s and, by extension, Exxon’s position. In all, it’s clear that a realist policy would better serve Washington’s interests.

That means focusing resources on the proven epicentres of the regional drug trade, Mexico and Colombia, upholding commitments under international law to counter trafficking, and engaging Venezuela to secure American energy needs. A pragmatic policy approach is the key to navigating these complex geopolitical and energy market dynamics.

By Cyril Widdershoven for Oilprice.com

 

Puerto Rico Climate Case Against Oil Majors Gets Tossed

By Julianne Geiger - Sep 12, 2025

A federal judge in Puerto Rico has tossed out a climate lawsuit against a slate of oil and gas majors, ending a challenge brought by nearly 80 municipalities five years after Hurricanes Irma and Maria devastated the island.

US District Judge Silvia Carreno-Coll signed the order on Thursday, dismissing the class-action claims against ExxonMobil, Chevron, Shell, BP, ConocoPhillips, Motiva, Occidental, BHP, Rio Tinto, and the American Petroleum Institute (API). The municipalities alleged the companies colluded to conceal the climate risks of fossil fuels, arguing that manmade warming intensified the 2017 storms.

Carreno-Coll rejected the case on procedural grounds, ruling that the plaintiffs blew past the statute of limitations. Under antitrust law, they had four years from the hurricanes to file. “By September 2021, the 2017 hurricanes’ four-year mark, Plaintiffs knew or should have known they had suffered considerable injury and who to sue,” she wrote. The claims against Exxon, Chevron, Shell, BP, ConocoPhillips, and Motiva were dismissed with prejudice, blocking any refiling. Claims against Occidental, BHP, and Rio Tinto were dismissed without prejudice, leaving the door open for a narrower return.

The ruling is a setback for the broader wave of climate litigation targeting oil companies for allegedly misleading the public on fossil fuel risks. More than two dozen similar cases are moving through state and federal courts, with mixed outcomes. The Puerto Rico case, filed in November 2022, was among the more ambitious, tying specific storm damage to alleged industry deception.

Industry groups hailed the dismissal. API senior vice president Ryan Meyers said the “meritless claims” amounted to a politicized distraction and a waste of taxpayer money, adding climate policy should be left to Congress rather than “a patchwork of courts.” Shell declined to comment.

By Julianne Geiger for Oilprice.com

 

Researchers find brain region that fuels compulsive drinking

Study by Scripps Research scientists shows how the brain learns to seek alcohol for relief, not just pleasurable effects, in an animal model.

Scripps Research Institute

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

LA JOLLA, CA—What compels someone to keep engaging in alcohol use, even if it damages their health, relationships and wellbeing? A new study from Scripps Research offers an important clue: a small midline brain region plays a key role in how animals learn to continue drinking to avoid the stress and misery of withdrawal.

In a new study, published in Biological Psychiatry: Global Open Science on August 5, 2025, the Scripps Research team zeroed in on a set of brain cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT) in rats. They found that this region becomes more active, driving strong relapse behavior, when rats learn to associate environmental stimuli with the easing of withdrawal symptoms by alcohol. By illuminating this brain pathway, the research sheds light on one of the most stubborn features of addiction—drinking not for pleasure, but to escape pain—and could eventually lead to new treatments for substance use disorders (SUDs) as well as other maladaptive behaviors including anxiety.

“What makes addiction so hard to break is that people aren’t simply chasing a high,” says Friedbert Weiss, professor of neuroscience at Scripps Research and senior author of the study. “They’re also trying to get rid of powerful negative states, like the stress and anxiety of withdrawal. This work shows us which brain systems are responsible for locking in that kind of learning, and why it can make relapse so persistent.”

“This brain region just lit up in every rat that had gone through withdrawal-related learning,” says co-senior author Hermina Nedelescu of Scripps Research. “It shows us which circuits are recruited when the brain links alcohol with relief from stress—and that could be a game-changer in how we think about relapse.”

From behavior to brain maps

An estimated 14.5 million people in the United States have alcohol use disorder, which encompasses a range of unhealthy drinking behaviors. Like other drug addictions, alcohol addiction is characterized by cycles of withdrawal, abstinence and relapse. 

In 2022, Weiss and Nedelescu used rats to study the types of learning that happen in the brain throughout this cycle. When rats initially begin drinking, they learn to associate pleasure with alcohol and seek more. However, that conditioning becomes far stronger during multiple cycles of withdrawal and relapse. After learning that alcohol eased the unpleasant feelings of withdrawal—what scientists call negative reinforcement or a relief of ‘negative hedonic state’—the animals sought out more alcohol and would remain persistent even when uncomfortable.

“When rats learn to associate environmental stimuli or contexts with the experience of relief, they end up with an incredibly powerful urge to seek alcohol in the presence of that stimuli –even if conditions are introduced that require great effort to engage in alcohol seeking,” says Weiss. “That is, these rats seek alcohol even if that behavior is punished.”

In the new work, the team wanted to pin down exactly what networks of cells in the brain were responsible for learning to associate environmental cues with the relief of this negative hedonic state.

The researchers used advanced imaging tools to scan entire rat brains, cell by cell, and pinpoint areas that became more active in response to alcohol-related cues. They compared four groups of rats: those that had gone through withdrawal and learned that alcohol relieves a negative hedonic state, and three different control groups that had not.

While several brain areas showed increased activity in the withdrawal-learned rats, one stood out: the PVT, which is known for its role in stress and anxiety.

“In retrospect, this makes a lot of sense,” says Nedelescu. “The unpleasant effects of alcohol withdrawal are strongly associated with stress, and alcohol is providing relief from the agony of that stressful state.”

The researchers hypothesize that this negative hedonic state, and the activation of the PVT in the brain as a response, is critical for how the brain learns and perpetuates addiction.

A better understanding of addiction

The implications of the new study extend well beyond alcohol, the researchers say. Environmental stimuli conditioned to negative reinforcement—the drive to act in order to escape pain or stress—is a universal feature of the brain, and can drive human behavior beyond substance use disorders such as anxiety disorders, fear-conditioning and traumatic avoidance learning.

“This work has potential applications not only for alcohol addiction, but also other disorders where people get trapped in harmful cycles," says Nedelescu.

Future research will zoom in even further. Nedelescu and colleagues at Scripps Research want to expand the study to females and to study neurochemicals released in the PVT when subjects encounter environments associated with the experience of this relief from a negative hedonic state. If they can pinpoint molecules that are involved, it could open new avenues for drug development by targeting those molecules.

For now, the new study underscores a key shift in how basic scientists think about addiction.

“As psychologists, we’ve long known that addiction isn’t just about chasing pleasure—it’s about escaping those negative hedonic states,” says Weiss. “This study shows us where in the brain that learning takes root, which is a step forward.”

In addition to Weiss and Nedelescu, authors of the study, “Recruitment of Neuronal Populations in the Paraventricular Thalamus of Alcohol Seeking Rats with Withdrawal-related Learning Experience,” are Elias Meamari, Nami Rajaei, Alexus Grey, Ryan Bullard, and Nobuyoshi Suto of Scripps; and Nathan O’Connor of MBF Bioscience.

This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health (Ruth L. Kirschstein Institutional National Research Service Award T32AA007456, K01 DA054449, R01 AA027555, and R01 AA023183).

About Scripps Research

Scripps Research is an independent, nonprofit biomedical research institute ranked one of the most influential in the world for its impact on innovation by Nature Index. We are advancing human health through profound discoveries that address pressing medical concerns around the globe. Our drug discovery and development division, Calibr-Skaggs, works hand-in-hand with scientists across disciplines to bring new medicines to patients as quickly and efficiently as possible, while teams at Scripps Research Translational Institute harness genomics, digital medicine and cutting-edge informatics to understand individual health and render more effective healthcare. Scripps Research also trains the next generation of leading scientists at our Skaggs Graduate School, consistently named among the top 10 US programs for chemistry and biological sciences. Learn more at www.scripps.edu.

---

Journal

Biological Psychiatry

 

Cheese fungi help unlock secrets of evolution

Color changes in fungi on cheese rinds point to specific molecular mechanisms of genetic adaptation—and sometimes a tastier cheese

Tufts University

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

The mold on the rind of Bayley Hazen Blue cheese: the original green and the evolved white several years later. “This was really exciting because we thought it could be an example of evolution happening right before our eyes,” said Benjamin Wolfe

view more 

Credit: Benjamin Wolfe

Many scientific discoveries are serendipitous—the result of chance. Seeing evolution in action in a cheese cave turned out to be exactly that for Benjamin Wolfe, associate professor of biology, and his colleagues.

Back in 2016, Wolfe convinced his former post-doc advisor to drive with him to Jasper Hill Farm in Vermont to get samples of a special cheese called Bayley Hazen Blue, a ruse for her boyfriend to propose marriage at the spot where they first met. Wolfe ended up keeping that cheese in the freezer in his lab. “I’m notorious for not throwing samples away just in case we might need them,” he says.  

But when graduate student Nicolas Louw picked up recent samples of Bayley Hazen Blue from the Jasper Hill caves—large, damp rooms built into the side of steep hills—he discovered the cheese, previously coated with a leafy green layer of fungus, was now chalk white on the outside.

“This was really exciting because we thought it could be an example of evolution happening right before our eyes,” said Wolfe. “Microbes evolve. We know that from antibiotic resistance evolution, we know that from pathogen evolution, but we don’t usually see it happening at a specific place over time in a natural setting.” Wolfe and his colleagues reported the finding in Current Biology.

Understanding how fungi adapt to different environments can help us in areas of food security and health, too, says Louw. “Somewhere around 20% of staple crops are lost pre-harvest due to fungal rot, and an additional 20% are lost to fungi post-harvest,” he said. “That includes the moldy bread in your pantry and rotting fruit on market shelves. The biggest threat to global food security is just rot from mold.” Understanding how to control this problem while preventing fungal adaptation is an agricultural priority.

A Small but Key Mutation

When wheels of cheese are placed to ripen in natural or artificial cave environments, they form microbial rinds on their surface made up of communities of bacteria, yeast, and filamentous fungi (molds). These wild microbes are picked up from soil, plant, and marine environments and end up colonizing and adapting to the environments of the cheese caves.

What caused the Penicillium solitum fungi on the Jasper Hill cheeses to change color? A student in one of Wolfe’s advanced microbiology laboratory courses on microbiomes found the answer. Jackson Larlee, A24, discovered that the change was prompted by the disruption of a gene called alb1. 

“Alb1 is involved in producing melanin,” Louw explained. “You can think of melanin as an armor that organisms make to protect themselves from UV damage. For the fungi, it creates the green color that absorbs UV light. If you are growing in a dark cave and can get by without melanin, it makes sense to get rid of it, so you don’t have to expend precious energy to make it. By breaking that pathway and going from green to white, the fungi are essentially saving energy to invest in other things for survival and growth.”

It’s a process called “relaxed selection,” when an environmental stressor is removed, and that happens to many organisms when they adapt to dark conditions, from Mexican cave fish to salamanders to some insects. It’s almost always a loss of pigments and melanin. Some creatures become blind, then increase their ability to sense food in other ways. 

The fungi gave the Wolfe lab an opportunity to identify the genetic mechanisms that led to a small evolutionary change. “We found that the change was not just one mutation that swept through the whole colony, but the color shift came about through many types of mutations independently,” said Louw. 

Some of the fungi had point mutations—single DNA base pair changes—at different locations in the genome. Others had a large insertion of DNA caused by something called a transposable element. Transposable elements, once called “jumping genes,” pop out of one location and insert themselves into another in the genome. 

In this case, transposable elements were inserting themselves ahead of the alb1 gene, which disrupted its expression, effectively knocking it out. Transposable elements can cause a lot of damage, but this time, it was an advantage for the fungi to forego production of melanin—allowing it more energy to grow. Thus, the white wheels of cheese in the Jasper Hill cave.

Aspergillus fungi are in the same family as Penicillium. They are found in the soil, on decaying plants, in household dust and ventilation systems and in massive quantities in the air. Most of the time they are harmless, but some strains can cause severe lung infections. Understanding how they become locally adapted and lodged in the lung environment could help researchers understand and prevent these infections. 

For now, the Wolfe lab, in collaboration with Jasper Hill Farm, is exploring another benefit of evolving and domesticating fungi—creating new types of cheese with improved aesthetics, taste, and texture. They inoculated fresh brie cheese with the novel white mold and let it grow and ripen the cheese for two months. 

The result: “It’s slightly nuttier and less funky,” said Louw. “I think it’s delicious.” Based on a taste testing panel, the new cheese has promising attributes that will be further fine-tuned in future batches of cheese at Jasper Hill Farm. 

“Seeing wild molds evolve right before our eyes over a period of a few years helps us think that that we can develop a robust domestication process, to create new genetic diversity and tap into that for cheesemaking,” said Wolfe.

Nicolas Louw sampling Bayley Hazen Blue cheese from a cheese cave in Vermont's Jasper Hill Farm

Credit

Benjamin Wolfe

---

Journal

Current Biology

DOI

10.1016/j.cub.2025.08.053 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Long-term monitoring of a North American cheese cave reveals mechanisms and consequences of fungal adaptation

Article Publication Date

12-Sep-2025

 

Mental health effects of exposure to firearm violence persist long after direct exposure

The first global comprehensive review identifies three fundamental mechanisms of psychological distress associated with firearm use and accessibility

Wolters Kluwer Health

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessagWhatsAppEmail

September 12, 2025 — Interventions to address firearm accessibility and related dangers should account not only for direct exposure to violence but also for complex psychosocial pathways through which firearms affect mental health across populations, according to a systematic scoping review published in the September/October issue of Harvard Review of Psychiatry, part of the Lippincott portfolio from Wolters Kluwer.

Rodolfo Furlan Damiano, MD, PhD, of the Institute of Psychiatry at the University of São Paulo in Brazil, and colleagues are the first to comprehensively examine data on the mental health effects of firearm ownership, violence, and policies. They conclude, "A whole-government approach that prioritizes mental health screenings, firearm safety, evidence-based policies, and socioeconomic equity could significantly reduce the prevalence of firearm-related psychological harm."

Global review included research from criminology, public health, and sociology

The researchers conducted a systematic literature search of multiple databases, including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and PsycInfo, from inception to March 1, 2023. Any study related to firearms that had mental health outcomes was eligible for consideration. There were no language or geographic limitations.

In a scoping review, the researchers then explored relationships among firearm access, aggressive behavior, substance abuse, and societal violence, and their influences on mental health. The hierarchical screening protocol prioritized studies with direct mental health outcomes and included those with established mental health implications from adjacent fields (criminology, public health, sociology). Ultimately, data were extracted from 467 studies.

The vast majority of studies (81%) were conducted in the US, 6% in Western Europe, 4% in Australia, and 3% in Canada, with a few other countries contributing one or two studies. Suicide was by far the most studied outcome (61% of studies), followed by firearm access, firearm violence (7.3%), and depression/fear (each 2.4%). The analysis demonstrated considerable research gaps on mental health consequences, such as posttraumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbances, intimate partner violence, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders.

Firearms affect mental health across ecological levels

The scoping review revealed three fundamental psychological mechanisms through which firearms affect mental health:

• Firearms enable impulsive action during psychological distress. Evidence showed they increase suicide risk three- to five-fold, regardless of prior mental health status.
• Firearms are "psychological amplifiers" that magnify aggression, simultaneously increase (rather than alleviate) fear and anxiety, and exacerbate trauma symptoms among those exposed to gun violence. "This cycle creates feedback loops whereby firearms worsen the very distress they're intended to relieve," the researchers note.

• Firearms serve as potent symbols that transform power dynamics and perceptions of vulnerability. This phenomenon was particularly notable in the context of intimate partner violence, where firearms were found to increase controlling behaviors via documented associations with hypermasculinity.

"These interconnected mechanisms account for some of why firearms—which are deeply ingrained in society and perceived as symbols of power and freedom—have such significant consequences for mental health outcomes," the authors explain.

Cultural reliance on firearms extends beyond physical danger, they emphasize. The complex psychosocial pathways that heighten risk of impulsive action simultaneously generate population-level psychological effects, which explain why multilevel interventions are necessary.

Read Article: The Impact of Firearm Ownership, Violence, and Policies on Mental Health: A Systematic Scoping Review

Wolters Kluwer provides trusted clinical technology and evidence-based solutions that engage clinicians, patients, researchers, and students in effective decision-making and outcomes across health care. We support clinical effectiveness, learning and research, clinical surveillance and compliance, as well as data solutions. For more information about our solutions, visit https://www.wolterskluwer.com/en/health.

###

About Wolters Kluwer

Wolters Kluwer (EURONEXT: WKL) is a global leader in information, software solutions and services for professionals in health care; tax and accounting; financial and corporate compliance; legal and regulatory; corporate performance and ESG. We help our customers make critical decisions every day by providing expert solutions that combine deep domain knowledge with technology and services.

Wolters Kluwer reported 2024 annual revenues of €5.9 billion. The group serves customers in over 180 countries, maintains operations in over 40 countries, and employs approximately 21,400 people worldwide. The company is headquartered in Alphen aan den Rijn, the Netherlands.

For more information, visit www.wolterskluwer.com, follow us on LinkedIn, Facebook, YouTube, and Instagram.

---

Journal

Harvard Review of Psychiatry

Article Title

The Impact of Firearm Ownership, Violence, and Policies on Mental Health: A Systematic Scoping Review

Article Publication Date

12-Sep-2025

 

Most Americans favor MMR vaccine requirement for public school, Annenberg survey finds

Annenberg Public Policy Center of the University of Pennsylvania

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

Annenberg Science and Public Health (ASAPH) Surveys, Apr. 2025, Aug. 2023, Jun. 2023, & Jan. 2023.

view more 

Credit: Annenberg Public Policy Center

PHILADELPHIA – Although Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. posted on social media in April that the “most effective way to prevent the spread of measles is the MMR vaccine,” in a CBS News interview that month he said, “The federal government’s position, my position, is that people should get the measles vaccine, but the government should not be mandating it.”

The Trump administration’s Make America Healthy Again (MAHA) Commission report issued Sept. 9, “Make Our Children Healthy Again” urges a rethinking of childhood vaccine schedules and mandates, based on what it calls a desire to inform parents “fully on the risks and benefits of vaccines.” The report says: “Many of them have concerns about the appropriate use of vaccines and their possible role in the growing childhood chronic disease crisis.”

Research by the Annenberg Public Policy Center (APPC) in April 2025 finds that 70% of the public supports vaccine requirements for MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) for children to attend public school, more than in 2023.

APPC’s Annenberg Science and Public Health survey, conducted in April among a nationally representative panel of 1,653 U.S. adults, finds that when asked to choose between parental choice or a requirement that healthy children get the MMR vaccine in order to attend public school “because of the potential risk for other children and adults when children are not vaccinated,” 70% support the vaccine requirement. Less than one in five people (18%) say their view is closer to the statement that “parents should be able to decide whether or not to vaccinate their children who attend public schools even if their decision not to vaccinate creates health risks for other children.”

This 70% support for the MMR vaccine requirement in April 2025 increased significantly since August 2023, when 63% said requiring the MMR vaccine for school was closer to their view on childhood vaccines for MMR.

A different Annenberg survey this year, in January 2025, took a more comprehensive look at vaccination requirements and support for opt-outs. It found that over 7 in 10 U.S. adults support a policy making it mandatory for parents to vaccinate their children against preventable diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella.

APPC’s Annenberg Science and Public Health survey

The survey data come from the 24th wave of a nationally representative panel of 1,653 U.S. adults conducted for the Annenberg Public Policy Center by SSRS, an independent market research company. Most have been empaneled since April 2021. To account for attrition, replenishment samples have been added over time using a random probability sampling design. The most recent replenishment, in September 2024, added 360 respondents to the sample. This wave of the Annenberg Science and Public Health (ASAPH) survey was fielded April 15-28, 2025. The margin of sampling error (MOE) is ± 3.4 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. All figures are rounded to the nearest whole number and may not add to 100%. Combined subcategories may not add to totals in the topline and text due to rounding.

Download the topline and the methods report.

The policy center has been tracking the American public’s knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors regarding vaccination, Covid-19, flu, RSV, and other consequential health issues through this survey panel for four years. APPC’s team on the ASAPH survey includes research analyst Laura A. Gibson; Patrick E. Jamieson, director of the Annenberg Health and Risk Communication Institute; Ken Winneg, managing director of survey research; and APPC director Kathleen Hall Jamieson.

See other recent Annenberg health survey news releases:

• Health risks during pregnancy: Public knowledge high on smoking and alcohol risks during pregnancy (July 29, 2025)
• AI and health information: Many in U.S. consider AI-generated health information useful and reliable (July 14, 2025)
• Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): More people need to know how to prevent SIDS, survey shows (July 1, 2025)
• Mammogram screenings: Survey finds some confusion over mammogram guidelines (June 30, 2025)
• High blood pressure: Many Americans unaware high blood pressure usually has no noticeable symptoms (June 6, 2025)

The Annenberg Public Policy Center was established in 1993 to educate the public and policy makers about communication’s role in advancing public understanding of political, science, and health issues at the local, state, and federal levels. Connect with us on Facebook, X, Instagram, and Bluesky.

---

Method of Research

Survey

Subject of Research

People