How a desert alga helps us understand plants’ adaptability to extreme environmental conditions

Rheinland-Pfälzische Technische Universität Kaiserslautern-Landau

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Biological soil crusts in the Negev Desert in Israel provide a habitat for the green alga Chlorella ohadii.

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Credit: Haim Treves

A single-celled green alga from the sand dunes of the Negev Desert has, within just a few years, become a key model organism in modern photosynthesis research. Chlorella ohadii helps researchers better understand plants’ adaptability to extreme environmental conditions. These findings could help make crops more resilient to heat, drought, and other consequences of climate change in the future. Haim Treves, a professor of plant metabolism at RPTU, has been studying the desert alga since its discovery. His findings have now been published in the scientific journal New Phytologist.

Scorching sun, daytime highs reaching 60 degrees Celsius, nighttime temperatures dropping to below freezing, and water available only in the form of dewdrops for a short time in the morning: The conditions in the Negev Desert, a rocky and sandy landscape in southern Israel, seem hostile to life. Yet there are organisms that have developed strategies to survive and thrive there. Among them is the green alga Chlorella ohadii, which Professor Itzik Ohad – Haim Treves’s mentor – isolated from the desert’s biological soil crust over a decade ago.

This discovery has given new impetus to research on photosynthesis – the central process that plants, algae, and phototrophic bacteria use to produce sugar from water and carbon dioxide with the help of sunlight. “Although photosynthesis is one of the most thoroughly studied processes, we still do not fully understand what limits the growth of photosynthetic organisms and why some grow faster than others. Looking at the Negev Desert, one of the harshest environments on Earth, we assumed that anything that survives there could help us better understand the potential and limitations of photosynthesis and develop more resilient crops for the future,” explains Professor Haim Treves.

Robust, fast-growing, and super-efficient

Chlorella ohadii offers numerous avenues for research in this regard. It is resistant to numerous stress factors, including extremely intense light, dehydration, and high temperatures. “As you’d expect from a desert alga, it continues to grow and photosynthesize even under light intensities twice as high as those of full sunlight. What’s astonishing is that it achieves growth rates that no other phototrophic organism – one that uses sunlight as an energy source – can match. At the same time, it uses sunlight particularly effectively for photosynthesis,” says the plant researcher.

Until now, scientists assumed that an organism could either be particularly resilient or grow well under optimal conditions – but not both. The desert alga, which refutes this dogma, is thus an ideal research model for questions concerning energy production, metabolic processes, and how organisms cope with environmental stress.

Harnessing the properties of Chlorella ohadii

Through detailed physiological, biochemical, and molecular biological studies, Haim Treves has uncovered what makes this robust alga so efficient and fast. Extensive genomic, protein, and metabolic analyses provided valuable insights into the mechanisms that enable its extraordinary growth and high resilience. “One example is its exceptionally high metabolic rates. In the desert, the green alga has less than an hour each morning to grow. It must react quickly and flexibly to changing conditions. It achieves this because the light-driven redox reactions proceed at lightning speed,” explains the researcher.

Haim Treves and his team are testing the promising genes, structures, and traits they’ve discovered in Chlorella ohadii on model and crop plants. The goal: to increase yields. “We’re currently in the process of patenting a metabolically modified plant that exhibits traits similar to those of the desert alga and whose seed yield has been increased by 30 percent. This is how we’re harnessing the potential of this tiny alga to help secure our food supply,” Treves emphasizes.

In addition, the researchers are developing specialized tools to quantify the metabolic rates that underlie the unique properties of Chlorella ohadii. “The tools for performing metabolic flux analysis are available only here and at a handful of other research institutes.”

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Journal

New Phytologist

DOI

10.1111/nph.71587

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Cells

Article Title

Extending the limits of algal growth and stress resilience – the desert alga Chlorella ohadii as an emerging model

Article Publication Date

1-Oct-2026

 

Beyond explosions: A roadmap for understanding materials and structures under extreme conditions

Maximum Academic Press

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175 researchers outline the scientific challenges and emerging tools shaping the future of explosion mechanics.

For decades, explosion mechanics was the domain of explosives, shock waves and defense engineering. But as the field enters its seventh decade, its scientific scope has stretched far beyond conventional explosions—into new territory.

A comprehensive Explosion Mechanics Roadmap, published in Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters (TAML), brings together 175 researchers from 90 institutions to present a broad view of how matter, materials and engineering systems behave under extreme dynamic loading.

Spanning 65 sections, the roadmap reviews advances and challenges in energetic materials and detonation, shock waves and impact dynamics, damage and protection, and related engineering applications.

A science pushed to the edge
At its heart, explosion mechanics asks how high-power-density energy is transmitted through shock waves and other intense dynamic processes within extremely short times, triggering high-speed flow, large deformation and, ultimately, material failure.

This raises a bigger scientific question: How does a medium respond when energy loading, strain rates and deformation are pushed to their limits?

To find out, researchers must combine experiment, theory and computation, from advanced measurements that capture ultrafast events to models and simulations that describe highly nonlinear, multiscale behaviors.

Explosion mechanics is moving beyond solving specific engineering problems. It is becoming a broader science of matter and engineered systems under extreme dynamic conditions. That makes a field-wide roadmap especially timely: it can connect advances in experiment, theory and computation, identify shared scientific challenges, and give researchers a common reference point for the road ahead.

Artificial intelligence enters the picture
The roadmap also points to a broader shift in how mechanics research is conducted. It frames that transition in sweeping historical terms—from Galileo’s experiment-and-mathematics paradigm to AI-empowered scientific research.

The authors see this paradigm shift as one of the field’s major challenges. The real question is not whether data-driven methods can replace physical models, but how experimental evidence, mechanics-based understanding, numerical simulation and AI can work together to improve our understanding and prediction of complex, extreme processes.

Beyond traditional applications
The reach of explosion mechanics extends far beyond conventional explosion problems. Insights from shock waves, high-speed impact and dynamic material failure are increasingly relevant to aerospace engineering, advanced manufacturing and structural protection.

A companion Perspective in TAML brings that broader relevance into focus through resilient infrastructure. It shows how knowledge of extreme loading and structural failure can help not only resist severe events, but also maintain—and recover—engineering functionality.

From historical roots to future frontiers
Explosion mechanics has a distinctive history in China. Hsue-Shen Tsien (Qian Xuesen) introduced the term “explosion mechanics” in 1963, during the country’s “Two Bombs and One Satellite” program. It grew into an interdisciplinary field spanning fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, physics and chemistry.

Six decades on, its scope has widened from individual explosion events to a broader scientific challenge: understanding and predicting how matter and engineered systems respond under extreme dynamic conditions.

One of the biggest challenges will be integrating mechanics-based understanding with emerging AI-enabled methods, especially for strongly nonlinear and multiscale problems. The real opportunity isn’t to replace physical models with data-driven approaches. It’s to bring experiments, simulation and AI together to sharpen both scientific understanding and predictive power.

The new roadmap gives the field a shared reference point for what comes next, bringing together current knowledge, open questions and emerging research tools in a single field-wide view.

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References

DOI

10.1016/j.taml.2026.100714

Original Source URL

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taml.2026.100714

Funding Information

This work was supported by Agriculture Biobreeding Major Project (2023ZD0405503) and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (SWU-XDJH202311 and SWU KQ22061).

About Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters (TAML) aims to publish original, cutting-edge research in theoretical, computational, and experimental mechanics. Particular emphasis is placed on original contributions in interdisciplinary and emerging areas that bridge fundamental mechanics with its applications across diverse scientific and engineering disciplines. These include, but are not limited to, aeronautics, astrophysics, biomedicine, chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, marine and civil engineering, materials science, manufacturing, meteorology, acoustics, combustion, explosion and shock.

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Journal

Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Letters

DOI

10.1016/j.taml.2026.100714

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Explosion Mechanics Roadmap

 

Sickness is a ‘whole-brain state’

New findings show the wide-ranging involvement of the brain when you feel sick

European Molecular Biology Laboratory

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Typical symptoms such as loss of appetite, fatigue, and fever shape the experience of being sick. However, research shows that the brain plays a central role in creating and coordinating this overall sickness state.

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Credit: Daniela Velasco/EMBL

We are all familiar with that dreaded sensation: a whole-body achiness and fatigue, waves of both bone-chilling cold and acute sweating that cause one to pull cosy blankets closer and only moments later kick them away. A loss of appetite turns us off even our favourite foods. This state may stem from any number of infections, but one thing is certain: our brain is telling us we are sick.

Sickness is an evolutionarily old, protective response that helps the body recover better and faster from illness, and scientists have sought to determine where exactly in the brain these signals originate. Research from scientists at EMBL Heidelberg, applying a new methodology, has provided evidence to show the brain’s involvement is not localised to one or two regions, but widespread.

“Many things are happening. It’s not one specific isolated group of neurons in some hidden area of the brain. It probably requires engagement of large parts of the brain, or multiple brain areas, to achieve this state,” said Gretel Kamm, a former postdoctoral fellow in Robert Prevedel’s team at EMBL, who led the research and brought this hypothesis to the group. The findings have now been published in the journal Current Biology. “Our main hypothesis is that we can understand sickness as a distinct brain state, and that it changes our decisions and behaviour when we have an infection,” she said.

These findings expand the school of thought on brain involvement in sickness, while introducing an efficient, effective way to study this phenomenon further.

Old brain, new brain

Scientists have known for a while that the parts of the brain deep below the surface, such as the hypothalamus and brainstem, help control symptoms associated with infections, but they were unclear about the role the outer layer of the brain played.

The brain has evolved by inheriting foundational circuits from old, ancestor species. Natural evolution over millions of years has modified these circuits and added new structures, allowing the brain new functionalities such as higher order thinking. These older, foundational brain structures are involved in basic functions such as bodily regulation, movement, emotion, and threat response. Not surprisingly, scientists focused on these areas and pathways as they worked to better understand the brain’s involvement in detecting and reacting to infection.

In Kamm’s research, the scientists were specifically interested in the neocortex, the outermost layer of the brain associated with interpreting information, thinking, planning, and controlling voluntary behaviour. This section of the brain also constantly interacts with the older brain structures.

Finding a new way to study illness and the brain

The scientists already knew that when one develops an infection, the immune system naturally produces a small chemical messenger known as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). This acts much like an alarm system, triggering the symptoms we associate with illness, such as fatigue, chills, fever, and loss of hunger.  But it was not clear whether PGE2 produced these effects by activating some parts of the brain’s autonomic system or if the effects emerged from a distributed activation extending beyond it.

In this study, the researchers found that when they injected PGE2 into the mice’s brains, the onset of symptoms was much quicker than with classic methods that mimic infections in the lab. In fact, the onset was almost immediate, compared to hours or days with these other approaches. Additionally, the duration of symptoms decreased significantly as well – only 30-45 minutes. 

The scientists then analysed the mice’s behaviour, mapped their brain activity, and made recordings of individual neurons to study how the whole brain’s activity changed during sickness.

“Gretel found an approach to study sickness with many technical advantages over previous techniques,” said Robert Prevedel, senior author on the paper. “We were able to essentially get a very comprehensive picture of sickness in a much shorter period of time.”

The mice quickly developed fever, became sluggish, and ate less. As the scientists looked at which areas of the brain were active, they found that PGE2 had activated many parts of a network known to monitor the body’s internal state. Specifically, they saw individual groups of nerve cells in the insular cortex engaged, suggesting the insular cortex’s central role in the brain as it responds to a state of illness.

The right place for this research

As Kamm described the work involved in this research, she also noted how essential the involvement of EMBL Rome was in this study.

“Our colleagues at EMBL Rome were crucial for our work. Cornelius Gross (Head of EMBL Rome) and Hiroki Asari (former EMBL Rome Group Leader) are well connected within the neuroscience research community, and thus provided important links to key people and resources,” she said. “Additionally, our close interactions with the Rome unit, for example, during seminars, led to important knowledge exchange.”

Gross notably introduced Kamm and her research team to Nicola Renier, who pioneered a method called iDISCO to visualise neuronal activation across the entire brain, using activity markers.

Prevedel also pointed to how EMBL’s EIPOD fellowship and the lab’s own expertise came together to support Gretel’s idea.

“Gretel is taking a different look at a common problem, and she’s a great example of what the EIPOD programme looks for: interdisciplinary postdocs who bring their own ambitious research ideas to EMBL,” Prevedel said. “In her case, the various methods we had established over time in our lab – imaging, electrophysiology, plus others – helped make her idea a reality.”

“The idea of looking at sickness as a brain state is relevant to the general public, and potentially medicine,” Kamm said. “Many people associate sickness with the bacteria or viruses attacking you, but most symptoms we associate with being sick are actually produced by the brain. So the main takeaway is that the whole brain is probably involved in changing our decisions and behaviour when we have an infection.”

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Journal

Current Biology

DOI

10.1016/j.cub.2026.09.011

Article Title

Central infusion of prostaglandin E2 reveals a unified representation of sickness in the mouse insular cortex.

 

Where does heat adaptation come from: Environmental heat exposure or exercise itself?

A meta-analysis reveals that environmental heat exposure during exercise enhances heat adaptations beyond exercise alone

Journal of Sport and Health Science

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Graphical summary of a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing exercise in hot conditions (ExH) with exercise in thermoneutral conditions (ExN). Twenty-three studies involving 413 participants were included. Compared with ExN, ExH produced greater improvements in aerobic performance, resting and exercise core temperature, exercise heart rate, and sweat rate, whereas no significant between-group difference was observed for exercise skin temperature. Within-group analyses further indicated that ExN alone could induce modest reductions in exercise core temperature and heart rate.

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Credit: Professor Stephen Heung-Sang Wong and Dr. Eric Tsz-Chun Poon from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China | https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095254626000591

Global warming is substantially increasing the frequency, duration, and intensity of human exposure to high ambient temperatures and has become an increasingly important global public health challenge. As global mean temperatures continue to rise, heatwaves are expected to occur more frequently and persist for longer periods, exposing a growing proportion of the population to potentially harmful thermal stress. A substantial body of evidence has demonstrated that exposure to high temperatures is associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes, including cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, heat stroke, cardiac arrest, and other heat-related illnesses. Current public health recommendations, including those issued by the World Health Organization, primarily emphasize minimizing heat exposure, maintaining cool indoor environments, and ensuring adequate hydration. However, complete avoidance of heat exposure is often impractical in daily life because of occupational demands, commuting, recreational activities, and routine physical activity. Therefore, in addition to reducing environmental exposure, strategies that improve physiological resilience and enhance heat tolerance may provide an important complementary approach to reducing heat-related health risks in a warming climate.

Exercise performed in hot environments has long been used to promote heat adaptation and improve heat tolerance, particularly among athletes and military personnel. Repeated exercise in the heat can induce a range of physiological adaptations that reduce cardiovascular and thermoregulatory strain during subsequent heat exposure. Typical adaptations include reductions in resting and exercise core temperature, lower heart rate during exercise, enhanced sweating responses, improved heat dissipation, and better aerobic performance under hot conditions. These adaptations collectively improve the ability of the human body to maintain thermal balance and cardiovascular stability during exercise in the heat.

However, the specific contribution of environmental heat exposure to these adaptations remains unclear. Exercise itself is a potent source of thermal stress because sustained skeletal muscle contraction substantially increases metabolic heat production. Even when exercise is performed under thermoneutral conditions, the resulting increase in internal heat production can elevate body temperature and impose considerable demands on the cardiovascular and thermoregulatory systems. Therefore, some of the adaptations traditionally attributed to exercise in the heat may actually be induced, at least partly, by exercise-generated metabolic heat rather than by environmental heat exposure alone. This raises an important question: Does exercising in a hot environment provide additional physiological benefits beyond those induced by exercise itself, or is metabolic heat production during thermoneutral exercise sufficient to promote meaningful heat-related adaptations?

To address this question, a team of researchers led by Professor Stephen Heung-Sang Wong and Assistant Professor Eric Tsz-Chun Poon from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China, conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to directly compare exercise performed in hot conditions with exercise performed under thermoneutral conditions. Three complementary comparisons were conducted: exercise in hot conditions (ExH) versus exercise in thermoneutral conditions (ExN), pre- versus post-intervention responses following ExH, and pre- versus post-intervention responses following ExN. The primary outcomes included aerobic performance in the heat, resting and exercise core temperature, exercise skin temperature, exercise heart rate, and sweat rate. This analytical approach allowed the additional contribution of environmental heat exposure to be evaluated while also examining whether exercise alone could induce heat-related physiological adaptations. The findings of this study were made available online in the Journal of Sports and Health Science on August 24, 2026.

A total of 23 studies were included in the final analysis. Compared with ExN, ExH produced greater improvements in aerobic performance under hot conditions. It also resulted in significantly greater reductions in resting core temperature, exercise core temperature, and exercise heart rate, together with a greater increase in sweat rate. In contrast, no significant between-group difference was observed for exercise skin temperature. “These findings indicate that additional environmental heat exposure during exercise provides a meaningful adaptive stimulus beyond that produced by exercise alone, particularly for cardiovascular and thermoregulatory responses,” says Prof. Wong.

Importantly, however, ExN was not physiologically ineffective. Following thermoneutral training, exercise core temperature decreased significantly by approximately 0.14 °C, while exercise heart rate decreased by approximately 5.6 beats/min during subsequent ExH. These findings suggest that exercise-induced metabolic heat production and general exercise training adaptations may themselves promote a certain degree of heat resilience, even in the absence of additional environmental heat exposure. Nevertheless, the magnitude and range of adaptations were generally greater for ExH.

“Overall, these findings support the use of ExH as an effective strategy for enhancing heat tolerance and improving aerobic performance under heat stress. At the same time, they highlight the potential contribution of exercise itself to the development of partial heat-related adaptations,” says Dr. Poon. This distinction is particularly important when considering the development of practical, safe, and individualized strategies to improve human resilience to rising environmental temperatures.

 

Reference
Titles of original papers: Exercise in hot or thermoneutral conditions? Comparative effectiveness on aerobic performance and physiological adaptations in the heat: A meta-analysis
Journal: Journal of Sport and Health Science
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2026.101168 

 

About The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK) is a leading research university in Hong Kong, China. Founded in 1963, CUHK is known for its strong academic and research environment, international outlook, and distinctive collegiate system. The university offers a wide range of programmes across disciplines, including medicine, science, engineering, social sciences, business, and the humanities.

 

About Authors

About Assistant Professor Eric Tsz-Chun Poon from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Professor Tsz-Chun Poon is currently an Assistant Professor in the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education at The Chinese University of Hong Kong. His research primarily focuses on high-intensity interval training (HIIT), heat acclimation training, and cardiometabolic health. Several of his research projects have been funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council and the Health Bureau. He also serves as an Associate Editor and Editorial Board Member for several international journals in the fields of sports science and physical fitness.

About Professor Stephen Heung-Sang Wong from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, China
Professor Stephen Heung-Sang Wong is currently a Professor in the Department of Sports Science and Physical Education at The Chinese University of Hong Kong and serves as the Head of United College. He is a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine and serves as the Asia representative of the Active Healthy Kids Global Alliance (AHKGA). He is also the Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Exercise Science & Fitness and serves on the editorial boards of several international academic journals in the fields of health and exercise science.

 

Funding information
This work was supported by the Research Grants Council (RGC) General Research Fund (GRF), Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China (14618825).

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Journal

Journal of Sport and Health Science

DOI

10.1016/j.jshs.2026.101168

Method of Research

Meta-analysis

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Exercise in hot or thermoneutral conditions? Comparative effectiveness on aerobic performance and physiological adaptations in the heat: A meta-analysis

 

Largest-ever jaguar analysis identifies how jaguar populations are connected across the Americas

University of Southern Denmark

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Ranking of core habitat areas for jaguars across the species' current range. The strength of core areas is expressed as density of movement. The side maps highlight the 10 highest-ranked core areas numbered by priority. In the side maps, buffer colours correspond to the respective rank positions. Map lines delineate study areas and do not necessarily depict accepted national boundaries.

Credit: Guilherme Costa Alvarenga.

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Credit: Guilherme Costa Alvarenga

An international team of researchers has produced the most comprehensive assessment to date of connectivity across the jaguar's range, identifying key habitats and movement corridors that could help guide conservation efforts for the Americas' largest cat.

The study, published in Global Change Biology, used movement data from 172 GPS-collared jaguars to map the landscapes most important for maintaining connectivity between populations across the species' current range, which extends from Mexico to northern Argentina.

The researchers identified 307 core living areas that support high levels of predicted jaguar movement and 176 corridors linking those areas. Together, the results provide a range-wide picture of how jaguar populations may remain connected despite increasing habitat loss and fragmentation.

First author of the study is Guilherme Costa Alvarenga, Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), University of Oxford and Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia e Conservação de Felinos na Amazônia, Mamirauá Institute for Sustainable Development (MISD), Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil.

Senior authors and co-leaders are Żaneta Kaszta, Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, previously at the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) at the University of Oxford, and Samuel Cushman, Professor. Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, previously at University of Oxford.

"Previous efforts to map connectivity across the jaguar's range relied largely on expert opinion," said Żaneta Kaszta, "Our study is based on empirical movement data collected from jaguars across much of their range, allowing us to build a more biologically realistic picture of connectivity."

The analysis reveals one overwhelmingly important stronghold: a vast connected landscape spanning parts of the Amazon, Llanos, Pantanal and Chaco regions. Covering approximately 6.5 million square kilometres across 11 countries, this area ranked as the most important core habitat for jaguar connectivity and accounted for the vast majority of predicted movement density in the model.

Outside this central stronghold, the picture was more fragmented.

The researchers identified major connectivity gaps in parts of Mexico, Central America, Colombia and the Atlantic Forest. Many jaguar populations in these regions appear increasingly isolated, raising concerns about long-term gene flow and population persistence.

"Jaguars are in a stronger position than many other large carnivores because they still retain an extensive connected stronghold in South America," said Samuel Cushman. "However, our results show that connectivity is far from secure across the species' entire range. Several regions now depend on relatively narrow connections that could be lost if habitat conversion continues."

In addition to modelling connectivity between existing jaguar strongholds, the team also analysed connectivity among 905 protected areas and Indigenous lands. This second modelling approach identified 507 potential corridors and highlighted locations where conservation action could strengthen future connectivity.

The researchers found that the two approaches provided complementary information. Connectivity based on current jaguar populations offered the most realistic representation of present-day conditions, while the protected area analysis revealed potential opportunities for restoring or maintaining connectivity in the future.

The study comes as conservation organisations and governments increasingly emphasise connectivity as a key strategy for biodiversity conservation. Maintaining connections between populations can help sustain gene flow, facilitate dispersal and reduce the risk of local extinctions.

The authors stress that the identified corridors represent modelled pathways rather than confirmed movement routes and that field validation remains necessary.

"These results provide a framework for prioritising conservation action across the jaguar's range," said Kaszta. "The maps identify where connectivity appears strongest, where it is most vulnerable, and where future conservation efforts could have the greatest impact."

The researchers hope the findings will help guide habitat protection, restoration efforts and transboundary conservation initiatives aimed at maintaining connectivity for jaguars under increasing pressure from land-use change.

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Journal

Global Change Biology

DOI

10.1111/gcb.71093

Method of Research

Computational simulation/modeling

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Jaguar Range-Wide Connectivity: Prioritising Core Areas and Corridors Between and Within Protected Areas and Indigenous Lands