Many of the fastest-evolving human genes linked to evolutionary changes in brain development
IMAGE: THIS IMAGE SHOWS A THIN SECTION TAKEN FROM THE CEREBELLUM OF AN ADULT FERRET BRAIN, WITH ASTROCYTES LABELED IN YELLOW, AND CELL NUCLEI LABELED IN BLUE. ASTROCYTES ARE A VISUALLY STRIKING TYPE OF NON-NEURAL CELL IN THE BRAIN THAT WERE FOUND TO CONTINUE TO EXPRESS PPP1R17 ONLY IN ADULT NON-HUMAN PRIMATES IN THIS STUDY, BUT NOT IN THE CEREBRAL CORTEX OR THE CEREBELLUM OF NON-PRIMATE SPECIES SUCH AS THE FERRET, SHOWN HERE. view more
CREDIT: ELLEN DEGENNARO
More than 3,000 regions in the human genome are very different in people from in any other mammals, including our closest primate relatives. Now, a study reported in the journal Neuron on September 2 has evidence to confirm that nearly half of these so-called human accelerated regions (HARs) have played an important role in rewriting the course of human brain development, offering important insight into the genetic basis of human evolution.
“Probably one of the most interesting questions in neuroscience is, ‘What makes us human?’” says Christopher Walsh (@chrisawalsh1) of Harvard University and the Allen Discovery Center for Human Brain Evolution. “Specifically, what is it about the human brain that differentiates it from those of other closely related species? Looking at human accelerated regions provided us with a very targeted way to investigate that question from a genetic perspective.”
To systematically identify which of the 3,171 previously identified HARs are most likely to be contributing to recent evolution of the human cerebral cortex, the researchers examined the role of these regions in regulating genes in studies of multiple human and mouse cell types and tissues.
“We knew going into this study that many HARs were likely to function as regulators of gene expression in the brain, but we knew very little about which cell types in the brain they worked in, where, or at what time in the human lifespan,” explains Ellen DeGennaro (@ViolinPlots), one of the study’s first authors in the Walsh lab. “Our goal was to fill in these gaps of knowledge about which HARs had important roles in the brain, and how, so that we and other researchers could take the most important ‘brain HARs’ and perform deeper tests of their evolutionary function.”
To overcome the limitations of earlier methods, Walsh and his colleagues developed an applied approach called CaptureMPRA. The new method leverages barcoded molecular inversion probes to capture target sequences that capture entire HAR elements and their surrounding DNA, overcoming some limitations of prior techniques. Using this approach, they looked for important differences in HAR enhancer function between humans and chimpanzees.
They also integrated this data with epigenetic data at HARs in human fetal neural cells to identify HARs that looked likely to have an important role in guiding human-specific brain development. Some of the activity they uncovered was specific to the brain, as compared to other organs in the body. They also found activity that was even more specific to certain cell types in the fetal brain, as opposed to brains of adults.
CAPTION
This image shows a thin section of ferret cerebellum, with astrocytes (yellow) and cells expressing PPP1R17 (blue).
CREDIT
Ellen DeGennaro
Overall, the new findings show that many HARs do indeed appear to act as neurodevelopmental enhancers, the researchers report. The new data suggests that, as those human sequences diverged from other mammals, they have largely increased their role as neuronal enhancers.
The researchers also show that one HAR-regulated gene in particular, called PPP1R17, has undergone rapid change in both cell-type and developmental expression patterns between non-primates and primates and between non-human primates and humans. They went on to show that PPP1R17 slows the progression of neural progenitor cells through the cell cycle. This is notable given that lengthening of the cell cycle in non-human primates and humans is known to force a slowing of neurological development, an important feature of the human brain.
The new findings define many HARs that play key roles in neuronal gene regulatory programs; nearly half of all HARs show reproducible chromatin accessibility and enhancer activity in neural cells and tissue, according to the researchers. They’ve also developed an easily searchable online resource (the HARHub) consisting of the new data and previously published datasets of common and rare human HAR sequence variation. This databank now serves as a resource for scientists to make even more discoveries. Already, it has offered intriguing insights.
“Our work provides an important advance in studying many genomic regions at once to help us piece together the very complicated but compelling picture of human brain evolution,” Walsh says. “Our data suggest that evolution of the human brain involved changes in dozens or perhaps even hundreds of sites in the genome, rather than just a single key gene.”
CAPTION
This image shows a thin section of mouse cerebellum, with PP1R17-expressing cells labeled in green.
CREDIT
Ellen DeGennaro
This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health; the Allen Discovery Center program, a Paul G. Allen Frontiers Group advised program of the Paul G. Allen Family Foundation; a Career Award for Medical Scientists from the Burroughs Wellcome Fund; the Surpina and Panos Eurnekian BioFund fellowship; the Simons Foundation Autism Research Initiative Bridge to Independence award; and the Simons Center for the Social Brain postdoctoral fellowship. C.A.W. is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute.
Neuron, Girskis et al.: “Rewiring of human neurodevelopmental gene regulatory programs by Human Accelerated Regions (HARs)” https://www.cell.com/neuron/fulltext/S0896-6273(21)00580-8
Neuron (@NeuroCellPress), published by Cell Press, is a bimonthly journal that has established itself as one of the most influential and relied upon journals in the field of neuroscience and one of the premier intellectual forums of the neuroscience community. It publishes interdisciplinary articles that integrate biophysical, cellular, developmental, and molecular approaches with a systems approach to sensory, motor, and higher-order cognitive functions. Visit: http://www.cell.com/neuron. To receive Cell Press media alerts, contact press@cell.com.
JOURNAL
Neuron
METHOD OF RESEARCH
Observational study
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Human tissue samples
ARTICLE TITLE
Rewiring of human neurodevelopmental gene regulatory programs by Human Accelerated Regions (HARs)
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
2-Sep-2021
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