Guiding future research on ‘extraordinary potential’ of next-generation solar cells

Peer-Reviewed Publication

TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY PRESS

 

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RESEARCHERS AT SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY REVIEWED THE CURRENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MAKING PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS MORE EFFICIENT AND OFFER DIRECTIONS TO GUIDE FUTURE RESEARCH. THEY CURRENTLY CAN ACHIEVE SLIGHTLY MORE THAN 25% EFFICIENCY BUT THE RESEARCH SAID THEY COULD ACHIEVE MORE IF CURRENT LIMITATIONS ARE ADDRESSED APPROPRIATELY.

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CREDIT: FENGREN CAO, SOOCHOW UNIVERSITY

Today’s commercial solar panels can convert about 15% to 20% of the sunlight they absorb into electrical energy — but they could be much more efficient, according to researchers at Soochow University. The next generation of solar cells has already demonstrated 26.1% efficiency, they said, but more specific research directions are needed to make such efficiency the standard and expand beyond it.

 

They published their review of the current state of research on high-efficiency perovskite solar cells and their recommendations for future work in Energy Materials and Devices on February 4.

 

“Metal halide perovskite solar cells are a new type of high-performance solar cell,” said first author Fengren Cao, researcher in Soochow University’s School of Physical Science and Technology. “They exhibit excellent photoelectric properties and have the potential for high efficiency and low cost, making them a promising candidate for future solar energy applications.”

 

The metal halide perovskite in these solar cells is a calcium titanium oxide-like organic material that operates as a light-absorbing semiconductor to capture incidental sunlight and convert it to energy.

 

“Perovskite solar cells offer high efficiency, exceeding 26% in laboratory conditions; low cost, using relatively inexpensive materials and simple manufacturing processes; flexibility, as they can be made on flexible substrates — such as plastic or metal foils — enabling the development of lightweight, flexible photovoltaic devices; and they can be scaled up to larger sizes,” Cao said. “They have extraordinary potential as the next generation of photovoltaic technology.”

 

However, Cao noted, only a few research teams have developed perovskite solar cells capable of 25% efficiency or more.  

 

“Over the past years, many strategies have been adopted to improve the efficiency of perovskite solar cells,” Cao said. “But achieving more than 25% efficiency is not yet common. As such, in this paper, we summarize recent developments in high-efficiency perovskite solar cells and highlight their effective strategies in crystal regulation, interface passivation and structural design of component layers.”

 

These strategies could effectively address the main causes of low efficiency, which are preparation process-induced defects and an unsuitable band structure, according to Cao. The band structure refers to the energy levels of electrons in the material: Too low and the cell cannot properly or efficiently convert sunlight into energy, too high and the cell faces the same issue.

 

Cao also noted that other types of solar cells could be combined to construct “tandem solar cells” that could work together to break efficiency limits of a single type of solar cell. In addition, Cao said, fabrication methods for larger components need to be optimized to achieve the same efficiencies as the methods to fabricate small areas less than a 10th of a square centimeter.

 

“We believe that perovskite solar cells are one class of the most promising solar cells, and these efforts will ensure they can be commercialized and industrialized in the future,” Cao said, explaining that additional research would also address such challenges as tolerance to defects and issues related to stability. “The future of perovskite solar cells is incredibly exciting, and the potential for further advancements is vast.”

 

Other contributors include Liukang Bian and Liang Li, both with the School of Physical Science and Technology, Center for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin Films, Soochow University. Cao is also affiliated with Soochow University’s Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies.

 

The National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions supported this work.

 

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About Energy Materials and Devices

Energy Materials and Devices is launched by Tsinghua University, published quarterly by Tsinghua University Press, aiming at being an international, single-blind peer-reviewed, open-access and interdisciplinary journal in the cutting-edge field of energy materials and devices. It focuses on the innovation research of the whole chain of basic research, technological innovation, achievement transformation and industrialization in the field of energy materials and devices, and publishes original, leading and forward-looking research results, including but not limited to the materials design, synthesis, integration, assembly and characterization of devices for energy storage and conversion etc.

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JOURNAL

Energy Materials and Devices

DOI

10.26599/EMD.2024.9370018 

ARTICLE TITLE

Perovskite solar cells with high-efficiency exceeding 25%: a review

Genetic research revealed several new fern species in tropical America

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF TURKU

 

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DANAEA UBATUBENSIS, ONE OF THE RECENTLY DESCRIBED FERN SPECIES, IS KNOWN ONLY FROM A SMALL AREA OF COASTAL RAINFOREST IN BRAZIL. A LARGE PROPORTION OF THE SPECIES IN THE AREA ARE ENDEMIC.

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CREDIT: PHOTOGRAPHER: HANNA TUOMISTO

Researchers have clarified the evolutionary history of a previously poorly known group of ferns from the tropical rainforests of America using DNA methods. The study discovered many new fern species, 18 of which have now been given official names and species descriptions.

The Amazon Research Team of the University of Turku in Finland has conducted long-term studies on the flora and vegetation of Amazonian rainforests to gain a better understanding of species distribution and evolutionary history. The researchers have collected data from both Amazonia and other parts of tropical America. Now, they have traced the evolutionary history of the fern genus Danaea using DNA analyses.

"Studying the evolutionary relationships between species reveals factors that can lead to the differentiation of species traits and ultimately to the evolution of new species," says Doctoral Researcher Venni Keskiniva. "This type of information helps us understand the drivers behind the high biodiversity observed in tropical regions," Keskiniva continues.

The study revealed that there are many more species in the genus Danaea than previously thought, and as part of their revision, the researchers described 18 species that were new to science.

Genetics helped to distinguish between tricky species

In the study, the researchers combined DNA methods with solid field experience. Many of the new species were found in tropical rainforests in areas that had previously been studied little or not at all.

"However, some new species were growing right under the researchers’ noses, for example on Barro Colorado Island, which is one of the most intensively researched rainforests in the world. Two of our new species were found practically in the backyard of a research station," says Professor Hanna Tuomisto. "The plants had of course been seen, but they were thought to belong to a common species that grows throughout tropical America."

The recently published study shows that there are no such widespread species in the genus Danaea. Researchers have just been unable to distinguish between similar-looking species.

In the 1990s, it was estimated that the total number of Danaea species wass 20–30, and that many of them were very widespread. Today, there are about 80 named species, with a further 20 or so still awaiting confirmation. This means that the number of species is much higher, but their ranges are smaller than previously thought.

"At first, we were surprised to see that different individuals of a known species were placed in completely different parts of the family tree. Then we noticed that they formed groups that differed not only in DNA but also in appearance and area of occurrence. This led us to conclude that they were different species," explains Keskiniva.

Danaea ferns are notorious for being difficult to identify. Therefore, the researchers from the University of Turku also published an online identification key. This will help other researchers gather information on the ecology and species richness of tropical forests.

Several species are already endangered at the time of discovery

The ferns of the genus Danaea represent a very old evolutionary line, already differentiated from other plants in the Carboniferous Period. At that time, their ancestors formed vast fern forests, the fossilised remains of which later became coal.

As a result of the burning of the coal and other fossil fuels, the climate of tropical rainforests is becoming hotter and drier. This is threatening the future of species adapted to high humidity, such as Danaea ferns. The researchers estimate that six of the now described 18 species are already endangered.

"Suitable habitats for rainforest species have been reduced due to direct human activity, such as deforestation" says Tuomisto. "The situation is especially bad in the rainforests of the Atlantic coast, Andean montane forests, and parts of the Pacific coast and Central America. These areas are rich in endemic species, but the forests have been reduced to fragments. For understanding and protecting the biodiversity of tropical forests, it is important to realise that species distributions are narrower than used to be thought".

Danaea ampla, one of the new fern species recently described, was found in Panama on Barro Colorado Island, which is one of the most intensively researched rainforest sites in the world.

CREDIT

Photographer: Hanna Tuomisto

JOURNAL

Willdenowia - Annals of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem

DOI

10.3372/wi.53.53303 

ARTICLE TITLE

Danaea (Marattiaceae) keeps diversifying, part 1: eighteen new species

Targeting seed microbes to improve seed resilience

Analysis of seed endophytes in the wild crop fonio reveals the seed microbiome as a potential target for sustainably enhancing crop resilience to climate stress.

26 Feb 2024

A study on seed microbiome engineering shows how the seed microbiome of fonio millet,

 an indigenous crop in West Africa, could be used in crop breeding to improve resilience

 to climate stress. © 2024 KAUST; Ivan Gromicho.

Fonio (Digitaria exilis), a type of millet, is the oldest indigenous crop in West Africa and one of the fastest maturing cereals. Despite its low yield, the combination of quick maturation and drought tolerance and its ability to thrive in poor soils make it a useful model for understanding how cereals can adapt to future climate change conditions.

Nutritionally, fonio is comparable to other millets, says KAUST researcher Naheed Tabassum, but yields are much lower than the major cereal crops rice, maize and wheat. Tabassum believes fonio could complement staple crops amid climate change and desertification challenges.

Tabassum and colleagues, led by Heribert Hirt and Simon Krattinger, have investigated the potential to improve fonio by manipulating its association with soil microbes.[1]

Heribert Hirt (left) and Naheed Tabassum studied the diversity and composition of microbial communities in fonio seeds from different locations. © 2024 KAUST; Arsheed Sheikh.

Plants grown in arid conditions associate and interact with bacteria that help them combat abiotic challenges. Hirt and his group are experts on plant-microbe interactions and their role in plant growth and development, nutrient uptake and protection against biotic stress.

“Plants evolve in close interaction with microbial partners, which is crucial for their survival and fitness,” says Hirt. “As seeds are the bottleneck for vertical transmission (from the mother plant) of potentially beneficial microbial communities, we tried to unravel the role of the fonio seed microbiome in various abiotic conditions.”

Their study investigated the bacterial seed endophyte diversity in 126 fully sequenced genetic groups of fonio accessions from distinct locations in West Africa.

The role of endophytic bacteria in seeds has been linked to plant growth and protection, yet the specific mechanisms remain to be explained in detail. The results of this study suggest that seed-associated endophytes support plant growth promotion through nutrient availability and assimilation. Previous studies have shown that seed endophytes produce biocontrol inhibitors to protect from pathogens.

When they analyzed the seed microbiomes, the researchers found that fonio millet has diverse heritable seed endophytic taxa. “Despite finding diverse microbiomes in fonio from distinct geographical locations, all fonio plants share a set of microbes, a so-called core microbiome, which probably plays important functions in the general metabolism of this cereal,” says Hirt.

To test whether environmental factors influenced the composition of the seed microbiomes, the researchers gathered meteorological and soil data (precipitation, temperature, pH and soil structure) at the collection sites. They found a correlation between several of these parameters and microbial diversity, indicating that environmental factors may affect microbial composition and transgenerational transmission.

“The seed coat and storage tissue represent distinct microhabitats,” explains Tabassum. “The vertical transmission of microbiota to fortify the progeny of a plant species opens a new technological application in crop breeding.”

“Seed microbe engineering could be used for targeted metabolites or to produce antimicrobial compounds to improve plant biomass and yield under stresses,” she says.

The recently published study provides a proof of concept to explain the composition and diversity of the seed-associated microbiomes of fonio from a number of locations.

In what they believe is a world first, the team performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of the 126 fonio accessions to identify genetic loci associated with seed endophyte diversity. This led to the identification of a number of known and novel genes that appear to influence the diversity of the microbial communities in different fonio accessions, suggesting that different fonio groups also genetically regulate the composition of their seed microbiomes.

“Although seed microbiome research is in its infancy, our work shows that it has great potential to advance our understanding of the plant-microbiome-environment interaction and in seed microbiome engineering of crops,” says Hirt.

“This study identified the seed microbiome as a potential target for enhancing crop resilience to climate stress in a sustainable way,” he concludes.

REFERENCE

1. Tabassum, N., Ahmed, I.A., Parween, S., Sheikh, A.H., Saad, M.M., Krattinger, S.G. & Hirt, H. Host genotype, soil composition and geo-climatic factors shape the fonio seed microbiome. Microbiome 12, 11 (2024).| article

ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Naheed Tabassum
Postdoc



Naheed is a postdoctoral fellow in Heribert Hirt's Darwin 21 research group. Naheed's research interests focus on plant defense signaling, plant-microbe interactions and microbiome.

A new plant’s name that tells a story

Peer-Reviewed Publication

KOBE UNIVERSITY

 

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THE NEWLY DISCOVERED PLANT RELICTITHISMIA KIMOTSUKIENSIS PROBABLY DIVERGED AT AN EARLY STAGE IN THE EVOLUTION OF THE WHOLE FAMILY AND RETAINS ANCESTRAL CHARACTERISTICS. THIS HISTORY IS REFLECTED IN THE PLANT’S NAME.

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CREDIT: SUETSUGU KENJI

A new species and genus of fairy lantern, tiny glass-like white plants that feed on fungi, has been discovered in Japan. In the country renowned for its extensive flora research, the discovery of a new plant genus is extremely rare and has not occurred in almost 100 years.

Fairy lanterns, or Thismiaceae as they are known to botany, are very unusual plants found mainly in tropical but also in subtropical and temperate regions. First of all, they are not green and do not engage in photosynthesis, but rather feed on fungal mycelia in the ground. As a consequence, they are often hidden under fallen leaves and only for a brief period produce above-ground flowers that look like glasswork. The Japanese name for Thismia, one of the major groups within this family, is “Tanuki-no-shokudai,” which means “raccoon dog’s candleholder” and refers both to their shape and their underground lifestyle. However, they are also extremely rare and difficult to find. “At present, approximately 100 species within the family have been identified, nearly half of which are known only from their first discovery, sometimes from a single specimen,” explains Kobe University botanist SUETSUGU Kenji, who is an internationally renowned expert on non-photosynthetic plants.

Suetsugu has long-standing collaborations with local botanists who have access to secluded areas all over Japan. He says, “The dedication of Japanese amateur researchers to revealing the hidden flora of these regions has been crucial in identifying species unknown to science.” And so, when he was sent a specimen of a fairy lantern that a hobby botanist had found and that a local expert thought represented a new species of the genus of Tanuki-no-shokudai, he knew he had to investigate. However, it soon became clear “that this plant was not included in any of the existing genera (such as Thismia) because of its unique features, and it became necessary to obtain additional individuals for further examination.” So, he went to Kimotsuki in Kagoshima Prefecture, where the discovery had been made, but could not find any other samples. However, a year later he tried again and got lucky: They found four more plants, all in the same narrow area.

The Kobe University expert now published his analysis in the scientific Journal of Plant Research. Based both on morphological and genetic analysis, the team concluded that the plant is not only a new species, but in fact different enough from Tanuki-no-shokudai to be a different genus — the next level of relationship above species. The researchers think the plant probably diverged at an early stage in the evolution of the whole Thismiaceae family and retains characteristics that are common to the family but have been lost in the Thismia genus. This is the reason Suetsugu chose the name “Mujina-no-shokudai,” or “badger’s candleholder”: “Mujina” is an old Japanese word for a badger, but sometimes has also been used for the raccoon dog which it resembles but is different from. Thus, the name reflects the plant’s relationship with Thismia. The Latin name Relictithismia kimotsukiensis is similar, as it can be translated as “Thismia relict of Kimotsuki.”

“Japan is one of the regions in the world where botanical surveys are most advanced, making the discovery of new plant species extremely rare, and the discovery of a new genus even more so,” says Suetsugu. In fact, the last discovery of a new vascular plant concurrently identified as a separate genus was the discovery of Japonolirion in 1930, almost 100 years ago. Suetsugu explains, “This research might suggest that many other new species may be hiding in regions previously thought to be well-studied and underscores the critical need for ongoing exploration and investigation of the planet’s flora both abroad and at home.”

A plant that feeds on fungi and is so limited in its local spread is also exceptionally vulnerable to environmental change. This motivates Suetsugu to deepen his research, saying, “A segment of our future research will be dedicated to ecological studies aimed at deciphering the interactions between Relictithismia and its fungal hosts, in addition to assessing the impact of environmental alterations on these associations.”

One of the most intriguing unique characteristics of the newly described Relictithismia kimotsukiensis is that its stamens (the male part of the plant) touch the stigma (the female part), thus facilitating self-pollination. This adaptation is likely advantageous for a plant that lives under fallen leaves in dark forests where pollinators are scarce.

Members of the family Thismiaceae feed on fungal mycelia in the ground. As a consequence, they are often hidden under fallen leaves and only for a brief period produce above-ground flowers that look like glasswork.

The analysis of the newly discovered Relictithismia kimotsukiensis showed that it is different enough from all known genera of Thismiaceae to warrant its classification as an entirely new genus. “Our expertise in various aspects of botany enabled us to merge traditional taxonomic methods with modern molecular techniques, offering a comprehensive approach to our research,” says Kobe University botanist SUETSUGU Kenji.

CREDIT

TAGANE Shuichiro

This study was supported by the PRESTO program (grant JPMJPR21D6) of the Japan Science and Technology Agency, the JSPS KAKENHI (grant 21K06307) and the Environment Research and Technology Development Fund (grant JPMEERF20204001) of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan. It was conducted in collaboration with an independent researcher and researchers from Kyoto University and the Kagoshima University Museum.

Kobe University is a national university with roots dating back to the Kobe Commercial School founded in 1902. It is now one of Japan’s leading comprehensive research universities with nearly 16,000 students and nearly 1,700 faculty in 10 faculties and schools and 15 graduate schools. Combining the social and natural sciences to cultivate leaders with an interdisciplinary perspective, Kobe University creates knowledge and fosters innovation to address society’s challenges.

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JOURNAL

Journal of Plant Research

DOI

10.1007/s10265-024-01532-5 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Observational study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Relictithismia kimotsukiensis, a new genus and species of Thismiaceae from southern Japan with discussions on its phylogenetic relationship

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

29-Feb-2024

 

Black mountain unveils fossil trove

New revelations poised to reshape our understanding of early cephalopod evolution

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PEERJ

 

IMAGE: 

NOTE THAT THESE RECONSTRUCTIONS CORRESPOND TO TWO EXTREMES TO SHOW THE POSSIBLE RANGE OF INTERPRETATION BASED ON PHYLOGENETIC BRACKETING. THE LEFT RECONSTRUCTION IS INSPIRED BY A LIMPET-LIKE SOFT PART ANATOMY AS IN LIVING MONOPLACOPHORANS (E.G., Wingstrand, 1985; Ruthensteiner, Schröpel & Haszprunar, 2010), WITHOUT TYPICAL CEPHALOPOD AUTAPOMORPHIES SUCH AS EYES, ARMS AND HYPONOME. THE RIGHT RECONSTRUCTION REPRESENTS SOFT PART ANATOMY THAT WOULD BE EXPECTED CLOSE TO THE CEPHALOPOD CROWN GROUP (E.G., Kröger, Vinther & Fuchs, 2011; Klug et al., 2015).

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CREDIT: CREDIT: EVELYN FRIESENBICHLER.

A team of researchers led by Alexander Pohle has unveiled a treasure trove of ancient fossils from Queensland's Black Mountain. The findings, published in PeerJ Life & Environment, shed new light on the complex three-dimensional siphuncle morphology of Plectronoceratids, a pivotal group of molluscs from the latest Cambrian period.

The study surpasses the entirety of previously documented Plectronoceratid fossils, presenting over 200 well-preserved specimens. These fossils, meticulously collected by the late Mary Wade and her team during the 1970s and 1980s, offer unprecedented insights into the intricate structures of these ancient creatures.

Pohle's team focused on specimens from the lower Ninmaroo Formation at Black Mountain, meticulously examining the three-dimensional morphology of the siphuncle. This comprehensive analysis revealed a remarkably intricate siphuncular structure, challenging previous interpretations based on longitudinal sections and prompting a major revision of the taxonomic classification within the order Plectronoceratida.

Of particular note is the discovery of Sinoeremoceras marywadeae sp. nov., a new species named in honor of Mary Wade. This species, characterized by its highly oblique siphuncular segments and elongated septal neck, represents a significant addition to the cephalopod evolutionary tree. Moreover, the study advocates for a revised taxonomy, consolidating multiple species, genera, families and even one order under the Plectronoceratida.

Pohle expressed his gratitude to Mary Wade, whose dedication to specimen collection and preparation paved the way for this groundbreaking research. "Would it not be for her, these faunas would still largely be unknown," said Pohle. The team hopes that their work honors Wade's legacy, acknowledging the invaluable contributions she made to paleontological science.

As the scientific community delves deeper into the origins of cephalopods, Pohle's team emphasizes the significance of further exploration and advanced imaging techniques. They advocate for the use of 3D reconstructions, such as µCT scans or serial grinding tomography, to unlock new dimensions of understanding in research on Palaeozoic cephalopds.

The publication of this groundbreaking study marks a pivotal moment in our quest to unravel the mysteries of ancient marine life. With each fossil unearthed, we inch closer to a comprehensive understanding of Earth's prehistoric past.

 

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JOURNAL

PeerJ

DOI

10.7717/peerj.17003 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Observational study

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Animals

ARTICLE TITLE

Plectronoceratids (Cephalopoda) from the latest Cambrian at Black Mountain, Queensland, reveal complex three-dimensional siphuncle morphology, with major taxonomic implications

ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE

29-Feb-2024

Eco-labeling: self or certification?

Peer-Reviewed Publication

KEAI COMMUNICATIONS CO., LTD.

 

IMAGE: 

WHICH ECO-LABEL SHOULD THE MANUFACTURER CHOOSE?

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CREDIT: GAOXIANG, L., ET AL.

The green lifestyle has been increasingly popular in recent years. According to the 2023 China Consumption Trend Report, 73.8% of customers prioritize buying environmentally friendly products. Tools such as eco-labels are widely used by companies to show consumers how green their products are.

Eco-label comes in the form of certification label or self-labeling, depending on the originator. Certification label is issued by third-party certification bodies, such as Energy Star and Organic Food. While they are trusted by consumers, it is difficult to convey green attributes beyond the standard to consumers. Self-labeling, such as Wal-Mart's natural label, is the manufacturer's self-declaration of the product's green status on the packaging, but consumers often have low trust in it.

In this context, a research team led by Professor Gaoxiang Lou of East China University of Science and Technology and Professor Yi-Ming Wei of Beijing Institute of Technology constructed a green supply chain game model which includes a manufacturer and a supplier. The supplier provides green raw materials, and the manufacturer carries out green manufacturing and chooses eco-label for products.

The researchers found that upstream and downstream companies in the supply chain have conflicting eco-label selection preferences. The supplier prefers certification label, while the manufacturer tends to choose self-labeling, although the social welfare under certification label may be higher. According to this discovery, further coordination among supply chain members is needed to address conflicting preferences.

Further, the researchers expanded the certification label level from the original single level to multiple levels. For example, Cradle to Cradle Certified is divided into five levels. The results indicate that when consumers have low trust in self-labeling and the difficulty of green investment is low, the manufacturer is more likely to choose multi-level certification labels. This gives a scientific basis for the formulation of multi-level eco-label.

Besides, the researchers found an interesting result - when companies adopt single-level certification label, consumers' green preferences can be harmful to companies’ profitability. They explained, "As consumers' green preferences increase, certification agencies will issue more strict certification standards. This will force companies to invest more in green innovation, thereby damaging their profitability."

Finally, the researchers, who published their findings in the KeAi journal Sustainable Operations and Computers, stated, "We simultaneously consider green supplying, green manufacturing, and eco-label selection behaviors in the green supply chain, and further extend to multi-level eco-label, which is rare in existing research". Their results can provide reference for the green innovation practice and eco-label strategy selection in green supply chain.

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Contact the author: Haicheng Ma, Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China, mahaicheng@bit.edu.cn or hcm@mail.ecust.edu.cn

The publisher KeAi was established by Elsevier and China Science Publishing & Media Ltd to unfold quality research globally. In 2013, our focus shifted to open access publishing. We now proudly publish more than 100 world-class, open access, English language journals, spanning all scientific disciplines. Many of these are titles we publish in partnership with prestigious societies and academic institutions, such as the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).

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JOURNAL

Sustainable Operations and Computers

DOI

10.1016/j.susoc.2023.12.003 

METHOD OF RESEARCH

Computational simulation/modeling

SUBJECT OF RESEARCH

Not applicable

ARTICLE TITLE

Eco-label strategy selection for green product development in supply chain