Wednesday, January 08, 2025

‘Lost year’: Germany electric car sales go into reverse

 EU CHINA TARIFF'S ARE USELESS IN THIS CASE


By AFP
January 6, 2025


Just 380,609 EVs were registered in 2024 in Europe's largest auto market, 27.4 percent fewer than in the previous year
 - Copyright AFP/File SAUL LOEB

Sebastien ASH

Sales of new electric vehicles in Germany plunged last year, official figures showed Monday, as a slow switch to battery-powered cars deepened the woes of the country’s flagship auto industry.

Just 380,609 EVs were registered in 2024 in Europe’s largest auto market, 27.4 percent fewer than in the previous year, the KBA federal transport authority said.

After years of growth, demand for battery-powered cars lost momentum as the German economy has struggled and key subsidies were withdrawn.

The slump in EV sales amounted to a “lost year for electro-mobility”, said EY analyst Constantin Gall.

The sudden end of the support programme in 2023 amid a government budget crisis had led to “massive uncertainty among potential buyers”, he said.

High prices for new EV models, still patchy charging infrastructure and range limitations were putting off new buyers in Germany, he said.

The drop in EV sales led an overall decline in the German car market, which has struggled to recover since the coronavirus pandemic.

Some 2.8 million new cars were sold in 2024 in Europe’s top economy, one percent fewer than in the previous year.

– Industry struggles –

Weak demand for new cars at home has compounded the challenges facing Germany’s auto industry, alongside high production costs and rising competition from China.

Europe’s biggest carmaker Volkswagen announced a deal with unions at the end of last year to reduce production capacity in Germany by some 730,000 units and cut 35,000 jobs.

The drastic cuts were needed to put the core Volkswagen brand on a sustainable footing and to fund investments in the manufacturer’s struggling electric strategy, the group said.

The difficulties at VW did not stop it from keeping the top spot in sales with 536,888 new registrations in Germany.

Chinese manufacturers who have gobbled up market share in their domestic market and spooked European producers have yet to make major inroads in Germany.

Combined, brands such as BYD, XPeng and MG Roewe sold some 25,000 units in Germany.

Tesla’s market share also dropped to 1.3 percent from 2.2 percent, as the US electric vehicle maker shifted only 38,000 units in Germany.

The overall slump in electric car sales in Germany saw battery-powered vehicles lose market share relative to traditional combustion engines and hybrid cars.

Electric cars made up 13.5 percent of sales in 2024, down from 18.4 percent in the previous year.

Sales of hybrid cars rose by 12.7 percent to almost 950,000 as consumers looked to hedge their bets with cars than can run on both electricity and fossil fuel.

– Subsidy scheme –

Gall said “strong impulses” were needed to kickstart the electric car market.

A new support programme could provide a “significant boost” to sales of battery-powered cars, he said, but remained uncertain about the outlook as Germany is headed for new elections on February 23.

Chancellor Olaf Scholz, whose government scrapped the previous subsidy scheme, has called on the campaign trail for a new support programme on the European level.

Opposition politicians have also called for the ailing auto industry to get more assistance, while criticising European plans to phase out combustion engines.

Manufacturers could cut prices themselves as they look to shift more EVs and stay on track to meet stricter EU emissions targets coming into force in 2025, Gall said.

Progress in bringing down EV prices could lead to a rise in sales, but the sector would struggle to rise above volumes seen in 2023, he said.

A “hoped-for paradigm shift” in consumer preferences had yet to come, Gall added. “For large parts of the population, combustion engines remain significantly more popular than electric cars.”


Invisible man: German startup bets on remote driver


By AFP
January 7, 2025


Thomas von der Ohe, CEO and Co-Founder of Vay Technology, stands for a portrait with a remote driving Kia. Over the last year, riders in Las Vegas have been able to test drive the vehicle - Copyright AFP Patrick T. Fallon

With no one in the driver seat, the SUV pulling up resembles an autonomous robotaxi like those becoming increasingly present in some cities — but the car from German startup Vay is something else.

One of a number of emerging players aiming to disrupt road transportation, the seven-year-old company is built around remote driving, where a human is very much present, though sitting in an office using TV monitors to guide the car.

Over the last year, riders in Las Vegas have been able to test drive Vay, and the company was demonstrating its technology ahead of the Consumer Electronics Show (CES), the world’s most important tech show.

Thomas von der Ohe, chief executive and co-founder of Vay, said his was a lower-cost approach “that has nothing to do with autonomous driving.”

Von der Ohe, who previously worked at Zoox, the Amazon-owned autonomous driving company, said that unlike autonomous driving companies, Vay doesn’t have to “run massive amounts of simulations” to be safe.

“Our core safety principle is that the (human driver) can make the decision,” he said.

And unlike a Tesla or Waymo, there is no dream at Vay of one day shedding the steering wheel, which twists and turns during rides as if maneuvered by the Invisible Man.

The remote driving approach also employs fairly inexpensive camera technology, which costs a fraction of the envelope-pushing Lidar sensing systems favored by leading autonomous companies.

A demonstration of the remote driving technology showed someone watching three screens — which included live imagery from front, side and rear-view cameras — as they operated a system similar to at-home racing simulators, with a steering wheel and pedals.

Vay is offering rides for half the price of Uber or Lyft. Von der Ohe hopes to reach profitability in the next year or two, depending on how quickly the company can scale.

Since launching 12 months ago, Vay’s Las Vegas fleet has grown from two to 30 vehicles, completing 6,000 rides, von der Ohe said.

But Von der Ohe believes the company’s cash cow will not be ride-hailing, but the delivery of autos to consumers who then drive the vehicles.

In this way, Vay resembles a car rental company.

Since the launch in Las Vegas, some customers have ordered up Vay vehicles for home delivery and then driven them themselves.

That flexibility is one reason “we believe this can be a real alternative to private cars,” von der Ohe said.

GLOBALI$M IS IMPERIALI$M

Microsoft announces $3 bn AI investment in India


ByAFP
January 7, 2025


Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella says the US tech giant plans to invest $3 billion in India on AI and cloud infrastructure over the next two years - Copyright AFP/File Jason Redmond

Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella on Tuesday said the company plans to invest $3 billion in India on artificial intelligence (AI) and cloud infrastructure over the next two years.

The world’s most populous country has become a key AI battleground in the last few years, as US tech giants look to find new users for their services and tap into fresh pools of talent.

In recent months, top executives including Nvidia boss Jensen Huang and Meta’s chief AI scientist Yann LeCun have visited India.

On Tuesday, Nadella said the $3 billion investment would include the setting up of new data centres.

“India is rapidly becoming a leader in AI innovation, unlocking new opportunity across the country,” Nadella said.

“The investments in infrastructure and skilling we are announcing today reaffirm our commitment to making India AI-first, and will help ensure people and organisations across the country benefit broadly.”

The global embrace of AI has boosted sales of Microsoft’s key cloud services, which have become the core of its business under Nadella’s leadership.

The announcement comes less than a week after Microsoft president Brad Smith said the company was on track to invest $80 billion in AI this fiscal year.

Microsoft was on pace to invest about $80 billion this year to build out AI datacentres, train AI models and deploy cloud-based applications around the world, according to Smith.

“The United States is poised to stand at the forefront of this new technology wave, especially if it doubles down on its strengths and effectively partners internationally,” he said in an online post.




Turkey threatens military operation against Syrian Kurdish fighters

THEY HAVE BEEN ATTACKING SYRIAN KURDISTAN FOR MONTHS NOW


By AFP
January 7, 2025

Turkish Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan threatens to launch a military operation against Kurdish forces in Syria unless they accept Ankara's conditions - Copyright AFP Dave Chan


Fulya OZERKAN

Turkey threatened Tuesday to launch a military operation against Kurdish forces in Syria unless they accepted Ankara’s conditions for a “bloodless” transition after the fall of strongman president Bashar al-Assad.

“We will do what’s necessary” if the People’s Protection Units (YPG) fail to meet Ankara’s demands, Foreign Minister Hakan Fidan told CNNTurk television. Asked what that might entail, he said: “Military operation”.

Assad’s overthrow by Islamist-led rebels last month raised the prospect of Turkey intervening directly in the country against Kurdish forces accused by Ankara of links to armed separatists.

Ankara accuses the YPG — seen by the West as essential in the fight against Islamic State jihadists — of links to the outlawed Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) in Turkey.

The PKK has fought a decades-long insurgency against the Turkish state and is listed as a terrorist organisation by Ankara and its Western allies.

“Those international fighters who came from Turkey, Iran and Iraq must leave Syria immediately. We see neither any preparation nor any intention in this direction right now and we are waiting,” Fidan said.

“The ultimatum we gave them (the YPG) through the Americans is obvious,” he added.

Since 2016, Turkey has carried out successive ground operations in Syria to push Kurdish forces away from its border.

The foreign minister also said Turkey had the capability to take over the management of prisons and detention camps holding IS jihadists in Syria if the new leadership was unable to do so.

“Our president gave the instruction that if others cannot do it, Turkey will keep control (of the camps) with its own soldiers. As Turkey, we are ready for this,” Fidan said.



-‘Bloodless transition’-



New Syrian leader Ahmed al-Sharaa, whose HTS group has long had ties with Turkey, told Al Arabiya TV on Sunday that the Kurdish-led forces should be integrated into the national army.

Fidan, who met with Sharaa in Damascus last month, said Ankara expected the new leadership to address the YPG issue.

Asked if they were taking the necessary steps: Fidan said: “We need to give it some time,” adding talks between Damascus and the YPG were going on.

He said Syria’s new rulers were capable of fighting the YPG, which he accused of buying time.

“The administration in Damascus is not made of those who are scared of war. They seized Damascus by fighting,” Fidan said.

Referring to Kurdish fighters in Syria, he said: “If you do not want any military operation in the region, neither by us nor by the new administration in Syria, the conditions for this are clear.”

“The terrorist fighters coming from international countries must leave Syria, the PKK leadership must leave the country. The remaining cadres must lay down their weapons and join the new system, this is for a bloodless and problem-free transition.”

Asked if Turkey would still intervene in Syria despite the United States’ support for the YPG, Fidan said: “We did it in the past in Afrin, in Ras al-Ayn and in Tal Abyad,” referring to locations in northern Syria that Turkey has targeted.

He said Turkey would not hesitate to do it again.

“This is what our national security requires. We don’t have any other option.”

More than 100 combatants have died over the past few days in northern Syria in fighting between Turkish-backed groups and Syrian Kurdish forces, the Britain-based Syrian Observatory for Human Rights said on Sunday.

Turkish-backed factions in northern Syria resumed their armed conflict with Kurdish forces at the same time Islamist-led rebels launched their November 27 offensive that ousted Assad just 11 days later.



US urged to do more to fight bird flu after first death


By AFP
January 7, 2025


Scientists have been sounding the alarm about the potential pandemic threat posed by bird flu -- and urging the US to do more 
- Copyright Ritzau Scanpix/AFP Mads Madsen Arctic Creative


Daniel Lawler

The first human death from bird flu in the United States has intensified calls for the government to ramp up efforts to stave off the threat of another pandemic — particularly ahead of Donald Trump’s return to the White House.

Health experts around the world have for months been urging US authorities to increase surveillance and share more information about its bird flu outbreak after the virus started spreading among dairy cows for the first time.

On Monday, Louisiana health authorities reported that a patient aged over 60 was the country’s first person to die from bird flu.

The patient, who contracted avian influenza after being exposed to infected birds, had underlying medical conditions, US health authorities said.

The World Health Organization has maintained that bird flu’s risk to the general population is low, and there is no evidence that it has been transmitted between people.

However health experts have been sounding the alarm about the potential pandemic threat of bird flu, particularly as it has shown signs of mutating in mammals into a form that could spread more easily among humans.

– ‘This is how it could start’ –

The avian influenza variant H5N1 was first detected in 1996, but a record global outbreak since 2020 has resulted in hundreds of millions of poultry birds being culled — and killed an unknown but massive number of wild birds.

In March, the virus started transmitting between dairy cows in the United States.

Since the start of last year, 66 bird flu cases have been recorded in humans in the United States, many of them among farm workers, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The US cases had been relatively mild until the Louisiana patient, though a Canadian teenager become severely ill. Nearly half of the 954 human cases of H5N1 recorded since 2003 have been fatal, according to the WHO.

Marion Koopmans, a virologist at the Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands, emphasised that the public should not be unduly worried about another pandemic.

“The problem is that this is how it could start,” she added.

Koopmans criticised that “there is not really an effort to contain” the bird flu outbreak among cattle in the United States.

Tom Peacock, a virologist at the Imperial College London, said he thought “the biggest error the US has made is its slow and weak response to the cattle outbreak”.

The reason bird flu was affecting US cattle seemed to be a combination of this weak early response, poor biosecurity, “and the intensification of US dairy farming (which involves far more movement of animals than any European system),” he told AFP.

Peacock was a co-author of a preprint study released on Monday, which has not been peer-reviewed, describing how the mutations of H5N1 in cattle enhance its ability to infect other mammals — including humans.

Rebecca Christofferson, a scientist at Louisiana State University, said there were signs that the deceased patient’s virus mutated while they were infected — but it was not transmitted to anyone else.

“The worry is, the more you let this sort of run wild… the more chances you have for this sort of mutation to not only occur, but to then get out and infect someone else, then you start a chain reaction,” she told AFP.

WHO spokeswoman Margaret Harris said the United States “are doing a lot of surveillance” on bird flu. “That’s why we’re hearing about it,” she added.

Last week, the US government awarded an additional $306 million to bolster H5N1 surveillance programs and research.

Peacock said that monitoring has increased for US cattle but warned “big gaps” remain.

– What should the US do? –


Rick Bright, a former top US health official, has been among those calling for the department of agriculture to release more information about bird flu infections among animals.

“There are still just reams of data from this current administration that haven’t been released,” he told the Washington Post on Monday.

The United States has a stockpile of millions of H5N1 vaccine doses, which Bright said should be offered to at-risk people such as farm workers.

The Biden government has also been urged to encourage companies to develop rapid home tests as well as monitor wastewater for bird flu.

Several of the experts called on Biden to act quickly, before president-elect Trump replaces him in less than two weeks.

There are particular concerns about Trump’s pick for health secretary, Robert F. Kennedy Jr.

Kennedy is a sceptic of vaccines, which would be among the most powerful weapons to fend off a potential new pandemic. He is also a known fan of raw milk, which has repeatedly been found to be contaminated with bird flu from infected dairy cows.

People at home have been advised to avoid infected animals — and raw milk — and to get a seasonal flu vaccine.

Christofferson said her “biggest worry” was that if someone was infected with both seasonal flu and H5N1, they could mix to become “something that’s either more transmissible and or more dangerous to people”.
Hundreds of young workers sue McDonald’s UK alleging harassment


By AFP
January 7, 2025


McDonald's UK has around 170,000 employees in the UK, many of whom are young workers - Copyright AFP/File Kirill KUDRYAVTSEV

More than 700 young workers are suing McDonald’s UK after widespread harassment claims were exposed in the media in 2023, law firm Leigh Day said on Tuesday.

Leigh Day is seeking compensation from the US fast-food giant on behalf of current and former staff who were aged under 20 when working at McDonald’s.

“Clients have described experiences of discrimination, homophobia, racism, ableism, and harassment,” the legal firm said in a press release, saying more than 450 restaurants were involved.

It follows a BBC investigation in July 2023 highlighting the testimonies of those affected.

The fast-food chain is one of Britain’s largest employers with around 170,000 staff, many of whom are young workers, including teenagers.

“Any incident of misconduct and harassment is unacceptable and subject to rapid and thorough investigation and action,” a McDonald’s spokesperson said Tuesday.

The fast-food giant said it had set up an online system allowing “employees in all company-owned and franchised restaurants the opportunity to speak up confidentially”.

Alistair Macrow, chief executive of McDonald’s UK and Ireland, told a parliamentary committee in November 2023 that he was “absolutely determined to root out any of these behaviours”.

McDonald’s UK opened a specialist unit to investigate the allegations but unions told the same parliamentary committee it had not improved the situation.

Macrow is set to face questions from British MPs on Tuesday over the separate issue of employment rights.

“I’ve had to deal with homophobic comments from managers and crew members,” said a 19-year-old unnamed employee quoted in Leigh Day’s statement.

“My manager said if I can’t deal with it, I should just leave the job,” he added.

The law firm said another young worker claimed to have been repeatedly pestered for sex, and another claim involved a manager touching young staff inappropriately during shifts.

McDonald’s UK faced harassment claims in 2019 when the Bakers, Food and Allied Workers Union alleged that more than 1,000 female employees had been victims of sexual harassment and abuse.



US McDonald’s rolls back some of its diversity practices


By AFP
January 7, 2025


McDonald's is the latest US organization to rethink its diversity practices following a Supreme Court ruling that reversed affirmitive action in university admissions - Copyright AFP/File JIM WATSON

McDonald’s said Monday it will roll back some of its diversity practices, becoming the latest US organization to rethink its policies following a Supreme Court ruling that ended affirmative action in university admissions.

The fast-food giant’s announced changes include no longer asking suppliers to commit to certain diversity, equity and inclusion (DEI) targets, withdrawing from external surveys that gauge corporate diversity, and changing the name of its diversity committee.

“We are retiring Supply Chain’s Mutual Commitment to DEI pledge in favor of a more integrated discussion with suppliers about inclusion as it relates to business performance,” the fast-food giant said in a statement.

It also announced an end to “setting aspirational representation goals and instead keeping our focus on continuing to embed inclusion practices that grow our business into our everyday process and operations.”

It will also pause external surveys “to focus on the work we are doing internally to grow the business.”

Its diversity team will be renamed the Global Inclusion Team, which it deemed a change “more fitting for McDonald’s in light of our inclusion value and better aligns with this team’s work”.

But it said “McDonald’s position and our commitment to inclusion is steadfast.

“Since our founding, we’ve prided ourselves on understanding that the foundation of our business is people. As (former CEO) Fred Turner said, ‘We’re a people business, and never forget it,'” it said.

In June 2023, the conservative-majority Supreme Court put an end to affirmative action in university admissions, reversing one of the major gains of the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s.

Since then, businesses and institutions have been rethinking programs to bolster minority groups as support for progressive policies has eroded.

DEI policies now face increasing attack in US corporate and government spheres, with backers of the initiatives — which seek to correct bias in US workplaces — on the defense even more after Donald Trump’s victory in the US presidential election.

McDonald’s announcement comes in the wake of similar moves by a string of prestige brands — from Ford, John Deere and Lowe’s to Harley-Davidson and Jack Daniel’s — reflecting a backlash against so-called political correctness in American public life.




No proof fentanyl produced in Mexico, president says

By AFP
January 7, 2025


A picture released by the Mexican Attorney General's Office shows fentanyl pills and chemical precursors seized in Jalisco state in December 2024 - Copyright Mexico's Attorney General's Office/AFP/File Handout

Mexico has found no proof that fentanyl is being produced in the country, its president said Tuesday, following threats from US President-elect Donald Trump to impose tariffs over drug trafficking.

“So far, we have not found that precursors arrive — because most of the precursors come from Asia — and that the whole process is manufactured here in Mexico,” Claudia Sheinbaum told a news conference.

“The laboratories that have been dismantled in our country are mainly for methamphetamine or crystal (meth),” she added.

At the same time, Sheinbaum stressed that her government was committed to combating illegal drug distribution.

In recent weeks Mexican authorities have announced several major seizures of fentanyl, as well as chemical precursors.

The drug, a synthetic opioid 50 times more potent than heroin, has been linked to tens of thousands of overdose deaths in the United States.

Trump, who will begin his second term on January 20, has threatened to levy 25-percent tariffs on Mexican exports if the country fails to contain flows of drugs and migrants.

The US Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) says that Mexican cartels are “at the heart” of a synthetic narcotics crisis in the United States.

The powerful Sinaloa Cartel “dominates the fentanyl market through its manipulation of the global supply chain and the proliferation of clandestine fentanyl labs in Mexico,” it said in its 2024 National Drug Threat Assessment.

The cartel has been “producing bulk quantities of fentanyl since at least 2012,” it said.

Outgoing US ambassador Ken Salazar told a news conference on Monday that he had no doubt the drug was manufactured in Mexico.

“I know what’s happening, that there is fentanyl in Mexico, and I also know that it is produced here,” he said.

Two Indian companies indicted in US for importing ingredients used in opioid fentanyl


Fentanyl precursors are seen in New York City · Reuters

Mon, January 6, 2025 
By Jonathan Stempel

NEW YORK (Reuters) - Two Indian chemical companies have been indicted for allegedly importing ingredients for the highly addictive opioid fentanyl into the United States and Mexico, the U.S. Department of Justice said on Monday.

Athos Chemicals and Raxuter Chemicals, both based in Gujarat, were each charged in Brooklyn with distributing the ingredients and conspiring to distribute them.

Raxuter and senior executive Bhavesh Lathiya, 36, were also charged with smuggling, and introducing misbranded drugs into interstate commerce.

Lathiya was arrested on Saturday in New York and ordered detained pending trial, after prosecutors called him a flight risk and a substantial danger to the community.

"The Justice Department is targeting every link in fentanyl trafficking supply chains that span countries and continents and too often end in tragedy in the United States," U.S. Attorney General Merrick Garland said in a statement.

A federal public defender representing Lathiya declined to comment. Athos and Raxuter did not immediately respond to similar requests outside business hours.

Fentanyl is a synthetic opioid about 50 times more powerful than heroin and 100 times more powerful than morphine.

Opioids accounted for about 82,000 U.S. deaths in 2022, ten times the number in 1999, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Prosecutors said that since February 2024, the defendants supplied "precursor" chemicals they knew would be used to make fentanyl, and hid their efforts by mislabeling packages, falsifying customs forms, and making false declarations at border crossings.

One indictment said that in October 2024 video calls with an undercover agent posing as a fentanyl manufacturer, Lathiya agreed to sell 20 kilograms of the precursor chemical 1-boc-4-piperidone, and suggested mislabeling them as an antacid.

Lathiya did this after the agent told him his Mexico clients were "very happy with the quality of what you sent me," and with the "yield" from the resulting fentanyl, the indictment said.

The other indictment said Athos agreed last February to sell 100 kilograms of the same chemical to a known drug trafficker in Mexico who was making fentanyl in connection with a drug trafficking organization.

Lathiya faces up to 53 years in prison if convicted, the Justice Department said.

(Reporting by Jonathan Stempel in New York; Editing by Matthew Lewis)

UK Voter turnout: Evidence of a class divide?



By Dr. Tim Sandle
DIGITAL  JOURNAL 
January 7, 2025


Voters visit polling places to cast their ballots in the 2022 Primary Election on May 24, 2022 in Atlanta, Georgia - Copyright AFP/File Martin BUREAU

Turnout disparity in UK elections between graduates and non-graduates has widened to 11 percentage points. In 2024 this was twice as high as 2019. As well as the education premium, the gap between homeowners and renters rose to 21 points, signalling a probable divide by social class.

A new election law is needed to tackle rising voting inequalities and low turnout, or risk fuelling distrust and populism, according to the left-of-centre think tank Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR). It is proposed this could include measures like automatic voter registration and a new civic duty to help at polling stations, akin to jury service. The measures fall short of a demand for compulsory voting (such as with the Australian model).

These findings are based on a detailed analysis of voter turnout in the four general elections since 2015. While voting inequalities across age and income have broadly remained the same, IPPR finds that the turnout gap between those who own their home and those who rent grew by nearly a quarter, to 19 percentage points, between the general elections of 2017 and 2024.

The think tank highlights a critical “blind spot” in the government’s current approach to combating populism (such as the rise of the right-wing Reform UK party). Unless ministers actively work to make democracy more inclusive, such populist movements will continue to gain traction, even if the economy is doing well.

Findings released by IPPR earlier this year revealed that only one in every two adults in the UK voted in this year’s general election – the lowest share of the population to vote in a general election since universal suffrage.

Ideas to remove barriers to voting include:

• Linking up with DVLA, DWP, Passport Office to prompt voter registration, or using National Insurance Numbers to register people automatically when they turn 16.
• Moving polling day to a weekend, as in Australia and New Zealand, or make election day a new public holiday.
• Allowing a wider range of photo IDs, or scrapping ID requirements altogether.
• Including the 5 million long-term tax-paying residents who are not citizens of the UK, Ireland, or Commonwealth nations.
• Basing constituency boundaries on the entire adult population of an area, not just registered voters.
• Lowering the voting age to 16.
• Making citizenship education compulsory in schools.
• Recruiting election-day poll workers from the population by lot, similarly, to recruiting for jury service.

Dr Parth Patel, IPPR associate director of democracy and politics, states: “We are close to the tipping point at which elections begin to lose legitimacy because the majority do not take part. That should be ringing more alarm bells than it is. We all know that elections aren’t perfect, but they are the only opportunity we get to express a desired future for ourselves and our country as a whole.”

Patel adds: “So many people today feel alienated from organised politics. The government may overlook non-voters, but populists don’t. Government can and should look to bring people back into democracy. Capping big money donations, automatically registering voters and creating a new civic duty to staff polling stations will help get voters back.”

To combat this ‘democratic deficit’ the IPPR is urging the introduction of an Elections Bill to address growing voting inequalities and revitalise democratic participation. Among its key proposals is a cap on individual and corporate donations to political parties at £100,000 per year.

In 2023, there were more donations over £1 million than ever before. Before 2017, such donations never totalled £10 million to a single party in a year — but since then, that mark has been passed four times. In 2023, £1 million-plus donations to the two main UK parties totalled close to £50 million, of which almost £39 million was given to the Conservatives, and just over £11 million to the Labour Party.

There are further calls for the rules to be significantly tightened around shell companies and ‘unincorporated associations’, which it says can easily be used to channel illegitimate or foreign funding into UK politics. It calls for ‘due diligence checks’ to establish the true origin of any funds channelled to political parties this way.
Iraqi archaeologists piece together ancient treasures ravaged by ISIS


By AFP
January 7, 2025


Nimrud's pre-Islamic artefacts were destroyed by jihadists, by Iraqi archaeologists are determited to restore them - Copyright Mexico's Attorney General's Office/AFP/File Handout

Waleed al-Akidi

A decade after jihadists ransacked Iraq’s famed Nimrud site, archaeologists have been painstakingly putting together its ancient treasures, shattered into tens of thousands of tiny fragments.

Once the crown jewel of the ancient Assyrian empire, the UNESCO-listed archaeological site was ravaged by Islamic State (IS) fighters after they seized large areas of Iraq and neighbouring Syria in 2014.

The precious pre-Islamic artefacts destroyed by the jihadists are now in pieces, but the archaeologists working in Nimrud are undaunted by the colossal task they face.

“Every time we find a piece and bring it to its original place, it’s like a new discovery,” Abdel Ghani Ghadi, a 47-year-old expert working on the site, told AFP.

More than 500 artefacts were found shattered at the site, located about 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Mosul, the city in northern Iraq where IS established the capital of their self-declared “caliphate”.

Meticulous excavation work by Iraqi archaeologists has already yielded more than 35,000 fragments.

The archaeologists have been carefully reassembling bas-reliefs, sculptures and decorated slabs depicting mythical creatures, which had all graced the palace of Assyrian King Ashurnasirpal II nearly 3,000 years ago.

Seen from above, the pieces of the puzzle gradually come together. Shards of what just several years ago was a single artefact are placed side by side, protected by sheets of green tarpaulin.

Bit by bit, the image of Ashurnasirpal II appears on one bas-relief alongside a winged, bearded figure with curly hair and a flower on its wrist, as the restoration brings back to life rich details carved in stone millennia ago.

Another artefact shows handcuffed prisoners from territories that rebelled against the mighty Assyrian army.

Partially reconstructed lamassus — depictions of an Assyrian deity with a human head, the body of a bull or a lion and the wings of a bird — lay on their side, not far from tablets bearing ancient cuneiform text.

– ‘Complex operation’ –

“These sculptures are the treasures of Mesopotamia,” said Ghadi.

“Nimrud is the heritage of all of humanity, a history that goes back 3,000 years.”

Founded in the 13th century BC as Kalhu, Nimrud reached its peak in the ninth century BC and was the second capital of the Assyrian empire.

Propaganda videos released by IS in 2015 showed jihadists destroying monuments with bulldozers, hacking away at them with pickaxes or exploding them.

One of those monuments was the 2,800-year-old temple of Nabu, the Mesopotamian god of wisdom and writing.

IS fighters wreaked havoc at other sites too, like the once-celebrated Mosul Museum and ancient Palmyra in neighbouring Syria.

The jihadist group was defeated in Iraq in 2017, and the restoration project in Nimrud began a year later, only to be interrupted by the Covid-19 pandemic and restart in 2023.

Mohamed Kassim of the Academic Research Institute in Iraq told AFP that “until now, it has been a process of collection, classification and identification.”

About 70 percent of the collection work has been completed at the Assyrian palace site, with about a year’s worth of fieldwork left before restoration can begin in full force, said Kassim, noting it was a “complex operation”.

His organisation has been working closely with Iraqi archaeologists, supporting their drive to “save” Nimrud and preserve its cultural riches, through training sessions provided by the Smithsonian Institution with financial support from the United States.

– One shard after another –

Kassim said that the delicate restoration process will require expertise not found in Iraq and “international support” due to the extent of the “barbaric” destruction in Nimrud.

“One of the most important ancient sites of the Mesopotamian civilisation,” according to Kassim, Nimrud is a testament to a golden age of “the art and architecture of the Assyrian civilisation”.

The site was first excavated by archaeologists in the 19th century and received international recognition for the immense lamassu figures that were taken to Europe to be exhibited in London’s British Museum and the Louvre in Paris.

Other artefacts from Nimrud have been on display in Mosul and Iraq’s capital Baghdad.

The site has also attracted figures like British author Agatha Christie, who visited there with her archaeologist husband.

On a recent tour of Nimrud, Iraq’s Culture Minister Ahmed Fakak al-Badrani hailed the “difficult” work carried out by archaeologists there, collecting broken pieces and comparing them to drawings and photographs of the artefacts they attempt to reconstruct.

The vast destruction has made it impossible, at least for now, to ascertain which antiquities were stolen by IS, the minister said.

And the process will take time.

Badrani said he expects that it will take 10 years of hard work before the marvels of King Ashurnasirpal II’s palace can be seen again, complete.

In Brazil, an Amazon reforestation project seeks to redeem carbon markets

“If capitalism is responsible for the climate crisis, I don’t think it will be able to solve it.”


By AFP
January 7, 2025

By planting native species that will thrive in the Amazon, Mombak hopes to restore credibility to a scandal-ridden carbon market - Copyright AFP STR


Anna PELEGRI

In the Brazilian Amazon, workers use metal tubes to sow seedlings in rapid succession, as part of an effort to reforest the jungle with millions of trees.

The project has financial backing from the United States and lucrative contracts with companies such as Google, Microsoft and the McLaren F1 team, who want to use the reforested area to offset millions of tons of carbon emissions.

By planting native species that will thrive in the Amazon, the Brazilian company Mombak hopes to restore credibility to a scandal-ridden carbon market at a crucial time for the warming planet.

“We identified a great opportunity in the market, which is the global goal of reducing emissions in the coming years”, said Mombak co-founder Gabriel Silva, at the Turmalina farm in the northern state of Para.

“The Amazon is the best place in the world to reforest,” he added, citing the loss of 60 million hectares since 2015.

– Tainted carbon credits –

The carbon market is based on the sale of credits to companies to offset their greenhouse gas emissions by financing reforestation or protecting existing carbon sinks that absorb CO2.

The idea behind carbon credits has, however, taken a major hit recently as scientific research has repeatedly shown claims of reduced emissions being hugely overestimated — or even entirely untrue.

The market has also been criticized as a tool for “greenwashing,” allowing companies to claim carbon neutrality while doing little to reduce their own emissions.

One reason reforestation projects have proven ineffective is that many focus on monocultures, such as eucalyptus, which weaken ecosystems over time.

Since its founding in 2021, Mombak has bought nine farms from landowners in the northern Brazilian state of Para to replant trees.

The first of these, Turmalina — a former cattle ranch — covers 3,000 hectares. It is located to the east of Belem, the capital of Para, which will host the UN COP30 climate conference in November.

– ‘Simulate nature’ –

In just 18 months, three million cuttings of 120 different indigenous species have been planted.

“We want to simulate nature,” to build a “resilient” forest, explained biologist Severino Ribeiro.

The first trees to be planted are those that grow best under the sweltering Amazon sun. Then it will be the turn of more fragile species, which thrive in their shade.

Some of the newly planted trees are already several meters tall.

Among them are 300,000 specimens of six species threatened with extinction according to the IUCN Red List. They include yellow ipe, a tree that is emblematic in Brazil.

Mombak aims to plant at least 30 million trees by 2032, across an area five times the size of New York’s Manhattan island.

The project is financed by private investors, as well as by organizations such as the World Bank.

The United States in November announced a $37.5 million loan to Mombak, during a visit by US President Joe Biden to the Amazon.

Contracts with companies include a precise tonnage of emissions to be offset over a specific period.

Microsoft’s contract aims to offset 1.5 million tonnes of carbon — one of the largest of its kind in the world, according to Mombak.

The amounts of the contracts are being kept secret, but Mombak says they need to be “high,” as these projects need “intensive capital” to be viable.

The Mombak project has yet to be validated by Verra, a US organization that is one of the main private certifiers of carbon credits.

Verra last year strengthened its methods after facing criticism that projects it had validated actually saved little or no carbon compared with their promises.



– Sensitive land question –



Professor Lise Vieira da Costa, an expert in carbon markets at the Federal University of Para, said she was “cautious” about newcomer Mombak, but saw encouraging signs in its project.

“The fact that it is betting on biodiverse reforestation is positive,” she said.

Da Costa also highlighted Mombak’s approach of buying land for reforestation, which “indicates a tendency to have fewer conflicts with the communities.”

Land ownership is a major challenge in the Amazon, where many lack titles for their land, creating a legal limbo that is exploited by farmers, ranchers and speculators.

Para courts have seen several cases of misappropriation of land related to carbon credit projects.

To reduce conflict with local communities, Mombak is currently only working on areas “acquired from private owners who have been established for decades, which makes it easier to verify documentation,” said Silva.

However, the company is interested in the Para government’s first tender for the reforestation of a 10,000-hectare public area.

“Brazil cannot achieve its emission reduction targets by simply reducing deforestation. We need to restore (deforested) areas by creating concessions” of land for the carbon market, said Para governor Helder Barbalho.

Forestry specialist Carlos Augusto Pantoja argues that funds allocated to reforestation should go to “the Amazonian people. They have the know-how and they need support.”

“If capitalism is responsible for the climate crisis, I don’t think it will be able to solve it.”


COP30

Brazil gears up for first climate conference in Amazon


By AFP
January 7, 2025


With 200 workers laboring seven days a week, the largest open-air market in Latin America reflects the transformation currently underway in the Brazilian city, which is preparing to host COP30 in November -- the first UN climate conference in the Amazon - Copyright AFP STR


Anna PELEGRI

After serving a customer a bowl of acai with fried fish in Belem’s market, Sandra da Costa wipes her hands excitedly.

“Finally, the long-awaited renovation is going to happen,” she says.

With 200 workers laboring seven days a week, the largest open-air market in Latin America reflects the transformation underway in the Brazilian city, which is preparing to host in November the first UN climate conference in the Amazon, a meeting called COP30.

But the challenge is immense for this northern metropolis of 1.3 million people, crisscrossed by canals.

It faces severe social inequality and lacks sufficient infrastructure, including accommodations for the 60,000 delegates expected to attend.

Record public investment is restoring monuments, transforming the abandoned port warehouses into leisure zones, and dredging the river bay to anchor two cruise ships, which will expand lodging options alongside two new hotels.

– Turning point –

“The COP30 will be a turning point for the city and the Amazon,” says Igor Normando, the 37-year-old mayor, to AFP.

“The world will learn the challenges of the Amazonian people, and see that there is nothing fairer than helping us,” says Normando atop the historic Forte do Presepio, overlooking an acai market where tons of the Amazonian fruit arrive every dawn.

The world’s largest tropical rainforest is critical in the fight against climate change, but increasingly suffers its effects, with fires and droughts growing more severe each year.

Experts view the UN conference, set for November 10-21, as a crucial chance for humanity to reverse the warming trend with firm commitments to reduce global emissions and preserve the forest.

– ‘Canopy of a tree’ –

At the new Parque da Cidade, a former airfield where COP30 events will take place alongside the convention center for official negotiations, references to nature and Indigenous cultures abound.

Among the metal structures set to host culinary and craft hubs, native flora like rubber trees are being planted. Excavators are also working to prepare the site for a lake.

Replacing asphalt with green spaces in one of Brazil’s least forested cities — despite it being in the Amazon — is another goal for local authorities.

The initiative gained momentum after President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva declared in 2023 that COP30 meetings might even take place “under the canopy of a tree.”

– ‘Invisible City’ –

Belem is “two cities: the one everyone will see, including heads of state; and another that is invisible,” says historian Michel Pinho.

Max Moraes, a 56-year-old boatman from Vila da Barca, a stilt neighborhood struggling without basic sanitation while luxury apartment towers loom nearby, expresses outrage.

“Where is the money for the COP30 going? To help the population?” he asks skeptically while sitting on a wooden walkway above garbage floating in yellowish water.

Yet, in Vila da Barca, founded a century ago by fishermen and now coveted by real estate speculators, resistance is key, according to community leaders.

– ‘Urban Amazon’ –

“Our daily struggle is real,” says Inez Medeiros, a 37-year-old teacher and social leader from the neighborhood. “We want the COP30 to consider us because we also live in the Amazon, even if it’s an urban Amazon.”

After more than two decades of delays, the city recently delivered 100 social housing units, finally providing some families with decent homes.

Each victory brings motivation, Medeiros says.

Her next challenge: launching a small floating hotel to host COP participants, offering them a firsthand view of Belem, “beyond the spotlight.”


SPACE/COSMOS

NASA’s micro-mission Lunar Trailblazer will make macro-measurements of the lunar surface

The Conversation
January 6, 2025

Lunar Trailblazer is planned to launch in early 2025. Lockheed Martin Space

NASA’s upcoming Artemis II mission is slated to return astronauts to the Moon no sooner than April 2026. Astronauts were last on the Moon in 1972 during the Apollo 17 mission.

Artemis II will utilize NASA’s Space Launch System, which is an extremely powerful rocket that will enable human space exploration beyond Earth’s atmosphere. The crew of four will travel in an Orion spacecraft, which the agency launched around the Moon and successfully returned during the Artemis I mission.

But before Artemis II, NASA will send two missions to scout the surface of the lunar south pole for resources that could sustain human space travel and enable new scientific discoveries.

Planetary geologists like me are interested in data from Lunar Trailblazer, one of these two scouting missions. The data from this mission will help us understand how water forms and behaves on rocky planets and moons.
Starting with scientific exploration

PRIME-1, or the Polar Resources Ice Mining Experiment, will be mounted on a lunar lander. It’s scheduled for launch in January 2025.

Aboard the lander are two instruments: The Regolith and Ice Drill for Exploring New Terrain, TRIDENT, and the Mass Spectrometer for Observing Lunar Operations, MSOLO. TRIDENT will dig down up to 3 feet (1 meter) and extract samples of lunar soil, and MSOLO will evaluate the soil’s chemical composition and water content.

Joining the lunar mining experiment is Lunar Trailblazer, a satellite launching on the same Falcon 9 rocket.

Think of this setup as a multimillion-dollar satellite Uber pool, or a rideshare where multiple missions share a rocket and minimize fuel usage while escaping Earth’s gravitational pull.

Bethany Ehlmann, a planetary scientist, is the principal investigator of Lunar Trailblazer and is leading an operating team of scientists and students from Caltech’s campus. Trailblazer is a NASA Small, Innovative Mission for PLanetary Exploration, or SIMPLEx.

These missions intend to provide practical operations experience at a lower cost. Each SIMPLEx mission is capped at a budget of US$55 million – Trailblazer is slightly over budget at $80 million. Even over budget, this mission will cost around a quarter of a typical robotic mission from NASA’s Discovery Program. Discovery Program missions typically cost around $300 million, with a maximum budget of $500 million.
Building small but mighty satellites


Decades of research and development into small satellites, or SmallSats, opened the possibility for Trailblazer. SmallSats take highly specific measurements and complement data sourced from other instruments.

A diagram showing four small satellites scanning Earth's science and taking layers of science data.

Missions like NASA’s TROPICS use a network of small satellites to take more data than one satellite would be able to do alone. NASA Applied Sciences


Multiple SmallSats working together in a constellation can take various measurements simultaneously for a high-resolution view of the Earth’s or Moon’s surface.

SIMPLEx missions can use these SmallSats. Because they’re small and more affordable, they allow researchers to study questions that come with a higher technical risk. Lunar Trailblazer, for example, uses commercial off-the-shelf parts to keep the cost down.

These low-cost, high-risk experimental missions may help geologists further understand the origin of the solar system, as well as what it’s made of and how it has changed over time. Lunar Trailblazer will focus specifically on mapping the Moon.

A brief timeline of water discoveries on the Moon

Scientists have long been fascinated by the surface of our closest celestial neighbor, the Moon. As early as the mid-17th century, astronomers mischaracterized ancient volcanic eruptions as lunar mare, derived from the Latin word for “seas.”

Nearly two centuries later, astronomer William Pickering’s calculations suggested that the Moon had no atmosphere. This led him to conclude the Moon could not have water on its surface, as that water would vaporize.


However, in the 1990s, NASA’s Clementine mission detected water on the Moon. Clementine was the first mission to completely map the surface of the Moon, including the lunar poles. This data detected the presence of ice within permanently shadowed regions on the Moon in low resolution.

Scientists’ first water detection prompted further exploration. NASA launched the Lunar Prospector in 1998 and the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter in 2009. The India Space Research Organization launched its Chandrayaan-1 mission with the Moon Mineralogy Mapper, M3, instrument in 2008. M3, although not designed to detected liquid water, unexpectedly did find it in sunlit areas on the Moon.

These missions collectively provided maps showing how hydrous minerals – minerals containing water molecules in their chemical makeup – and ice water are distributed on the lunar surface, particularly in the cold, dark, permanently shadowed regions.
Novel mission, novel science


But how does the temperature and physical state of water on the Moon change from variations in sunlight and crater shadows?

Lunar Trailblazer will host two instruments, the Lunar Thermal Mapper, LTM, and an evolution of the M3 instrument, the High-resolution Volatiles and Minerals Moon Mapper, HVM3.

The LTM instrument will map surface temperature, while the HVM3 will measure how lunar rocks absorb light. These measurements will allow it to detect and distinguish between water in liquid and ice forms.


In tandem, these instruments will provide thermal and chemical measurements of hydrous lunar rock. They’ll measure water during various times of the lunar day, which is about 29.5 Earth days, to try to show how the chemical composition of water varies depending on the time of day and where it is on the Moon.

These results will tell researchers what phase – solid or liquid – the water is found in.
Scientific significance and what’s next


There are three leading theories for where lunar water came from. It could be water that’s been stored inside the Moon since its formation, in its mantle layer. Some geologic processes may have allowed it to slowly escape to the surface over time.

Or, the water may have arrived on asteroids and comets that collided with the lunar surface. It may even have been created by interactions with the solar wind, which is a stream of particles that comes from the Sun.

Lunar Trailblazer may shed light on these theories and help researchers make progress on several other big science questions, including how water behaves on rocky bodies like the Moon and whether future astronauts will be able to use it.

César León Jr., Ph.D. Student of Planetary Geology, Washington University in St. Louis

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.


US company Firefly Aerospace to launch for Moon next week



By AFP
January 7, 2025

This undated handout image courtesy of Firefly Aerospace shows the fully assembled Blue Ghost Mission 1 lunar lander vehicle - Copyright NASA/JPL-CALTECH/AFP/File Handout

US company Firefly Aerospace said Tuesday it is aiming to launch a lander to the Moon next week under an experimental NASA program that partners with the commercial sector to reduce costs.

If successful, it would mark only the second time an American robot has touched down on the lunar surface since the end of the Apollo era.

“Buckle up! Our road trip to the Moon is set to launch at 1:11 a.m. EST on Wednesday, Jan. 15, aboard a @SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket,” Texas-based Firefly Space wrote in a post on X.

The company’s lander, Blue Ghost, stands 2 meters (6.6 feet) tall and 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) wide. It will aim to deliver gear for 10 science research projects and technology demonstrations to a volcanic feature called Mons Latreille, located within Mare Crisium on the Moon’s northeast near side.

Blue Ghost will spend 45 days traveling to the Moon, followed by a planned 14-day operational phase on the surface.

Firefly Aerospace was awarded a $93 million contract in 2021 under NASA’s Commercial Lunar Payload Services (CLPS) initiative.

The program has recruited newcomer space companies to deliver scientific and technological payloads to the Moon, with the goal of fostering a private lunar economy and establishing a sustained presence there as part of the broader Artemis program.

The first CLPS mission, conducted by Pennsylvania-based Astrobotic in January 2024, ended in failure.

The company’s Peregrine lander launched aboard a United Launch Alliance Vulcan rocket but was lost a few days later due to a fuel leak, ultimately burning up in Earth’s atmosphere.

A month later, Texas-based Intuitive Machines achieved a partial success. Its lander launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon 9 and successfully touched down near the Moon’s south pole on February 22.

However, it broke a leg upon landing and came to rest at an angle, preventing its solar panels from receiving enough sunlight to keep its radio powered. Still, the mission completed several tests, transmitted photos, and marked the first American lunar landing since the Apollo 17 mission in 1972.

To date, only five countries have successfully soft-landed spacecraft on the Moon: the Soviet Union, the United States, China, India, and Japan.

NASA eyes SpaceX, Blue Origin to cut Mars rock retrieval costs

By AFP
January 7, 2025


This NASA photo released on February 24, 2021, shows images from NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover in Jezero Crater on February 21, 2021 
- Copyright NASA/JPL-CALTECH/AFP/File Handout

NASA announced Tuesday it may turn to Elon Musk’s SpaceX or Jeff Bezos’s Blue Origin to help reduce the soaring costs of returning Martian rocks collected by the Perseverance rover to Earth.

Originally planned to deliver 30 sample tubes to Earth by the 2030s, the Mars Sample Return mission has faced rising expenses and delays, prompting the US space agency to explore more streamlined solutions.

The pivot comes as China progresses towards a simpler “grab-and-go” sample return mission to the Red Planet “around 2028,” according to state media, potentially making it the first nation to achieve the feat.

Outgoing NASA Administrator Bill Nelson revealed Tuesday that the agency is evaluating two potential architectures for landing a robotic platform on Mars, with a final decision expected in mid-2026.

The first option uses NASA’s tried-and-true Sky Crane system, a robotic jetpack that famously lowered the Curiosity and Perseverance rovers onto the Martian surface in 2012 and 2021, respectively.

The second involves a “heavy lift lander” developed by a commercial partner to place the necessary hardware on the surface.

“You all know that SpaceX and Blue Origin have already been ones that have expressed an interest, but it could be others as well,” said Nelson.

Under both scenarios, the lander would carry a scaled-down Mars Ascent Vehicle — a lightweight rocket designed to launch samples into Mars orbit.

There, the Earth Return Orbiter, being developed by the European Space Agency (ESA), would intercept the payload for the journey back to Earth.

NASA is also revising its power strategy for the lander. Instead of solar panels, which are vulnerable to Mars’s dust storms, the agency plans to use a nuclear battery for heat and energy.

With the Sky Crane option, NASA estimates expenses could range from $6.6 billion to $7.7 billion — far less than the $11 billion projected under the original plan, as reported in an independent audit.

Partnering with commercial providers could reduce costs further, to between $5.8 billion and $7.1 billion, with the return expected between 2035-2039, compared to 2040 under the original plan.

The mission’s timeline depends on variables like annual congressional funding and whether NASA and ESA opt for a direct Mars-to-Earth flight or a detour to a “cislunar orbit” around the Moon, where samples would need retrieval.

Meanwhile, China’s simpler mission could deliver samples years ahead of NASA, marking a significant symbolic victory.

Nelson downplayed comparisons between the programs, emphasizing the complexity and scope of NASA’s effort. “You cannot compare the two — ours… is an extremely well thought-out mission created by the scientific community of the world,” he said.

Perseverance landed on Mars in 2021 to search for evidence of ancient microbial life from billions of years ago, when the planet was warmer and wetter.


Total eclipse of the Moon, Saturn’s rings ‘disappear’, meteors: Guide to southern sky 2025

The Conversation
January 6, 2025

Image: Blood moon lunar eclipse via Shutterstock.com


In addition to the annual parade of star pictures or constellations passing above our heads each night, there are always exciting events to look out for in the sky. The year 2025 is no exception and has its fair share of such events.

Though the night sky is more spectacular from a dark country sky, you can see the events outlined here even if, like many others, you live in a light-polluted city. For most events you do not need a telescope or binoculars.

Here are some of the highlights.

March and September: eclipses of the Moon

During the early morning of Monday 8 September, the full Moon will move into the shadow of Earth and be totally eclipsed. The Moon will turn a red or coppery colour, because sunlight is bent or refracted by Earth’s atmosphere onto the Moon. The bent light is red, as we are looking at the reflection of sunrises and sunsets from around the globe.

Total eclipses of the Moon are more common than those of the Sun. They can be seen from all the regions on Earth where it is night.


Unlike eclipses of the Sun, lunar eclipses are safe to watch with the unaided eye. They are also safe to photograph. A tripod will help, as will a camera or phone able to take timed exposures.

The eclipse starts with Earth’s shadow gradually covering the Moon over about an hour. Similarly, after totality the shadow takes about an hour to leave the Moon.

Seen from Australia’s east coast, the total eclipse will last from from 3:30am to 4:53am on September 8. From New Zealand, this will be from 5:30am to moonset; from South Australia or the Northern Territory, 3:00am to 4:23am, and from Western Australia 1:30am to 2:53am.

Earlier in the year, on the evening of Friday March 14, people in Aotearoa New Zealand will be able to see a totally eclipsed Moon as it rises above the horizon just after sunset. Watchers in eastern Australia will also get a brief glimpse of a partially eclipsed Moon after moonrise, for 34 minutes from Sydney, 43 minutes from Brisbane and 16 minutes from Cairns.


March: Saturn’s ‘disappearing’ rings

Gazing at Saturn and its rings through a telescope is always a thrill, whether you are seeing them for the first or the hundredth time. However, in early 2025 the rings will seem to vanish as Earth passes through the plane of the rings.


This phenomenon occurs twice during Saturn’s 29-year path around the Sun, that is, at roughly 15-year intervals. Unfortunately, on March 24, the date when this will occur, the planet will be too close to the Sun in the sky for us to observe.

However, in the evenings until mid-February and in the morning from late March we will be able to see Saturn with quite narrow, tilted rings.

Note that a small telescope is needed to see Saturn with or without its rings. If you don’t have one yourself, you can go on a night tour at a public observatory like Sydney Observatory or an observing session with a local astronomical group, such as those at Melbourne Observatory with the Astronomical Society of Victoria.

May and December: meteor showers



The Eta Aquariids seen from Chile in 2022. Petr Horálek / ESOCC BY


The two main meteor showers of the year are the Eta Aquariids and the Geminids.

In 2025, the Eta Aquariids are best seen on the morning of Wednesday May 7, while the Geminids will be most visible on the mornings of Sunday December 14 and Monday December 15.

This year, viewing conditions for both meteor showers are favorable, in the sense that there will be no bright Moon in the sky during those mornings. To see them, look towards the north-east (Eta Aquariids) and north (Geminids) before dawn starts brightening the sky.


The darker the sky you can find, the better. Keep away from street lights or any other light.
January, April and August: planets

The five planets you can see with the naked eye – Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn – move across the sky along a line called the ecliptic.

As the planets move, they sometimes appear to pass close to each other and take on interesting patterns. Of course, they only appear close from our point of view. In reality the planets are tens or hundreds of million kilometers apart.

In 2025, these patterns include:January 18–19: the brightest planet, Venus, is close to the ringed planet Saturn in the evening sky
April 1–15: Mercury, Venus and Saturn form a slowly changing compact group in the eastern sky near sunrise
August 12–13: Venus and Jupiter, the two brightest planets, are only separated by two moon-widths in the morning sky.
June and August: constellations

As the year progresses, different constellations appear in the evening sky. The perpetual chase of Orion and Scorpius (the hunter and the scorpion) across the sky was noted in 2024.

In 2025, keep an eye on the Southern Cross (known as Crux to astronomers) and Sagittarius (the archer).

The Southern Cross is the best-known constellation in the southern sky. It is easy to find, as it is made up of a compact group of bright stars in the shape of a cross.

Two pointer stars from the neighboring constellation of Centaurus, the centaur, also help to show its position. From Sydney and further south, the Southern Cross is always above the horizon. However, in the evenings, it is best viewed around June, when it is high in the southern sky.

The constellation Sagittarius is next to Scorpius. In the evenings, it is best placed for observation in August, as at that time of the year it is directly overhead.

A join-the-dots look at the brightest stars of the constellation gives the impression of a teapot, and it is often referred to by that name. Sagittarius is an important constellation for Australian astronomers, as it contains the centre of the Milky Way galaxy.

The information in this article comes from the 2025 Australasian Sky Guide. The guide has monthly star maps and has much more information to help with viewing and enjoying the night sky from Australia and Aotearoa New Zealand.

Nick Lomb, Honorary Professor, Centre for Astrophysics, University of Southern Queensland

This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.