Wednesday, December 24, 2025

Five Europeans denied US visas for combating hate speech online, accused of censoring ‘American viewpoints’
AKA FASCIST VIEWPOINTS

The US State Department said Tuesday that it would deny visas to five Europeans, including former EU commissioner Thierry Breton, accusing them of seeking to censor "American viewpoints" online. All five are leaders in EU efforts to counter hate speech and disinformation in the digital sphere. Bréton likened the move to "McCarthy's witch hunt" in a post on X.



Issued on: 24/12/2025
By: FRANCE 24
Video by: Gabrielle Nadler

EU commissioner for internal market Thierry Breton gives a press conference. © Kenzo Tribouillard, AFP file photo
01:47



The State Department announced Tuesday it was barring five Europeans it accused of leading efforts to pressure US tech firms to censor or suppress American viewpoints.

The Europeans, described by Secretary of State Marco Rubio as “radical” activists and “weaponized” nongovernmental organizations, fell afoul of a new visa policy announced in May that restricts the entry of foreigners deemed responsible for the censorship of protected speech in the United States.

“For far too long, ideologues in Europe have led organized efforts to coerce American platforms to punish American viewpoints they oppose,” Rubio posted on X. “The Trump administration will no longer tolerate these egregious acts of extraterritorial censorship.”

The five Europeans were identified by Sarah Rogers, the undersecretary of state for public diplomacy, in a series of social media posts. They include leaders of organisations that address digital hate and a former European Union commissioner who clashed with tech billionaire Elon Musk over broadcasting an online interview with US President Donald Trump.

Rubio’s statement said they advanced foreign government censorship campaigns against Americans and US companies, which he said created “potentially serious adverse foreign policy consequences” for the United States.

The action to bar them from the US is part of a Trump administration campaign against foreign influence over online speech, using immigration law rather than platform regulations or sanctions.

The five Europeans named by Rogers are Imran Ahmed, chief executive of the Centre for Countering Digital Hate; Josephine Ballon and Anna-Lena von Hodenberg, leaders of HateAid, a German organisation; Clare Melford, who runs the Global Disinformation Index; and former EU commissioner Thierry Bréton, who was responsible for digital affairs.


'Witch hunt'


In her post on X, Rogers called Breton, a French business executive and former finance minister, the “mastermind” behind the EU’s Digital Services Act, which imposes strict requirements designed to keep internet users safe online, including the flagging of harmful or illegal content such as hate speech.

She referred to Breton warning Musk of a possible “amplification of harmful content” by broadcasting his livestream interview with Trump in August 2024, when Trump was running for president.

Breton, a former French finance minister and the European commissioner for the internal market from 2019 to 2024, was the most high-profile individual targeted.

Breton was replaced in the internal market role at the EU by another French politician, Stéphane Séjourné, who ‍is the EU Commission's executive vice president. Séjourné criticized the US visa ban and defended the EU's Digital Services Act.

"No ​sanction will silence the sovereignty of the European peoples. Total solidarity with him and all the people of Europe affected by this," wrote Séjourné on X.

Breton himself also condemned the visa ban against ‍him.

"Is McCarthy’s witch hunt back? As a reminder: 90% of the European Parliament – our democratically elected body – and ‌all 27 Member ​States unanimously voted the DSA. To our American friends: Censorship isn’t where you think it is," wrote Breton on X.

French President ​Emmanuel Macron ⁠slammed the decision to impose ​visa bans on Breton and other anti-disinformation ​campaigners.

"France condemns the visa restriction measures taken by the United States against Thierry Breton and four other European figures. ‍These measures amount to ​intimidation and coercion aimed at undermining European digital sovereignty," ‌Macron said on X.

"Together ‍with the European Commission and our European partners, we will continue to defend our digital sovereignty ‍and our regulatory autonomy," he ‌added.

Macron also voiced his support for Breton in a post on X.

"I have just spoken with @ThierryBreton and thanked him for his significant contributions in the service of Europe. We will stand firm against pressure and will protect Europeans," he wrote.

Meanwhile EU Commission ​President Ursula von ‍der Leyen said that the bloc will keep ⁠protecting freedom of speech.

"Freedom of speech ​is the foundation of our strong and vibrant ‌European democracy. We are ‍proud of it. We will protect it," she said on X.
Flagged by Department of Homeland Security?

Most Europeans are covered by the Visa Waiver Program, meaning they do not necessarily need visas to enter the country. They do, however, need to complete an online application prior to arrival under a system run by the Department of Homeland Security. As a result, it is possible that at least some of the five individuals have been flagged to DHS, a US official said, speaking on condition of anonymity to discuss details not publicly released.

Other visa restriction policies were announced this year, alongside bans targeting foreign visitors from certain African and Middle Eastern countries and the Palestinian Authority. Visitors from some countries could also be required to post a financial bond when applying for a visa.

(FRANCE 24 with AP)























US actions will not stop EU from moderating online hate and disinformation, commissioner says


US visa sanctions will not stop the EU from enforcing its rules on online platforms, the bloc’s internal market commissioner said on Wednesday, after Washington imposed visa bans on individuals linked to the Digital Services Act, the EU law governing content moderation on social media. The move underscores a growing transatlantic rift over free speech and digital sovereignty.


Issued on: 24/12/2025 - 
By: FRANCE 24

European Union flags flap in the wind outside EU headquarters in Brussels, Monday, March 25, 2024. © Virginia Mayo, AP file photo

The European Union's commissioner in charge of the bloc's single market said Wednesday that US sanctions won't stop him from doing his work after the Trump administration placed a visa ban on his predecessor for trying to regulate big tech companies.

"My predecessor @ThierryBreton acted in the interest of the European general good, faithful to the mandate given by the voters in 2019," Stéphane Séjourné, European Commissioner for Internal Market and Services, said on X.

"No sanction will silence the sovereignty of the European peoples. Total solidarity with him and all affected Europeans," he said.

'We will protect Europe's independence'

Macron also voiced his support for Breton in a post on X.

"I have just spoken with @ThierryBreton and thanked him for his significant contributions in the service of Europe. We will stand firm against pressure and will protect Europeans.

"We will not give up, and ‌we will protect Europe's independence ‍and the freedom of Europeans," he wrote on the social media platform.

The US State Department said Tuesday it would deny visas to Breton and four activists, accusing them of seeking to "coerce" American social media platforms into censoring viewpoints they oppose.

The President of the European CommissionUrsula von der Leyen, said the EU will keep ⁠protecting freedom of speech following the strong reaction from the French government.

"Freedom of speech ​is the foundation of our strong and vibrant ‌European democracy. We are ‍proud of it. We will protect it," she said on X.


France slams US visa ban as row over European 'censorship' deepens
© France 24
08:09


'Witch hunt'

Breton, a Frenchman, was described by the US State Department as the "mastermind" of the European Union's Digital Services Act (DSA), which imposes content moderation and other standards on major social media platforms operating in Europe.

Breton, who left the European Commission in 2024, on X slammed the ban as a "witch hunt," comparing the situation to the US McCarthy era when officials were chased out of government for alleged ties to communism.

The DSA has become a rallying point for US conservatives who see it as a weapon of censorship against right-wing thought in Europe and beyond, an accusation the EU furiously denies.

"The Digital Services Act was democratically adopted in Europe. It has absolutely no extraterritorial reach and in no way affects the United States," French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot said on X.

EU says loosening tech rules 'not up for negotiation' in trade talks with US

The visa ban also targeted Imran Ahmed of the Center for Countering Digital Hate, a nonprofit that fights online misinformation, as well as Anna-Lena von Hodenberg and Josephine Ballon of HateAid, a German organization that the State Department said functions as a trusted flagger for enforcing the DSA. Clare Melford, who leads the UK-based Global Disinformation Index (GDI), was also on the list.

(FRANCE 24 with AFP)


Europe defends its digital rules after Trump administration targets Breton with visa ban



Copyright Jean-Philippe Ksiazek, pool via AP

By Romane Armangau & Maria Tadeo
Published on 24/12/2025 - EURONEWS

Brussels and Paris both denounced Washington’s decision to impose a visa ban on former EU Commissioner Thierry Breton, after the Trump administration escalated digital rules scrap by sanctioning Breton over what it said amounted to "censorship".

European Union officials have defended landmark digital rules on Wednesday, after the Trump administration went after what it described as a machine created to fuel censorship and imposed sanctions — including a visa ban — on a former EU Commissioner.

The European Commission said in a statement it “strongly condemns” the US decision, stressing that freedom of expression is “a fundamental right in Europe and a shared core value with the United States across the democratic world”.

Brussels insisted that the EU has a sovereign right to regulate its digital market in line with its values, adding that its rules are applied “fairly and without discrimination”.

The Commission said, if needed, it would "respond swiftly and decisively our regulatory autonomy against unjustified measures" from the US side.

Digital rules have become a point of tension between Washington and Brussels, both accusing each other of politicising what should be standard market rules for companies operating in the EU.

That friction was exacerbated after the US published a controversial national security strategy earlier this month, arguing that Europe faces the demise of civilisation unless it radically changes course.

In the document, the Trump administration said that Europe was drowning under illegal and excessive regulation and censorship.

The document was built on a premise laid out by US Vice President JD Vance at the start of the year, during a speech at the Munich Security Conference, in which he argued that internal rules posed the most significant risk to the EU.

He referred to EU Commissioners as "commissars" and argued that foreign interference is often used to censor content.

The EU denies that and insists that rules are applied fairly.
France pushes back against US over 'coercion'

Meanwhile, French President Emmanuel Macron accused Washington of intimidation after the visa ban on Breton, the former European Commissioner appointed by Macron himself, saying it amounts to "coercion aimed at undermining European digital sovereignty”.

The French president, who has long campaigned for strategic autonomy, said that digital rules governing the EU market are decided by Europeans and Europeans alone.

Macron said he had spoken with Breton over the phone after his ban was announced and "thanked him for his significant contribution in the service of Europe."

"We will stand firm against pressure and will protect Europeans," the French president wrote in a post on X.

Breton, who served as European Commissioner for the Internal Market under Commission President Ursula von der Leyen, played a key role in drafting the Digital Services Act (DSA), which aims to hold social media and large online platforms accountable for the content they publish.

Under the DSA, digital companies can be fined up to 6% of their annual worldwide turnover for non-compliance, with specific penalties for various violations.

Fines and tariffs as leverage for both sides

Earlier this month, the European Commission slapped a €120 million fine on Elon Musk’s social media platform X, invoking the DSA for the first time.

The fine triggered a furious response from the tech billionaire, who called for the abolition of the EU.

While fines are not uncommon and multiple US governments have called out what they believe is a targeted effort to penalise innovation made in America, the Trump administration has been more aggressive in its tone and countermeasures.

Washington has indicated it would provide tariff relief only for key European sectors, such as steel and aluminium, if the EU agreed to ease the implementation of digital rules.

For the EU, the idea is a red line, as it would undermine its right to set policy independently of the US government.

After being hit by a wave of tariffs amounting to 15% on most European products over the summer, Brussels insisted the deal was the best of all options on the table as it would provide certainty for business with a single duty rate and reiterated policy independence was assured as digital rules had been left out of the negotiation.

With its latest actions, the Trump administration has suggested it may not be enough.

France slams US visa ban on European tech experts in spat over online regulation


France has condemned Washington's decision to bar a former European Commissioner and four other prominent tech monitors from entering the United States as part of an escalating dispute over EU efforts to regulate social media platforms. The US accuses them of working to censor Americans online.


Issued on: 24/12/2025 - RFI

Thierry Breton, the former top tech regulator at the European Commission, in November 2022. He has been denied a visa to the US over his role in establishing rules for social media giants. © Kenzo TRIBOUILLARD/AFP

French national Thierry Breton, former member of the European Commission and an architect of the EU's landmark digital regulations, is one of five people to be denied visas to the US.

Four others working for non-governmental organisations that flag online disinformation and hate speech are also targeted.

"These radical activists and weaponised NGOs have advanced censorship crackdowns by foreign states – in each case targeting American speakers and American companies," the State Department said in a statement announcing the sanctions on Tuesday.

It is the latest move by President Donald Trump's administration to counter the European Union's bid to monitor and moderate content on social media platforms, including US-owned Facebook, Instagram and X.
Washington claims that EU rules result in censorship of right-wing viewpoints in particular, something Brussels denies.

France "strongly condemns" the visa ban, said Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot.

"The peoples of Europe are free and sovereign and cannot have the rules applying to their digital space imposed on them by others," he wrote in a post on X.

'Witch hunt'


Breton compared the ban to a McCarthy-era "witch hunt".

"To our American friends: censorship isn't where you think it is," he wrote on X.


The other people subjected to visa bans are Imran Ahmed, chief executive of the Centre for Countering Digital Hate; Josephine Ballon and Anna-Lena von Hodenberg, heads of German organisation HateAid for victims of online abuse; and Clare Melford, who runs the Global Disinformation Index.

In a joint statement, Ballon and von Hodenberg called the restrictions "an act of repression by a government that is increasingly disregarding the rule of law and trying to silence its critics by any means necessary".

The US claimed it was defending free speech. "For far too long, ideologues in Europe have led organised efforts to coerce American platforms to punish American viewpoints they oppose," said Secretary of State Marco Rubio.

Tit for tat


The EU's Digital Services Act (DSA), which imposes content moderation and other standards on major social media platforms, has brought it into conflict with the US administration and its allies at tech giants.

The DSA stipulates that major platforms must explain content-moderation decisions, provide transparency for users and ensure researchers can carry out essential work, such as understanding how much children are exposed to dangerous content.

The EU imposed its first penalty under the act this month, fining Elon Musk's X €120 million for failing to meaningfully verify users marked with a blue tick meant to indicate that their identity had been checked. It also accused the company of failing to provide transparency around its adverts and denying researchers access to data on internal practices.

Last week the US government signalled that key European businesses could be targeted in response, listing Accenture, DHL, Mistral, Siemens and Spotify among others.

Trump has previously threatened to impose tariffs on all countries with digital taxes, legislation or regulations, saying they were designed to harm or discriminate against American technology.

(with AFP)

US visa ban targets former EU Commissioner Breton over alleged social media censorship

By Aleksandar Brezar
Published on 24/12/2025 - EUR0NEWS


Washington announced it banned former EU tech Commissioner Thierry Breton and four other European activists from entering US soil, a decision Breton slammed as a "McCarthy's witch hunt".


The US State Department on Tuesday imposed visa bans on a former European Union commissioner and four others, accusing them of forcing American social media platforms to censor users and their viewpoints.

US Secretary of State Marco Rubio said the five people targeted with visa bans "have led organised efforts to coerce American platforms to censor, demonetise, and suppress American viewpoints they oppose".

"These radical activists and weaponised NGOs have advanced censorship crackdowns by foreign states – in each case targeting American speakers and American companies," Rubio said in a statement.

Rubio did not initially name those targeted, but US Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy Sarah Rogers identified them on X, accusing the individuals of "fomenting censorship of American speech".

The most high-profile target was Thierry Breton, a French former business executive who served as European Commissioner for the Internal Market from 2019 to 2024.

Rogers described Breton as the "mastermind" of the EU's Digital Services Act (DSA), the EU digital sphere rulebook that imposes content moderation and other standards on major social media platforms operating in Europe.

The visa bans also targeted Anna-Lena von Hodenberg and Josephine Ballon of the German nonprofit HateAid, Clare Melford, co-founder of the UK-based Global Disinformation Index, and Imran Ahmed, the British chief executive of the US-based Center for Countering Digital Hate.

Breton responded to the visa ban on X by writing: "Is McCarthy's witch hunt back?"

"As a reminder: 90% of the European Parliament — our democratically elected body — and all 27 member states unanimously voted for the DSA," Breton added. "To our American friends: 'Censorship isn't where you think it is.'"

French Foreign Minister Jean-Noël Barrot said France "strongly condemns" the visa restrictions, adding that Europe "cannot let the rules governing their digital space be imposed by others upon them".

"The Digital Services Act (DSA) was democratically adopted in Europe ... it has absolutely no extraterritorial reach and in no way affects the United States," Barrot said.

The three nonprofits have also rejected Washington's claims and criticised Tuesday's visa ban decision.

The letter that started it all?

Rogers specifically referenced a letter Breton sent to X owner Elon Musk in August 2024, ahead of an interview Musk planned to conduct with then-US presidential candidate Donald Trump.

In the letter, Breton warned Musk that he must comply with the Digital Services Act, according to reports at the time.

Rogers accused Breton of having "ominously reminded Musk of X's legal obligations and ongoing 'formal proceedings' for alleged noncompliance with 'illegal content' and 'disinformation' requirements under the DSA.

In February, US Vice President JD Vance used one of his first major speeches after taking office to criticise what he described as censorship efforts in Europe, delivered at the Munich Security Conference.

He claimed that leaders had "threatened and bullied social media companies to censor so-called misinformation," citing the example of the COVID-19 lab leak theory.

The DSA stipulates that major platforms must explain content-moderation decisions, provide transparency for users and ensure researchers can carry out essential work, such as understanding how much children are exposed to dangerous content.

The EU digital rulebook has become a rallying point for US conservatives who see it as a weapon of censorship against right-wing voices thought in Europe and beyond, an accusation Brussels denies.

The European Commission dismissed US censorship allegations back in August, calling them "nonsense" and "completely unfounded".

Earlier this month, the European Commission found Musk's X in breach of DSA rules on transparency in advertising and verification methods, sparking another uproar in the US.

Romane Armangau contributed additional reporting.
Rwanda shuts 10,000 churches under tough worship regulations

The Rwandan government has reportedly closed about 10,000 churches for failing to comply with a 2018 law regulating places of worship, which introduced new requirements on health and safety, financial disclosures, and mandatory theological training for preachers.


Issued on: 24/12/2025 - RFI


A person praying in the church of Kibuye, western Rwanda
© SIMON WOHLFAHRT / AFP


Grace Room Ministries once filled giant stadiums in Rwanda three times a week before the evangelical organisation was shut down in May. It is one of the 10,000 churches reportedly closed by the government for failing to comply with a 2018 law designed to regulate places of worship in termes of health, safety, and financial disclosures.

President Paul Kagame has been vocal in his criticisms of the evangelical churches that have sprouted across the small country in Africa's Great Lakes region.

"If it were up to me I wouldn't even reopen a single church," Kagame told a news briefing last month.

"In all the development challenges we are dealing with, the wars... our country's survival -- what is the role of these churches? Are they also providing jobs? Many are just thieving... some churches are just a den of bandits," he said.

The vast majority of Rwandans are Christian according to a 2024 census, with many now travelling long and costly distances to find places to pray.

But observers say the real reason for the closures comes down to control.

Kagame's government is saying "there's no rival in terms of influence," Louis Gitinywa, a lawyer and political analyst based in Kigali, told AFP.

The ruling party "bristles when an organisation or individual gains influence", he said, a view also expressed to AFP by an anonymous government official.

'Deceived'


The 2018 law requires churches to submit annual action plans stating how they align with "national values". All donations must be channelled through registered accounts.

Pastor Sam Rugira, whose two church branches were shut down last year for failing to meet fire safety regulations, said the rules mostly affected new evangelical churches that have "mushroomed" in recent years.

But Kagame has described the church as a relic of the colonial period, a chapter of its history with which the country is still grappling.

"You have been deceived by the colonisers and you let yourself be deceived," he said in November.

The closure of Grace Room Ministries came as a shock to many across the country. Pastor Julienne Kabanda, had been drawing massive crowds to the shiny new BK Arena in Kigali when the church's licence was revoked.

The government had cited unauthorised evangelical activities and a failure to submit "annual activity and financial reports".

AFP was unable to reach Kabanda for comment.


'Open disdain, disgust'

A church leader in Kigali, speaking to AFP on condition of anonymity, said the president's "open disdain and disgust" for churches "spells tough times ahead".

"It is unfair that even those that fulfilled all requirements are still closed," he added.

But some say the clampdown on places of worship is linked to the 1994 Rwandan genocide in which around 800,000 people, mostly ethnic Tutsis, were slaughtered.

Ismael Buchanan, a political science lecturer at the National University of Rwanda, told AFP the church could sometimes act as "a conduit of recruitment" for the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda (FDLR), the Hutu militia formed in exile in DR Congo by those who committed the genocide.


"I agree religion and faith have played a key role in healing Rwandans from the emotional and psychological wounds after the genocide, but it also makes no sense to have a church every two kilometres instead of hospitals and schools," he said.

Pastor Rugira meanwhile suggested the government is "regulating what it doesn't understand".

It should instead work with churches to weed out "bad apples" and help them meet requirements, especially when it comes to the donations they rely on to survive, he said.

(AFP)
NEOLIBERAL GOVERNMENT

Bolivian miners protest elimination of fuel subsidies

La Paz (AFP) – Hundreds of Bolivian miners protested on Wednesday against the elimination of long-standing fuel subsidies by the government.



Issued on: 24/12/2025 - RFI
Protesters say that the recent elimination of subsidies has caused fuel prices in Bolivia to double © Jorge BERNAL / AFP


The new center-right President Rodrigo Paz last week announced an end to the subsidies used by leftist governments to freeze fuel prices for 20 years.

Miners in helmets took to the streets of the administrative capital La Paz on Wednesday, while riot police blocked them from entering the main city square.

Demonstrations last week brought traffic to a standstill in cities nationwide.

"We want the repeal of that decree," Mario Argollo, the main leader of the country's largest trade union, Bolivian Workers' Central, told AFP.

Argollo said the government's decree is fueling inflation, with price rises for meat and transport.

Bus fares have doubled.

Ending the subsidies is part of a package of reforms announced by Paz to end an economic crisis.

Bolivia has a severe shortage of foreign currency, and annual inflation rose to nearly 20 percent in November.

Economy Minister Gabriel Espinoza said on Tuesday that cutting subsidies on gasoline and diesel would result in savings of $10 million per day.

© 2025 AFP

 

Iranian families scale back Yalda Night celebrations as costs surge beyond reach

Iranian families scale back Yalda Night celebrations as costs surge beyond reach
Iranians in Rasht shopping for last minute Yalda night snacks. / CC: ISNA
By bnm Tehran bureau December 21, 2025

Iranians of all groups and religions are enjoying their relatively unknown winter festival on December 21, one which predates all the Abrahamic faiths. 

Yalda Night, celebrated on the winter solstice (December 20-21), is one of the world’s oldest continuous traditions, in which families gather to mark the longest night of the year. The celebration involves eating watermelon, pomegranates and nuts whilst reciting poetry, particularly the works of Hafez.  However, high inflation, falling purchasing power, and a drumbeat of crises mean many families are cutting back on classic Yalda spreads, turning the night into a reminder of economic hardship as much as a celebration.

According to the latest data, the cost of purchasing traditional Yalda Night items from retail shops in Tehran is skyrocketing in 2025, Bourse Press and Etemad newspaper reported on December 21.

The Market Regulation Headquarters annually intervenes to control prices during special occasions and national events, but this year authorities are facing a backlash from citizens who are paying a fortune for what cost them at least 60% less a year ago.

Government efforts appear in vain with shopkeepers jacking up prices to not lose out on the weakening economic conditions. Their measures appear to have limited effectiveness and only work at government-supervised centres with the Iranian rial lingering around 1.33mn against the dollar, the lowest it's ever been. 

A standard Yalda Night table, including one kilogramme of pomegranates, one kilogramme of persimmons, one watermelon (five to six kilogrammes), one pumpkin (two to 2.5 kilogrammes), one kilogramme of mixed nuts without candy, one kilogramme of mixed fresh sweets and one kilogramme of tongue sweets costs IRR17.13mn ($13) at government-set prices (free market rate).

According to the official price list at Tehran's wholesale market on December 15, pomegranates cost IRR620,000 per kilogramme, persimmons IRR550,000, pumpkin IRR270,000 per kilogramme and watermelon IRR220,000 per kilogramme. The Union of Nuts and Dried Fruits set mixed nuts without candy at IRR7.52mn per kilogramme for Yalda Night.

A survey of nine major squares across Tehran's northern, southern, central, eastern and western areas showed the most expensive Yalda table at Haft Hoz Square costing IRR34.73mn ($26), or 1.9 times the official price, whilst the cheapest at Azadi Square cost IRR30.17mn ($23), or 1.6 times official prices.

The most significant disparity between retail and official prices was at Tajrish Square, where the table cost approximately IRR42.64mn ($33), or 2.33 times the government-set price. At Enghelab Square, the cost reached IRR31.47mn (1.72 times), whilst Qazvin Square recorded IRR28.09mn (1.53 times).

Across Tehran, many people are feeling the pinch following months of turmoil, including the attack on Iran by Israel, in urbanised areas of Tehran during the summer. 

"Every year we gather at my uncle's house and my grandmother tells stories about when she was young," said Reza Moradi, a 28-year-old accountant shopping at Tehran Stock Exchange. "We read Hafez together and share pomegranates. It's our way of staying connected."

"The tradition is still there but the table looks different now," said Fatemeh, 45, a teacher browsing nuts at a wholesale market in Bahar Street. "Before we had watermelon, fresh sweets, all kinds of dried fruits. Now we choose what we can afford."

"We used to buy everything fresh from the shops, now we prepare what we can at home," said Zahra Mohammadi, 31, a pharmacist.

"Last year my father bought a ten-kilogramme watermelon and enough nuts for everyone," said Sara Rahimi, 19, a university student. "This year we're sharing one small watermelon between eight people. It's not the same but we make do," speaking with IntelliNews.




 

Europe, Asia dominate the global shipping business, but US is demand king

Europe, Asia dominate the global shipping business, but US is demand king
The global shipping business is operated by an increasingly small number of companies from Europe and Asia, while the US is a major transport hub but has few ships of its own. / bne IntelliNews
By Ben Aris in Berlin December 23, 2025

The global container shipping industry is increasingly concentrated in the hands of a few large companies—almost all of them headquartered in Europe or Asia. While US ports play a vital role as a global trade hub, it directly owns only a few of the ships that power the world’s maritime logistics network.

The top ten container shipping companies now control over 85% of global container capacity, measured in twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), according to data compiled by LeghornGroup and shipping analytics firms Alphaliner.

The market leader is the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC), a privately held Swiss-Italian group, which in 2022 overtook Denmark’s Maersk as the world’s number one ship operator. MSC’s fleet of 780 ships with more than 5.6mn TEU capacity, compared with Maersk’s 730 container ships with 4.1mn TEU capacity.

France’s CMA CGM, China’s COSCO Shipping, and Germany’s Hapag-Lloyd round out the top five. Other major players include Evergreen and Yang Ming (Taiwan), ONE (Japan), and HMM (South Korea). The US doesn’t feature at all in the top 20 ranking, preferring to hire the services of one of the global players rather than build its own fleets.

The dominance of these operators reflects two trends that have reshaped global maritime trade over the past two decades: corporate consolidation and the rise of ultra-large container vessels. Strategic alliances such as 2M (MSC and Maersk) and Ocean Alliance (CMA CGM, COSCO, Evergreen) have allowed carriers to coordinate schedules, reduce costs, and deploy increasingly larger ships that require fewer port calls but deliver higher volumes and so further tighten their grip on the business.

The economics of container shipping now favour scale over flexibility. The capital investment required to build and operate 24,000-TEU ships means the business is effectively limited to a handful of global players, with the financial power to build and maintain large fleets.

While the US plays little direct role in this monopolistic structure, it remains one of the most important consumption and logistics markets in the world. Major ports such as Los Angeles, Long Beach, New York/New Jersey, and Savannah are among the busiest globally in terms of throughput. However, the US merchant fleet handles less than 5% of its own international container trade.

Domestic shipping routes are served by a small number of Jones Act-compliant vessels that do not participate in the global fleet. The Jones Act closes off US domestic shipping to the international players. It requires that all goods transported by water between US ports must be carried on vessels that are made in the US and owned by US citizens, use a US crew and flagged in the US. The idea is to ensure a reliable merchant marine that can serve in times of war or national emergency, but has had the side effect that the closed US maritime market is expensive and has made itself uncompetitive with the global players.

By contrast, Europe retains considerable influence through its corporate ownership. Four of the top five container lines are European: MSC (Switzerland), Maersk (Denmark), CMA CGM (France), and Hapag-Lloyd (Germany). These companies not only operate extensive global routes but also own stakes in port terminals and inland logistics networks worldwide.

China, meanwhile, combines state-backed shipping power with an expansive port and manufacturing base. COSCO Shipping is both a top-tier container line and a major global port operator, through its subsidiary China COSCO Shipping Ports, which has investments in over 30 ports worldwide, including in Piraeus, Greece and Valencia, Spain. China’s Belt and Road Initiative has further expanded its maritime reach, reinforcing COSCO’s role as a tool of state-led trade policy.

The US container shipping footprint is indirect. While companies like Crowley and Matson serve domestic and Pacific island routes, and US firms dominate logistics, warehousing, and overland transport, they have no presence in the upper ranks of ocean carriers. US-based firms do, however, benefit from the infrastructure and volume of the country’s massive import economy.

This division of roles is emblematic of the larger structure of global trade. As manufacturing remains concentrated in Asia, especially China and Southeast Asia, and vessel ownership in Europe and East Asia, the United States has become the primary destination—and a central hub for container flows—without owning the vessels that connect them.

America is the engine of global demand, but Europe and Asia control the vehicles that deliver the goods.

Leading global shipping companies

1. MSC (Mediterranean Shipping Company)

Based in Switzerland, MSC is the largest container shipping company in the world, with over 5.6mn TEU capacity and more than 780 ships.

2. Maersk

A Danish company, long the industry leader before being overtaken by MSC, now holds second place with around 4.1mn TEU and 730 ships.

3. CMA CGM

Headquartered in France, CMA CGM operates over 625 vessels and has a fleet capacity of about 3.6mn TEU.

4. COSCO Shipping

A Chinese state-owned giant, combining several former companies, with a capacity of nearly 3mn TEU and 450 container ships.

5. Hapag-Lloyd

Based in Germany, Hapag-Lloyd has a capacity of over 1.8mn TEU, operating around 250 vessels.

Other major players include ONE (Japan), Evergreen Line (Taiwan), HMM (South Korea), and Yang Ming (Taiwan).

Many companies are part of strategic alliances, such as 2M (MSC & Maersk) and Ocean Alliance (CMA CGM, COSCO, Evergreen), to optimise routes and reduce costs.

Iraqi governor strikes gold after rain uncovers ancient treasure trove after floods

Iraqi governor strikes gold after rain uncovers ancient treasure trove after floods
Iraq discovery of ancient coins is largest bounty in years thanks to hammering rains. / Iraqi 964 media: CC: Babil Governorate
By bnm Gulf bureau December 22, 2025

Heavy rainfall in Iraq has led to the discovery of hundreds of ancient artefacts, including gold pieces and coins, buried for centuries at a historic site near Babylon, 964 Network reported on December 22.

Iraq cradles the world's richest archaeological legacy as the cradle of civilisation, home to ancient Mesopotamian marvels like Babylon, Ur, and Nimrud that hold priceless Sumerian, Assyrian, and Babylonian treasures, from cuneiform tablets to lamassu statues, collections valued in the tens of billions if ever fully repatriated or catalogued.

Joint inspection teams coordinated with the Babil Antiquities Inspectorate conducted an extensive search operation at the site at 9am on December 22 after heavy rains exposed parts of the soil and revealed archaeological finds on the surface.

The operation involved units from the Antiquities and Heritage Police, National Security Service, Babil Intelligence and Security Directorate, Military Intelligence Directorate, Intelligence and Counter-Terrorism Directorate 1, and the Babil Antiquities Inspectorate's Kufa Archaeological Monitoring Division.

The recovered items included 350 coins of various sizes, 10 copper metal pieces, two gold pieces, and pottery and stone artefacts comprising jars, human and animal figurines, stone spindles, beads and other historically significant pieces.

Initial assessments by antiquities specialists indicated that surface finds date to the Islamic period, whilst other layers belong to the Seleucid period dating back more than 331 BC, and others to the Abbasid era around 800 AD. 

Al-Fayhan described the finds as national heritage and material evidence of Iraq's deep civilisation.

Earlier in November, Kuwaiti and Polish archaeologists announced the discovery of more than 20 kilns dating back around 7,700 years, alongside a collection of artefacts at the Bahra 1 site in the Subiya area of northern Kuwait near the current border with Iraq.

The area now known as Kuwait and Iraq was home to the Ubaid culture, a prehistoric Mesopotamian civilisation that extended from southern Iraq into parts of eastern Arabia. Not much is known about the ancient civilisations in the Kuwait research area, and with the joint research project with Poland, the programme is discovering new and interesting finds. 

In May 2024, Russian archaeologists conducted their first fieldwork in Iraq’s Maysan Province after several decades, in a sign of growing cooperation between Baghdad and Moscow.

For the first time, excavations were carried out at the settlement of Tell Wajef, located 5 km from the Iranian border and about 10 km from the low foothills of the Zagros Mountains.

The site was also an area of intense fighting in the Iran-Iraq War, which saw hundreds of thousands of people killed.