Wednesday, August 06, 2025

BAN DEEP SEA MINING

MBARI researchers deploy new imaging system to study the movement of deep-sea octopus

3D visual data collected by MBARI’s groundbreaking EyeRIS camera system could contribute to the design of bioinspired robots in the future.

Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute

MBARI's EyeRIS camera system observing the locomotion of a deep-sea octopus — image:
MBARI’s innovative EyeRIS camera system collects near real-time three-dimensional visual data about the structure and biomechanics of marine life. Filming deep-sea pearl octopus (*Muusoctopus robustus*) with this system has provided new insight into octopus locomotion that can contribute to the design of bioinspired robots in the future. Image: © 2022 MBARI
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Credit: © 2022 MBARI

MBARI researchers have developed an innovative imaging system that can be deployed at great depths underwater to study the movement of marine life. The team used the system to study deep-sea octopus and shared their findings in the scientific journal Nature.

EyeRIS (Remote Imaging System) can capture detailed three-dimensional visual data about the structures and movement of marine life in their natural deep-sea habitat. MBARI researchers integrated EyeRIS on board a remotely operated vehicle to observe deep-sea pearl octopus (Muusoctopus robustus) at the famous Octopus Garden offshore of Central California.

“In MBARI’s Bioinspiration Lab, we look to nature to find inspiration for tackling fundamental engineering challenges,” said Principal Engineer Kakani Katija. “Octopuses are fascinating subjects as they have no bones yet are able to move across complex underwater terrain with ease. Until now, it has been difficult to study their biomechanics in the field, but EyeRIS is a game changer for us.”

“EyeRIS allowed us to follow several individuals as they moved, completely unconstrained, in their natural environment,” said Senior Research Specialist Crissy Huffard. “Our team was able to get 3D measurements of their arms in real-time as they crawled over the rough terrain of the deep seafloor.”

EyeRIS uses a specialized, high-resolution camera with a dense array of microlenses that collects simultaneous views of any object in its sight. Software uses that data to create imagery where every pixel in an image is in focus. EyeRIS can create a three-dimensional reconstruction of an animal's movements so researchers can observe individual features in stunning detail. MBARI researchers used EyeRIS to track the movements of specific points on an octopus’s arm, identifying areas of curvature and strain in real time as the animal crawled over the rugged seafloor.

“EyeRIS data showed that pearl octopus use temporary muscular joints in their arms when crawling, with strain and bend concentrated above and below the joint. This allows them to have simple, but sophisticated, control of their arms,” said Huffard. “The mechanisms of this simplified control could be valuable for designing octopus-inspired robots and other bioinspired technologies in the future.”

EyeRIS is the latest example of how technology can help us better understand ocean life. This versatile new imaging system can study marine animals that live on the seafloor and in the water column.

“There is still so much to learn about marine life. EyeRIS will allow us to continue to study the movement and behavior of octopuses and other deep-sea animals in their natural environment using non-invasive techniques. I’m excited to see how this growing body of research and new technology sparks future bioinspired engineering innovation,” said Katija.

The development of EyeRIS was made possible by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation.

About MBARI
MBARI (Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute) is a non-profit oceanographic research center founded in 1987 by the late Silicon Valley innovator and philanthropist David Packard. Our mission is to advance marine science and engineering to understand our changing ocean. Learn more at mbari.org.

Journal

Nature

DOI

10.1038/s41586-025-09379-z

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

In situ light-field imaging of octopus locomotion reveals simplified control

Article Publication Date

6-Aug-2025

Big heart, acute senses key to explosive radiation of early fishes

Digital reconstruction of tiny, 400-million-year-old fish shows how anatomy geared toward evading predators equipped it to become the hunter once jaws evolved

University of Chicago

Heads up reconstruction — image:
Reconstruction of Norselapsis glacialis in their aquatic environment
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Credit: Kristen Tietjin

An international team led by scientists from the Canadian Museum of Nature and the University of Chicago reconstructed the brain, heart, and fins of an extinct fish called Norselaspis glacialis from a tiny fossil the size of fingernail and found evidence of change toward a fast-swimming, sensorily attuned lifestyle well before jaws and teeth were invented to better capture food.

“These are the opening acts for a key episode in our own deep evolutionary history,” said Tetsuto Miyashita, who is a research scientist with the museum and lead author of the new study published in the journal Nature this week.

Fish have been around for half a billion years. The earliest species lived close to the seafloor, but when they evolved jaws and teeth, everything changed; by 400 million years ago, jawed fishes dominated the water column. Ultimately, limbed animals--including humans—also originated from this radiation of vertebrates.

It has long been a mystery, however, how this pivotal event occurred. The standard theory holds that jaws evolved first, and other body parts underwent changes to sustain a new predatory lifestyle. “But there is a large data gap beneath this transformation,” said Michael Coates, Professor and Chair of Organismal Biology and Anatomy at UChicago and a senior author of the study. “We’ve been missing snapshots from the fossil record that would help us order the key events to reconstruct the pattern and direction of change.”

The new study flips the “jaws-first” idea on its head. “We found features in a jawless fish, Norselaspis, that we thought were unique to jawed forms,” said Miyashita, who was formerly a postdoc in Coates’ lab in Chicago. “This fossil from the Devonian Period more than 400 million years ago shows that acute senses and a powerful heart evolved well before jaws and teeth.”

The fossil of Norselaspis the team studied is so exquisitely preserved in a fragment of rock that they were able to scan it and see impressions of its heart, blood vessels, brain, nerves, inner ears, and even the tiny muscles that moved the eyeball. The fossil was hidden in one of thousands of sandstone blocks collected during a French paleontological expedition to Spitsbergen, Norway’s Arctic archipelago, in 1969. Sorting through these rocks 40 years later, the study’s coauthors Philippe Janvier and Pierre Gueriau split one open, revealing a perfectly preserved cranium of Norselaspis barely half an inch long. The team took the fossil to a particle accelerator at the Paul Scherrer Institute in Switzerland to scan it with high-energy X-ray beams.

The result was jaw-dropping. Slice by slice, the X-ray images revealed delicate films of bone that enclosed the fish’s organs with astonishing detail. At a hundredth of a millimetre wide, these tissue-thin bones capture the ghosts of organs formerly held by the skeleton. Back in Chicago, digital imaging specialist Kristen Tietjen (now at the Biodiversity Institute at the University of Kansas) worked with Miyashita and Coates to digitally dissect and stitch together the fish’s anatomy through thousands of screen hours.

“With this exquisite digital atlas, we now know Norselaspis in greater anatomical detail than many living fishes,” Miyashita said. For example, the fish had seven tiny muscles to move its eyeballs, whereas humans have six. It had outsized inner ears, an enormous heart, and vessels arranged like highway bypasses to carry more blood. Miyashita draws comparisons to fruit. “If Norselaspis was to our scale, its inner ears would be each the size of an avocado, and its heart would be as large as a cantaloupe melon,” he said.

Fish use their inner ears in much the same way that we use ours, to sense vibration, orientation, and acceleration. The capacious heart and greater blood flow provides more horsepower for the animal. “One might even say Norselaspis had the heart of a shark under the skin of a lamprey,” Miyashita said.

The fish also sported a pair of tilted, paddle-like fins behind the gills, which Coates explained would have been useful for making sudden stops, bursts and turns. These anatomical innovations made Norselaspis something of a sportscar among the generally sluggish jawless fishes of its time.

Such “action-packed” anatomy likely evolved for evading predators rather than for chasing prey. But what triggers rapid escape responses in jawless fish would in turn give jawed fish an advantage to do the opposite, detecting and capturing food efficiently. “When jaws evolved against this background, it brought about a pivotal combination of sensory, swimming, and feeding systems, eventually leading to the extraordinary variety and abundance of Devonian fishes,” Coates said.

The earliest jaws were probably better adapted for sucking up food along with water and mud than for snapping at passing prey, however. “It wasn’t as simple as marching straight from a bottom feeder to an apex predator,” Miyashita said.

The new study also challenges the idea that shoulders and arms in modern tetrapods evolved from modified gill structures. The team traced the nerve going to the shoulder in Norselaspis and saw that it was separate from the nerves going to the gills—clear evidence that one did not come from the other. Instead, the team argues that the shoulder evolved as a wholly new structure with a new domain, the neck, separating the head the from the torso.

“A lot of these evolutionary changes have to do with how the head is attached to the trunk,” Miyashita said. In primitive jawless fishes, the head is continuous from the torso, while jawed vertebrates have a neck and throat to separate the two regions. Norselaspis is in the middle; Its head is directly attached to the shoulder without a neck, almost as if our arms were sticking out behind the cheeks. But the organs at this interface, like inner ears, shoulders and a heart, are enhanced or reorganized for greater abilities to navigate its environment.

Paleontologists are still investigating what ignited this transformation. Some, like Christian Klug of the University of Zurich, Switzerland, who was not involved in the study, believe the lineage of Norselaspis arose in the time of the so-called Nekton Revolution, when marine organisms were beginning to move up in the water column. The game then was about getting faster, smarter, and more manoeuvrable.

“For a historical event, we often emphasize one or two symbolic moments to the point of becoming a cliché. In this sense, the evolution of jaws is like a gunshot in Sarajevo starting World War I in 1914,” Miyashita said. “But it is imperative we understand the context. With Norselaspis, we can really find it in its heart.”

Reconstruction of Norselapsis glacialis

Credit

Kristen Tietjin

The tiny 400-million-year-old fossil of Norselapsis studied by the research team

Digital 3D image of the Norselaspis skull cut away from side

Digital 3D image of the Norselaspis skull showing the brain and inner ear

Credit

Michael Coates, University of Chicago

Research scientist Tetsuto Miyashita holds an enlarged 3D reconstruction of the brain and sensory organs of Norselapsis

Credit

Pierre Poirier, Canadian Museum of Nature