Wednesday, January 05, 2022

UPDATED

Kazakhstan elites flee the country

At least eight private business jets, according to Flight Radar, took off from Kazakhstan in the morning of Wednesday, January 5, amid mass protests, looting of the government buildings and reports of security forces joining the protesters.

According to Ateo Breaking, among others, a Bombardier Global 500 with registration number 9H-AVA, belonging to the husband of Dinara Nazarbayeva, the daughter of the country's first president Nursultan Nazarbayev, who after his resignation in 2019 retained the title of Elbasy (leader of the nation) and the post of chairman of the National Security Council, flew from Almaty in the direction of Kyrgyzstan.

On Wednesday, Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said he has become the head of the Security Council, which remained silent for four days as protests escalated from local unrest in the west of the country into a nationwide uprising.

Nazarbayev himself is ready to leave Kazakhstan for medical treatment, said the editor-in-chief of Echo of Moscow Alexei Venediktov, citing a source in the Russian Foreign Ministry.

Tokayev, who twice addressed the nation, issued a third statement on Wednesday in which he said he would remain in the capital Nur-Sultan and intended to act "as harshly as possible" to suppress the protests, which he said were planned by a group of conspirators.

RIA Novosti reported, citing its sources, that Russia has not yet seen any reason to think about the evacuation of Tokayev himself. "We do not believe that the situation is so bad that it would require such a radical step. Our data does not support this information," he said.

Nevertheless, at about 15.00 Moscow time, the plane of the Rossiya airline serving the Russian government took off from Moscow. The Tu-214 with registration number RA 64251 was heading towards Kazakhstan, but did not have time to land, because the Almaty airport was seized by protesters. The airport of the city of Aktau also does not work, the national carrier Air Astana told the Mir 24 TV channel.

Telegram channels and social networks were filled with rumors that a delegation of Russian security forces headed by the Secretary of the Security Council Nikolai Patrushev was sent to Kazakhstan. However, the special aircraft of the FSB - Tu-214PU with registration number RA-64523, which was sent to Belarus in August 2020 under similar circumstances, is still in Vnukovo airport in Moscow, according to FlightRadar.

The Kremlin has officially stated that there was no need to interfere in the events in Kazakhstan, which is part of both the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) and the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) military bloc.

"We are convinced that our Kazakh friends can independently solve their internal problems," Russian presidential spokesman Dmitry Peskov said on Wednesday. The Russian Foreign Ministry expressed support for President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, but at the same time called the protesters' demands "legitimate".

The European Union called on all parties to "show responsibility and refrain from actions that could lead to an escalation of violence."

"Recognizing the right to peaceful demonstrations, the European Union expects them to take place without violence" and "calls on the authorities to be proportionate in the use of force in protecting security and to comply with international obligations," the EU statement reads.

Civil Unrest in Kazakhstan: Developing Situation

By Rebecca Lougheed

5 January, 2022

A recent wave of protests have been occurring in Kazakhstan, due in part to fuel price hikes. However, throughout the first week of January the situation has suddenly escalated into violent anti-government civil unrest.

A State of Emergency Declared

Early on January 5, the President declared a state of emergency. There were also curfews put in place across Almaty city, from 11pm to 7am.

Unrest and lawlessness have been reported throughout the country, particularly in its cities.

There are reports of riots in Almaty where protestors have seized control of the UAAA/Almaty airport. It is now closed (UAAA Notam K0094/22 refers). Cars have been set on fire in the carpark. All flights there have been cancelled, along with those at UATE/Mangystau.

There is likely to be significant security risks on the ground – police resources are currently very limited. Movement between cities is also being restricted. The US Embassy there is warning citizens to avoid large groups of people and to stay away from areas where protests are taking place.

A local agent has advised that the “airport authority is currently uncontactable” at Almaty airport to provide any updates on the situation (Jan 5 18:30z).


Kazakhstan is a Central Asian country extending from the Caspian Sea and bordering China and Russia.
Overflights

At the time of writing, no Notams have been issued indicating that overflights are affected. However the situation is volatile and could potentially lead to ATC disruptions. Keep a close eye on things if operating in the region. It may also be worth familiarising yourself with TIBA contingency procedures.
The situation is developing

We’ll continue to update this article with any important changes as they come to hand.
One other thing: fuel

We have previously reported on rumours of fuel issues across Kazakhstan – particularly for GA flights operating to UAAA/Almaty, UACC/Nur-Sultan and UAKK/Karagandy. Initially agents at airports advised this was not the case, but later informed us that fuel was only available to airline flights and locally registered charter operators. Foreign registered non-scheduled flights would be unable to uplift fuel. The official word is that you need prior permission from airport authorities to take any on.


Russia-led alliance sending peacekeepers to Kazakhstan


By JIM HEINTZ

1 of 17

Riot police walk to block demonstrators during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country.

 (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)

MOSCOW (AP) — A Russia-led military alliance said Thursday that it will dispatch peacekeeping forces to Kazakhstan after the country’s president asked for help in controlling protests that escalated into violence, including the seizure and setting afire of government buildings.

Protesters in Kazakhstan’s largest city stormed the presidential residence and the mayor’s office Wednesday and set both on fire, according to news reports, as demonstrations sparked by a rise in fuel prices escalated sharply in the Central Asian nation.

Police reportedly fired on some protesters at the residence in Almaty before fleeing. They have clashed repeatedly with demonstrators in recent days, deploying water cannons in the freezing weather, and firing tear gas and concussion grenades.

The Kazakh Interior Ministry said eight police officers and national guard members were killed in the unrest and more than 300 were injured. No figures on civilian casualties were released.

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev appealed to the Collective Security Treaty Organization, a Moscow-based alliance of six former Soviet countries, for assistance. Hours later, the CSTO’s council approved sending an unspecified number of peacekeepers, said Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, the council’s chairman.

Tokayev earlier vowed to take harsh measures to quell the unrest and declared a two-week state of emergency for the whole country, expanding one that had been announced for both the capital of Nur-Sultan and the largest city of Almaty that imposed an overnight curfew and restricted movement into and around the urban areas.

The government resigned in response over the unrest. Kazakh news sites became inaccessible late in the day, and the global watchdog organization Netblocks said the country was experiencing a pervasive internet blackout. The Russian news agency Tass reported that internet access was restored in Almaty by early Thursday.

Although the protests began over a near-doubling of prices for a type of liquefied petroleum gas that is widely used as vehicle fuel, their size and rapid spread suggested they reflect wider discontent in the country that has been under the rule of the same party since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Tokayev claimed the unrest was led by “terrorist bands” that had received help from unspecified other countries. He also said rioters had seized five airliners in an assault on Almaty’s airport, but the deputy mayor later said the airport had been cleared of marauders and was working normally.

Kazakhstan, the ninth-largest country in the world, borders Russia to the north and China to the east and has extensive oil reserves that make it strategically and economically important. Despite those reserves and mineral wealth, discontent over poor living conditions is strong in some parts of the country. Many Kazakhs also chafe at the dominance of the ruling party, which holds more than 80% of the seats in parliament.

Hours after thousands of demonstrators gathered outside the presidential residence in Almaty, Tass reported that it was on fire and that protesters, some wielding firearms, were trying to break in. Police fled from the residence after shooting at demonstrators, according to the report, which was filed from Kazakhstan.

Many of the demonstrators who converged on the mayoral office carried clubs and shields, according to earlier reports in Kazakh media. Tass later said the building was engulfed in flames.

Protesters also broke into the Almaty office of the Russia-based Mir television and radio company and destroyed some equipment, the broadcaster said. It later reported that a crowd broke into the Almaty building of the Kazakh national broadcaster.

The protests began Sunday in Zhanaozen, a city in the west where government resentment was strong in the wake of a 2011 strike by oil workers in which police fatally shot at least 15 people. They spread across the country in the following days, and on Tuesday large demonstrations broke out in Nur-Sultan and in Almaty, the former capital.

The protests appear to have no identifiable leader or demands. Many of the demonstrators shouted “old man go,” an apparent reference to Nursultan Nazarbayev, the country’s first president who continued to wield enormous influence after his 2019 resignation.

In an earlier televised statement to the nation, Tokayev said that “we intend to act with maximum severity regarding law-breakers.”

He also promised to make political reforms and announced that he was assuming the leadership of the national security council. The latter is potentially significant because the council had been headed by Nazarbayev, who was president from 1991 until he resigned in 2019.

Nazarbayev dominated Kazakhstan’s politics and his rule was marked by a moderate cult of personality. Critics say he effectively instituted a clan system in government.

After the demonstrations spread to Nur-Sultan and Almaty, the government announced its resignation, but Tokayev said the ministers would stay in their roles until a new Cabinet is formed, making it uncertain whether the resignations will have significant impact.

At the start of the year, prices for the gas called LPG roughly doubled as the government moved away from price controls as part of efforts to move to a market economy.

Kazakhstan: What's behind the unrest?

Kazakhstan is experiencing the heaviest unrest in its history. Russia's second most important ally in the post-Soviet realm was known as stable for a long time, so what happened? 

DW has the background.

Kazakhstan is a close post-Soviet ally for Russia


On Sunday, several hundred residents of Zhanaozen, a town in western Kazakhstan, took to the streets to protest high prices for liquefied petroleum gas, also known as autogas, a popular type of fuel. The protest wave has since spread across the entire country, with thousands joining street marches.

Demonstrators have also taken to the streets ofAlmaty, the former capital. A presidential palace was torched. There have been reports of protesters storming municipal buildings, police vehicles set on fire, armed officers out on patrol, shots and even explosions.

Watch video 01:38 A closer look at Kazakhstan’s recent history

In a surprise move, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev on Wednesday vowed to address the issues driving the unrest. The acting government has resigned; President Tokayev has declared a state of emergency in the worst-hit regions of the country.



Petrol prices have roughly doubled, leading to protesters torching cars

While the situation on the ground remains unclear, one thing is clear — never before has Kazakhstan, long considered a stable autocracy, found itself engulfed in a political crisis of such proportions. Its repercussions will likely be felt far and wide. Kazakhstan, after all, is a former Soviet republic that maintains very close ties to Russia.

Rising prices and shortages

The latest protest wave originated in Zhanaozen where,10 years ago, fierce unrest erupted after oil workers went on strike. Over a dozen people were killed when authorities cracked down on the protests. The country's reputation as a peaceful and only moderately autocratic nation had taken a hit.

Watch video01:38 Kazakhstan's government resigned in response to unrest


While low wages sparked the 2011 unrest, this time, Zhanaozen residents took to the streets over a steep rise in autogas prices. Used by many to power their cars, the gas has doubled in prince in the new year. The government, which has now resigned, said the increase resulted from a rise in demand and production shortages.

Kazakhstan has long faced a number of problems, especially in the energy sector. Last year, for instance, Kazakhstan failed to generate sufficient electricity, leading to emergency shutdowns. The country had to rely on Russia to compensate the power outages. Now, Kazakhstan is planning to build its first nuclear power plant.

Kazakhstan's old and new capital

The cost of food has risen so drastically that last autumn, the government issued a ban on exporting cattle and other, smaller, livestock, as well as potatoes and carrots.
Three-decade reign ends

The current crisis comes at a time where Kazakhstan finds itself at a political crossroads. For three decades, Kazakhstan was governed by Nursultan Nazarbayev. During communist times, he served as prime minister of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as chairman of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan.

He then ruled post-Soviet Kazakhstan as the country's first president. His authoritarian reign left a mark on the country. But Nazarbayev also managed to attract Western investments in the oil and gas sector and thereby generate a certain wealth for his people. Nazarbayev also moved the capital from Almaty in the country's south near Kyrgyzstan to the city of Astana, which was renamed Nur-Sultan in his honor.

The 81-year-old was the longest-serving ruler in the post-Soviet world when he announced his resignation in March 2019. Nazarbayev has cited health problems as one reason for leaving office, though observers suspect he was keen to secure his longterm legacy.



President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev has declared an emergency

68-year-old Kassym-Jomart Tokayev succeeded Nazarbayev at the helm, though until recently, the latter retained key positions in the country. Indeed, ex-President Nazarbayev continued to head the powerful security council and the ruling Nur Otan party.

It was only in November 2021 that he handed over party leadership to Tokayev. On Wednesday, he also took over as head of the security council.
Moscow concerned by unrest

Nazarbayev's idea of a gradual handover of power is in jeopardy. Many other former Soviet republics will be closely following the latest events unfolding. And so will Russia.

Kazakhstan is Russia's second closest Eurasian ally after Belarus. After Belarus was rocked by dissident protests in 2020, Kazakhstan is the second ally to experience similar turmoil. Russia maintains close political and economic relations with both.

Watch video 04:16 Almaty is 'in chaos' – Journalist Aigerim Toleukhanova speaks to DW


In 2010, Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan established the Eurasian Customs Union, an ambitious project spearheaded by Russian President Vladimir Putin. In 2015, the club was upgraded into a full economic union, with Armenia and Kyrgyzstan joining as well.

Russian President Vladmir Putin and Nazarbayev are on close terms. They last met in December at the summit of post-Soviet states in St Petersburg, Russia.

So far, Moscow has kept itself out of the Kazakhstan crisis. Its Foreign Ministry, however, has called for dialogue. Moscow took a similar approach with Belarus, and later sent police officers to crush the protests. It is unclear if Moscow act in a similar way in Kazakhstan.

This article was originally written in German.

Kazakhstan president confirms takeover of Almaty airport

The entire country is under a state of emergency as unrest over rising fuel prices turns deadly. President Tokayev has called for help from the CSTO, a post-Soviet military alliance which includes Russia.


A heavy police presence deployed on Wednesday amid renewed protests, even as authorities tried to calm people with concessions

Kazakhstan President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said Almaty airport had been seized by what he described as "terrorists" on Wednesday evening.

He also said five airplanes had been hijacked.

"Terrorist gangs are seizing large infrastructure facilities, in particular in the Almaty airport, five planes, including foreign planes," he said. "Almaty has been attacked, destroyed and vandalized."

He also said he had appealed for help to the Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO), a military alliance of Russia, Belarus, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan.

The Kazakh interior ministry said eight security forces' members were killed. No figures were released on civilian casualities.

Earlier on Wednesday Tokayev warned there would be a "tough" response to unrest that continued to rock the central Asian country.


Watch video 01:38 Kazakhstan's government resigned in response to unrest


What has Tokayev said so far?


"I appeal to the citizens of Kazakhstan, whether they are residents of the capital, residents of Almaty and other cities, who have become victims of terrorist aggression. I want to assure you that I will do everything possible, as president of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to protect your interests, vital interests, and I think we will win together," Tokayev said on Wednesday evening, in an address that was aired on state channels.

He stressed that "this is a very difficult page in the history of the state."

"Many things have to be studied — how it happened and why. But the main thing now is to protect our country, to protect our citizens," Tokayev concluded.

Earlier in the day, in a message shared among Russian media, Tokayev said: "There have been deaths and injuries. The situation threatens the security of all residents of Almaty, and that cannot be tolerated."

Watch video04:16 Almaty is 'in chaos' – Journalist Aigerim Toleukhanova speaks to DW

Tokayev residence ablaze, internet blocked

There have been violent clashes between security forces and demonstrators demanding an end to spiking fuel prices, with a residence of Tokayev's in the capital being set on fire, according to local media.

Tokayev, meanwhile, has taken control of the country's powerful security council from his presidential predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev.

Elsewhere in Kazakhstan, in the cities of Alma-Ata and Aktau, some police units took the side of the protesters, according to DW Russian.

Rising fuel prices spark unrest

Though the unrest was triggered by the price rises, there were signs of broader political demands in a country still under the shadow of three decades of Nazarbayev's rule.

He stepped down as president in 2019 but retained authority as ruling party boss and head of a powerful security council.
Kazakh protesters torch public buildings

Also on Wednesday, demonstrators broke into the mayor's office in Almaty, Kazakhstan's largest city.

The demonstrators who convened on the office in Almaty were carrying clubs and shields, according to the Kazakh news site Zakon. Police fired stun grenades and tear gas at the crowd as people pushed through metal barricades in the street.

On January 1, prices for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is used to power many vehicles as it has been kept cheaper than gasoline, roughly doubled as the government concluded a shift away from price controls.

The move has prompted repeated demonstrations in both Almaty and the capital Nur-Sultan.

Prime Minister Askar Mamin's government has resigned and Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Almaty, imposing an overnight curfew and limiting access to the city. Kazakhstan also reimposed temporary caps on LPG prices. The emergency measure was extended to the entire country later on Wednesday.

Watch video 03:11 Thousands protest across Kazakhstan - DW's Emily Sherwin reports from Moscow

Meanwhile, the United States has refuted Russian accusations that Washington had instigated the unrest. White House press secretary Jen Psaki said the suggestion was "absolutely false."
Police blame 'extremists' for clashes

Police Chief Kanat Taimerdenov said in a statement that "extremists and radicals" were behind the protests, accusing demonstrators of attacking at least 500 civilians and ransacking businesses.

National guard and army units have joined the police to secure the city, Taimerdenov said.

More than 200 people have been arrested and at least 95 police personnel have been injured in clashes, Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry said early on Wednesday.

jsi,lo,es/msh (AP, dpa, Reuters, AFP)

Kazakh president appeals to Russia-led security bloc for help against ‘terrorists’

Issued on: 05/01/2022 


Kazakh law enforcement officers are seen on a barricade during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan January 5, 2022. © Pavel Mikheyev, Reuters

Kazakhstan's President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev said Thursday he had appealed to a Moscow-backed security alliance for help quelling protests across the ex-Soviet nation that he said were led by "terrorists".

The Central Asian country has been rocked by protests since the start of the year over a New Year fuel price hike that on Wednesday escalated into protesters clashing with police and storming government buildings.

"Today I appealed to the heads of CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organisation) states to assist Kazakhstan in overcoming this terrorist threat," Tokayev said on state television early Thursday.

"In fact, this is no longer a threat," he added. "It is undermining the integrity of the state."

Moscow leads the CSTO security alliance, which includes five other ex-Soviet states.

Tokayev, who earlier imposed a nationwide state of emergency, said that terrorist groups — which he said "received extensive training abroad" – are "currently rampaging" across the country.

"They are seizing buildings and infrastructure and, most importantly, are seizing the premises where small arms are located," he said, adding that they had also seized five planes at the airport in the country's biggest city Almaty.

"There's currently a battle ongoing near Almaty with the air forces of the defence ministry, a stubborn battle," Tokayev claimed.

Kazakh media outlets reported that at least eight police officers and military servicemen were killed in the unrest.

They cited the interior ministry as saying 317 police and national guard servicemen were injured and eight killed "by the hands of a raging crowd".


(AFP)

 

Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev has stripped his powerful predecessor of a role as head of the country's Security Council and has declared a two-week state of emergency following the republic's worst unrest in more than a decade. According to Alex Melikishvili, Principal Research Analyst at IHS Markit, "The focus of the government is bringing back normalcy." Initially the protests were purely economic in nature, reflecting widespread anger over significant energy price hikes. But, as Mr. Melikishvili explains, "the nature of the demands changed very rapidly to include political demands." The protesters began calling "for the removal of ex-President Nazarbayev from the political scene" and, for the first time ever, they began expressing their strong disapproval of the president's "failed promises" to deliver reforms, political liberalization and democratization. So now Kazakhstan has entered into a phase of "sustained unrest." And Mr. Melikishvili fears there could be a very forceful response.

Protests escalate in Kazakhstan; president’s home set ablaze


By JIM HEINTZ

1 of 17
Riot police walk to block demonstrators during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country.

(AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)


MOSCOW (AP) — Protesters in Kazakhstan’s largest city stormed the presidential residence and the mayor’s office Wednesday and set both on fire, according to news reports, as demonstrations sparked by a rise in fuel prices escalated sharply in the Central Asian nation.

Police reportedly fired on some protesters at the residence in Almaty before fleeing. They have clashed repeatedly with demonstrators in recent days, deploying water cannons in the freezing weather, and firing tear gas and concussion grenades.

The Kazakh Interior Ministry said eight police officers and national guard members were killed in the unrest and more than 300 were injured. No figures on civilian casualties were released.

President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev vowed to take harsh measures to quell the unrest and declared a two-week state of emergency for the whole country, expanding one that had been announced for both the capital of Nur-Sultan and the largest city of Almaty that imposed an overnight curfew and restricted movement into and around the urban areas.

The government resigned in response to the unrest. Kazakh news sites became inaccessible late in the day, and the global watchdog organization Netblocks said the country was experiencing a pervasive internet blackout, but the Russian news agency Tass reported that internet access was restored in Almaty by early Thursday.

Although the protests began over a near-doubling of prices for a type of liquefied petroleum gas that is widely used as vehicle fuel, their size and rapid spread suggested they reflect wider discontent in the country that has been under the rule of the same party since gaining independence from the Soviet Union in 1991.

Tokayev said on state television shortly before midnight that he has called on other countries in the Collective Security Treaty Organization, an alliance of ex-Soviet states including Russia, for assistance in restoring order, but it was not clear what measures he had asked for.

He claimed the unrest was led by “terrorist bands” that had received help from unspecified other countries. He also said rioters had seized five airliners in an assault on Almaty’s airport; but the deputy mayor later said the airport had been cleared of marauders and was working normally.

Kazakhstan, the ninth-largest country in the world, borders Russia to the north and China to the east and has extensive oil reserves that make it strategically and economically important. Despite those reserves and mineral wealth, discontent over poor living conditions is strong in some parts of the country. Many Kazakhs also chafe at the dominance of the ruling party, which holds more than 80% of the seats in parliament.

Hours after thousands of demonstrators gathered outside the presidential residence in Almaty, Tass reported that it was on fire and that protesters, some wielding firearms, were trying to break in. Police fled from the residence after shooting at demonstrators, according to the report, which was filed from Kazakhstan.

Many of the demonstrators who converged on the mayoral office carried clubs and shields, according to earlier reports in Kazakh media. Tass later said the building was engulfed in flames.

Protesters also broke into the Almaty office of the Russia-based Mir television and radio company and destroyed some equipment, the broadcaster said. It later reported that a crowd broke into the Almaty building of the Kazakh national broadcaster.

The protests began Sunday in Zhanaozen, a city in the west where government resentment was strong in the wake of a 2011 strike by oil workers in which police fatally shot at least 15 people. They spread across the country in the following days, and on Tuesday large demonstrations broke out in Nur-Sultan and in Almaty, the former capital.

The protests appear to have no identifiable leader or demands.

In an earlier televised statement to the nation, Tokayev said that “we intend to act with maximum severity regarding law-breakers.”

He also promised to make political reforms and announced that he was assuming the leadership of the national security council. The latter is potentially significant because the council had been headed by Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was president from 1991 until he resigned in 2019.

Nazarbayev dominated Kazakhstan’s politics and his rule was marked by a moderate cult of personality. Critics say he effectively instituted a clan system in government.

After the demonstrations spread to Nur-Sultan and Almaty, the government announced its resignation, but Tokayev said the ministers would stay in their roles until a new Cabinet is formed, making it uncertain whether the resignations will have significant effect.

At the start of the year, prices for the gas called LPG roughly doubled as the government moved away from price controls — part of efforts to move to a market economy.

Kazakhstan protesters breach Almaty mayor's office

Local news sources have said that demonstrators stormed the building with clubs and shields. Almaty is under an official state of emergency over widespread protests against rising fuel prices.


A heavy police presence deployed on Wednesday amid renewed protests, even as

 authorities tried to calm people with concessions

Protesters demanding an end to the country's spiking fuel prices broke into the mayor's office in Kazakhstan's largest city on Wednesday, as unrest continued to rock the central Asian country.

The demonstrators who convened on the office in Almaty were carrying clubs and shields, according to the Kazakh news site Zakon. Police fired stun grenades and tear gas at the crowd as people pushed through metal barricades in the street.

On January 1, prices for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is used to power many vehicles as it has been kept cheaper than gasoline, roughly doubled as the government concluded a shift away from price controls.

The move has prompted repeated demonstrations in both Almaty and the capital Nur-Sultan.

Prime Minister Askar Mamin's government has resigned and President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Almaty, imposing an overnight curfew and limiting access to the city. Kazakhstan also reimposed temporary caps on LPG prices.

Police blame 'extremists' for clashes

Police Chief Kanat Taimerdenov said in a statement that "extremists and radicals" were behind the protests, accusing demonstrators of attacking at least 500 civilians and ransacking businesses.

National guard and army units have joined the police to secure the city, Taimerdenov said.

More than 200 people have been arrested and at least 95 police personnel have been injured in clashes, Kazakhstan's Interior Ministry said early on Wednesday.

es/msh (AP, dpa, Reuters)

Reports: Protesters in Kazakhstan storm city mayor's office




MOSCOW (AP) — Demonstrators protesting rising fuel prices broke into the mayor’s office in Kazakhstan’s largest city Wednesday and flames were seen coming from inside, according to local news reports.
Demonstrators ride a truck during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)

Many of the demonstrators who converged on the building in Almaty carried clubs and shields, the Kazakh news site Zakon said.


Riot police block demonstrators during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)

Protests against a sharp increase in prices for liquefied gas began this week in the country’s west.


Demonstrators, one of which holds a police ammunition, gather during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)

As the protests spread to Almaty and Kazakhstan’s capital, Nur-Sultan, the government resigned. President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Almaty, imposing an overnight curfew and limiting access to the city.


Demonstrators stand in front of police line during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)

At the start of the year, prices for the gas that is used to power many vehicles roughly doubled as the government concluded a shift away from price controls.


A police officer carries tear gas grenades during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)


Demonstrators with Kazakhstan's national flag march during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)


A riot police officer stands ready to stop demonstrators during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)


Riot police walk to block demonstrators during a protest in Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. (AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov)

Kazakh president declares state of emergency in Almaty Region

The entry and exit from the Almaty Region will be restricted



NUR-SULTAN, January 5. / TASS /. Kazakhstan’s President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev has declared a state of emergency in the Almaty Region on January 5, the press service said on Wednesday.

"Amid a serious and immediate threat to the safety of citizens, in order to ensure public safety, restore law and order, protect the rights and freedoms of people, a state of emergency is introduced in the Almaty Region from January 5 to 19. A curfew <…> from 23:00 to 7:00 local time (from 20:00 to 04:00 Moscow Time) is also in effect," according to the president’s decree.

For this period, a commandant’s office is going to be established in the Almaty Region. "The restriction on freedom of movement <…> will be imposed. <…> The entry and exit from the Almaty Region will be restricted. The organization and holding of peaceful gatherings, entertainment, sport and other mass events is banned," the statement reads.

Furthermore, the sale of weapons, ammunition, explosives, special means and poisonous substances will be prohibited. Some special conditions will be applied for the circulation of medication, narcotic drugs, psychotropic substances and alcohol.

On January 2, crowds took to the streets in the cities of Zhanaozen and Aktau in the Mangistau region, protesting against high fuel prices. Two days later, the protests engulfed Almaty, where the police used flashbangs to disperse the crowd, as well as other cities, including Atyrau, Aktobe, Uralsk, Taraz, Shymkent, Kyzylorda, Karaganda and even Kazakhstan’s capital Nur-Sultan. The president imposed a two-week state of emergency and a curfew in the country’s largest city of Almaty and the southwestern Mangistau Province early on Wednesday. The head of the state also accepted the government’s resignation. Its members will continue to perform their tasks until a new cabinet is formed.

Kazakhstan government resigns as violent protests over fuel price hikes rock country

By Staff Reuters
Posted January 4, 2022 
A police car on fire as riot police prepare to stop protesters in the center of Almaty, Kazakhstan, Wednesday, Jan. 5, 2022. Demonstrators denouncing the doubling of prices for liquefied gas have clashed with police in Kazakhstan's largest city and held protests in about a dozen other cities in the country. Local news reports said police dispersed a demonstration of about a thousand people Tuesday night in Almaty and that some demonstrators were detained. 
(AP Photo/Vladimir Tretyakov).

Kazakh President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev accepted the government’s resignation on Wednesday, his office said, after violent protests triggered by a fuel price increase rocked the oil-rich Central Asian country.


Police used tear gas and stun grenades late on Tuesday to drive hundreds of protesters out of the main square in Almaty, the former Soviet republic’s biggest city, and clashes went on for hours in nearby areas.

The protests shook the former Soviet republic’s image as a politically stable and tightly-controlled nation — which it has used to attract hundreds of billions of dollars of foreign investment into its oil and metals industries over three decades of independence.

Tokayev declared a state of emergency in Almaty and the oil-producing western Mangistau province early on Wednesday and has said that domestic and foreign provocateurs were behind the violence.

READ MORE: Protesters in Kazakhstan dispute legitimacy of early presidential election

The protests began in Mangistau province on Sunday following the lifting of price caps on liquefied petroleum gas, a popular car fuel, a day earlier, after which its price more than doubled.

Speaking to acting cabinet members on Wednesday, Tokayev ordered them and provincial governors to reinstate LPG price controls and broaden them to gasoline, diesel and other “socially important” consumer goods.

He also ordered the government to develop a personal bankruptcy law and consider freezing utilities’ prices and subsidising rent payments for poor families.

He said the situation was improving in protest-hit cities and towns after the state of emergency was declared which effected a curfew and movement restrictions.

(Reporting by Olzhas Auyezov; Editing by Kim Coghill, Robert Birsel and Michael Perry)

© 2022 Reuters

 


Virginia's governor-elect taps Trump EPA chief for key role

By Valerie Volcovici

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Acting Administrator Andrew Wheeler addresses staff at EPA headquarters in Washington, U.S., July 11, 2018. REUTERS/Ting Shen

WASHINGTON, Jan 5 (Reuters) - Virginia's Governor-elect Glenn Youngkin on Wednesday announced he will appoint former President Donald Trump's Environmental Protection Agency administrator to become the state's top environmental regulator.

Youngkin, a Republican who won in an upset against a Democratic challenger in November, announced he has chosen Andrew Wheeler as the states's next secretary of Natural Resources and Michael Rolband as the next director of Environmental Quality.

Wheeler, who served as Trump's second EPA administrator, led that administration's efforts to undo major environmental regulations for power plants and cars and downplayed the urgency of addressing climate change. Rolband is the founder of the environmental consulting firm Wetland Studies and Solutions, Inc.

“Andrew and Michael share my vision in finding new ways to innovate and use our natural resources to provide Virginia with a stable, dependable, and growing power supply that will meet Virginia’s power demands without passing the costs on to the consumer,” said Youngkin.

Wheeler served for years as a career staffer at the EPA under former President George W. Bush but also worked in the private sector, including as a coal lobbyist.

Youngkin last month pledged to remove Virginia from the Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI), a market-based program to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from power plants in 11 U.S. Northeast and mid-Atlantic states.


Virginia passed a bill in March 2020 under Democratic Governor Ralph Northam to join RGGI, which brought in $228 million to Virginia to fund state programs on energy efficiency and flooding.

Democratic lawmakers and environmental groups raised concerns about how Wheeler's track record at the EPA will affect Virginia's environmental policies and growth as a leading renewable energy producing state.


Virginia was the fourth-biggest market for new solar installations in 2020 and the first three quarters of 2021 behind Texas, California and Florida, according to consultancy Wood Mackenzie. It was 19th in 2019.

"We are concerned about Administrator Wheeler’s track record of rolling back key environmental protections at the EPA," said Elly Boehmer, policy director at Environment Virginia, adding that her group will continue to press Youngkin and the legislature to uphold environmental laws and stay in RGGI.

“Putting an anti-environment ideologue in this important position would be a far cry from the kind of consensus-based, pragmatic leadership the Governor-elect promised," said Democratic Congressman Don Beyer.

Wheeler did not respond to a Reuters request for comment.

A resident of Fairfax county, Virginia, Wheeler last year spoke out against a county effort to place a 5 cent tax on single-use plastic bags.
Cannabis possession set to be decriminalised in London under plan by Sadiq Khan

Cannabis possession set to be decriminalised in London under plan by Sadiq Khan

Mayor of London is reportedly planning to end prosecution of young people caught with the Class B drug in several boroughs

Possession of cannabis could be decriminalised in London in a new scheme set to be introduced by Sadiq Khan in a bid to curb prosecutions.

People aged 18-24 in the boroughs of Lewisham, Greenwich, and Bexley will be initially eligible for the scheme which will see them offered speeding course-style classes or counselling, rather than face the criminal justice system.

Police officers will be told not to arrest young people caught with the drug, a mere month after prime minister Boris Johnson announced a crackdown on illegal substances including a warning middle-class users caught in possession of cocaine could have their passports and driving licences taken off them.

Labour leader Sir Keir Starmer, speaking in Birmingham on Tuesday, said he does not believe decriminalisation should be pursued in England, after a similar scheme was introduced in Scotland last year.

Khan's pilot scheme, which will reportedly be announced this month and be led by Lewisham mayor Damien Egan, could include other class B drugs including ketamine and speed, the Telegraph reports.

A spokesperson for the Mayor of London said: “The Mayor firmly believes that drug use, and its related crimes, are preventable and not inevitable. That is why his approaches to tackling these issues are rooted in deterrence and early intervention.

“We know that we’ll never be able to simply arrest our way out of the problem, which is why we continue to work on schemes that provide young people with support and education, rather than simply putting them through the criminal justice system – with the aim of diverting them away from drug use and crime for good.”

Funding for the plans are yet to have final approval from the Mayor’s Office for Policing and Crime, meaning there is not yet a set date for the scheme to begin.

 Fiery clash at PMQs after Prime Minister Boris Johnson accused of misleading the House

Fiery clash at PMQs after Prime Minister Boris Johnson accused of misleading the House

Labour have accused the prime minister of misleading the House

Boris Johnson has dismissed Labour attacks suggesting he "mislead the House" during this week's Prime Minister's Questions.

Shadow Chancellor Angela Rayner, who was deputising for covid-positive Sir Keir Starmer, reminded the prime minister of a comment he made in October 2021 where he claimed people's fears about inflation were "unfounded".

Speaking to Sky's Beth Rigby last year, Johnson had attempted to quash any fears surrounding inflation. "I am very encouraged by the growth we're seeing", he said. "People have been worried about inflation for a very long time, and those fears have been unfounded.

"I am looking at robust economic growth"

When reminded by Labour’s deputy leader of his comments, the prime minister claimed he "never said any such thing".

Deputy Labour leader Rayner later offered Johnson the opportunity to correct the record and admit he had said fears about inflation were “unfounded”, after he had denied saying it.

Speaking after PMQs, Rayner said: "Nobody wants to mislead the house and I'm sure the Prime Minister wouldn't want to do that either.

"Earlier I quoted the Prime Minister when he said fears about inflation were unfounded, he said he didn't say that and yet the Sky journalist Beth Rigby has now put the clip on social media.

"So, I'm just wondering whether the Prime Minister would like to correct the record?"

Speaker Sir Lindsay Hoyle offered the opportunity - but the Prime Minister declined.

JOE.COM

1,000-year-old mummy in fetal position found in underground tomb in Peru the mummy was bound by rope.


By Owen Jarus 
published 1 day ago
The mummy — the remains of a male between 18 and 22 years old — was found buried in a fetal position in a tomb at the site of Cajamarquilla in Peru. (Image credit: Anadolu Agency / Getty Images)

Archaeologists have unearthed a mummy dating back around 1,000 years at the site of Cajamarquilla in Peru. The researchers discovered the mummy lying in a fetal position and bound by rope.

At the time the mummy was buried, Cajamarquilla was a thriving city located on the right bank of the Rímac river about 16 miles (25 kilometers) inland, and was a place where people from the coastal and mountainous areas of Peru engaged in trade, researchers said in a statement. More than 10,000 people might have lived in the city at the time, the researchers said.

Related: Photos: The amazing mummies of Peru and Egypt

The well-preserved mummy was found in an underground tomb that had a seven-step staircase leading down to it , researchers said in the statement. The mummy, a male who was between 18 and 22 years old when he died, was found covered in a textile, their body wrapped in rope — a common practice at the time for those who lived in mountainous areas close to Cajamarquilla, the researchers said.

The remains of a dog and an Andean guinea pig were found beside the mummy, along with corn and the remains of other vegetables, Pieter Van Dalen Luna, an archaeology professor at the National University of San Marcos who led the team, said in another statement. The buried man died sometime between 1,200 — and 800 years ago, and he may have been the son of a wealthy merchant, the researchers said.

Family members would have visited his tomb at times after his burial to give offerings. "After the body is placed in the tomb, there are constant events and activities," Van Dalen Luna told CNN. "That is to say, their descendants keep coming back over many years and placing food and offerings there, including molluscs." He noted that llama bones were found outside the tomb and may have been cooked by visitors who brought those bones as offerings.

The mummy is now being displayed at the National University of San Marcos's museum. Analysis of the mummy is ongoing. Van Dalen Luna did not respond to requests for comment at time of publication.

Originally published on Live Science.
Child mummies in Sicily's Capuchin Catacombs to be X-rayed

By Nicoletta Lanese 

Some of the children are so well preserved they look like "tiny little dolls."

The Capuchin Catacombs are located in Palermo, Sicily. (Image credit: Stanislavskyi via Shutterstock)

The mummified and skeletal remains of more than 160 children lie preserved in the Capuchin Catacombs of Palermo in northern Sicily, and soon, scientists hope to uncover some of the mysteries surrounding their lives and deaths using X-ray technology.

The catacombs contain at least 1,284 mummified and skeletonized corpses of varying ages, according to the new research project's website. The catacombs were in use from the late 1590s to 1880, although two additional bodies were buried there in the early 20th century, according to the Palermo Catacombs website.

The upcoming investigation, funded by the U.K.'s Arts and Humanities Research Council, will be the first to exclusively focus on children housed in the underground crypts and corridors. Specifically, the investigators will examine child mummies that were buried in the catacombs between 1787 and 1880, and they'll begin by X-raying the 41 mummies housed in the crypts' "children's room," or "child chapel," The Guardian reported.

"We will take a portable X-ray unit and take hundreds of images of the children from different angles," Kirsty Squires, the project's principal investigator and an associate professor of bioarchaeology at Staffordshire University in the U.K., told The Guardian. The team hopes to better understand the children's identities and health statuses, as well as examine cultural artifacts such as the garb they were buried in, she said.

Related: In photos: Ancient Egyptian tombs decorated with creatures

The researchers will use X-rays to determine each child's sex and age, as well as reveal any signs of developmental defects or disease. These findings will be compared with each child's clothing, associated funerary artifacts and their placement with

When first built in the late 1590s, the Capuchin Catacombs were used as a private burial site for friars. But in 1783, the Capuchin order began allowing laypeople in the region to be buried there as well, the catacombs website said. And by making a donation to the order, families could pay to have their deceased relatives mummified and put on display in the catacombs.

Corpses could be mummified in one of three ways: through natural mummification, where the bodies were allowed to completely dehydrate in a special room called the "colatoio;" through a process that involved bathing the bodies in arsenic; or by the chemical embalming of the bodies, when a trained person injects the corpse with preservatives.

These processes could create astonishingly well-preserved mummies. Regarding the soon-to-be-scanned child mummies, "Some of them are superbly preserved," Dario Piombino-Mascali, co-investigator for the project and scientific curator of the Capuchin Catacombs, told The Guardian. "Some really look like sleeping children. They are darkened by the time but some of them have got even fake eyes so they seem to be looking at you. They look like tiny little dolls."

Read more about the Palermo juvenile mummy project in The Guardian.

Originally published on Live Science.
'Truly remarkable' fossils are rare evidence of ancient shark-on-shark attacks


By Laura Geggel

These fossils are rare because shark cartilage seldom fossilizes.


This illustration, depicting an active predatory encounter between two requiem sharks off what is now the coast of Maryland, shows one possible way the shark vertebra could have been bitten. (Image credit: Original drawing by Tim Scheirer; Coloration added by Clarence Schumaker; CC BY 4.0)

During the age of megalodon, sharks hunted all kinds of creatures, including other sharks, according to a new study based on four rare fossils.

In four separate finds, researchers and amateur fossil hunters discovered the ancient vertebrae of now-extinct sharks; all four vertebrae are covered in shark bite marks, and two still have pointy shark teeth sticking out of them. These findings are extraordinary, as shark skeletons are made of cartilage, which doesn't fossilize well, the researchers said.

The discoveries show that millions of years ago, ancient sharks gobbled up fellow sharks off what is now the U.S. East Coast. "Sharks have been preying upon each other for millions of years, yet these interactions are rarely reported due to the poor preservation potential of cartilage," study co-researcher Victor Perez, an assistant curator of paleontology at the Calvert Marine Museum in Solomons, Maryland, told Live Science in an email.

Researchers have known for decades about shark-on-shark predation and even cannibalism. It's a behavior seen in living sharks, including many lamniformes — an iconic group that includes goblin, megamouth, basking, mako and great white sharks — which, as fetuses, sometimes devour their siblings in the womb, the researchers said.

Ancient sharks have left their bite marks on countless paleo beasts, including on the bones of marine mammals, ray-finned fishes and reptiles — even pterosaurs, flying reptiles that lived during the dinosaur age, two studies found. However, evidence of ancient shark-versus-shark attacks is somewhat rare. The oldest evidence of shark-on-shark predation dates to the Devonian period (419.2 million to 358.9 million years ago), when the shark Cladoselache gulped down another shark, whose remains were fossilized in its gut contents.

In the new study, researchers examined three shark fossils found at Calvert Cliffs on the Maryland coast between 2002 and 2016, and a fourth discovered in a phosphate mine in North Carolina in the 1980s. All of the fossils date to the Neogene period (23.03 million to 2.58 million years ago), a time when megalodon (Otodus megalodon), the world's largest shark on record, stalked the seas. (However, megalodon wasn't involved in these four attacks.)

Different views of a vertebra from an ancient requiem shark found in Maryland. Notice the two shark teeth embedded in the fossil. Scale bars equal 1 centimeter. (Image credit: Perez, V.J. et al. Acta Palaeontological (2021); CC BY 4.0)

Unlike sturdy bone, shark cartilage is a soft tissue made of tiny hexagonal prisms, which rapidly break apart after the animal dies, Perez said. "So, to find cartilaginous elements of a shark's skeleton is already rare, but to find these skeletal elements with bite traces is truly remarkable," he said. "There needs to be exceptional circumstances for this predatory interaction to preserve for millions of years and to be recovered by someone who recognizes its significance."

So, how did these four fossils survive? All are centra, or the vertebrae that make up the spinal column. "The centra are composed of a denser calcified cartilage that preserves better than other parts of the skeleton," Perez noted. In fact, these four fossils are the first documented ancient shark centra with shark bite marks on them, the research team said.

It's unclear whether these bites — known as trace fossils, which are fossilized remnants from animals that are not parts of their bodies, like footprints, bite marks or even poop — were made during an active attack or a scavenging event, Perez said. At least one, however, may have come from an attack; one fossil from Maryland that still had two, nearly 1.5-inch-long (4 centimeters) teeth sticking out of it shows signs of healing, indicating that the shark survived the encounter.

A bone analysis revealed the victims were chondrichthyans, a class with 282 species alive today, including bull sharks, tiger sharks and hammerhead sharks. "We cannot identify the exact species involved in these encounters, but we can narrow it down to some likely culprits," Perez said.

Based on its shape, the fossil with two embedded shark teeth belongs to the family Carcharhinidae, in one of two genera: Carcharhinus or Negaprion, the researchers said. The embedded teeth may also be from a Carcharhinus or Negaprion shark, the researchers found.

Another Maryland specimen, which also appears to be from the family Carcharhinidae, had bite marks from several attackers — possibly chondrichthyan sharks, lamnid sharks or bony fish. The third Maryland specimen might belong to the Galeocerdo genus, whose only surviving species is the tiger shark (G. cuvier).

The embedded teeth and a gouge mark on the specimens, "suggest that these centra were all bitten very forcefully," the researchers wrote in the study.
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Two of the specimens are now on display at the Calvert Marine Museum in the new exhibit "Sharks! Sink your teeth in!" The study was published online Dec. 7, 2021, in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Polonica.

Originally published on Live Science.
Drug-resistant superbug lived on hedgehogs long before we used antibiotics

By Patrick Pester 

The researchers say we shouldn't fear hedgehogs.

A hedgehog in grass. (Image credit: Pia B. Hansen)

An evolutionary battle between fungi and bacteria on hedgehogs' skin gave rise to a type of antibiotic-resistant bacteria long before humans started using the antibiotics that were thought to lead to such superbugs, a new study reveals.

Researchers traced some lineages of the superbug MRSA, or methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, to a parasitic fungus found on the skin of European hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). The fungus secretes antibiotics to fight and kill Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (also found on hedgehogs); to stay alive, the bacteria, in turn, evolved antibiotic resistance that later crossed into livestock and humans, the research team reported in a new study.

While the use of antibiotics often drives the evolution of superbugs, this study shows the origins of some antibiotic-resistant bacteria in nature. "We know the resistance genes got into pathogen genomes before humans were using antibiotics, but this really describes a mechanism of how that might happen," study co-author Ewan Harrison, a researcher at the University of Cambridge and the Wellcome Sanger Institute in the U.K., told Live Science.

MRSA is a strain of staph bacteria that resists antibiotics and is therefore harder to treat if it gets into the body of humans or livestock and causes disease. The researchers investigated mecC-MRSA, a relatively rare form of the superbug that's responsible for about 1 in 200 human MRSA infections, according to a statement released by the University of Cambridge.

The mecC-MRSA was discovered in 2011 and was thought to have emerged in cows given large amounts of antibiotics. However, previous research has also found that up to 60% of European hedgehogs carry it. The hedgehogs' fungus, Trichophyton erinacei, creates its own penicillin antibiotics naturally to fight off bacteria.

Harrison was part of an international research team that sequenced genomes of the parasitic fungus on the hedgehogs and found the genes responsible for producing the penicillin antibiotics that kill staph bacteria. They then sequenced the bacteria and dated the penicillin-resistant genes by measuring the number of certain mutations in the genome that are known to occur at a fixed rate each year and counting backward, according to Harrison. They found that the bacteria had resistance to methicillin, a form of penicillin, in the 1800s, long before the clinical use of penicillin began in the 1940s.

The researchers think this type of MRSA probably first evolved in hedgehogs, though they aren't sure how mecC-MRSA crossed into humans. "We know that these resistance genes exist in the soil and soil bacteria, and animals like hedgehogs and other wildlife obviously have much more contact with soil on a day-to-day basis than most of us do," Harrison said.

The superbug could have jumped to humans through direct contact with hedgehogs, the authors said. Harrison stressed, however, that people shouldn't fear hedgehogs for this reason. "I don't think hedgehogs are a risk," Harrison said. "I think that's important to get across." The mecC-MRSA is also found in livestock, so these animals, or another unidentified animal, may have been intermediaries.

"It just shows evolutionary processes in nature can select for antibiotic resistance and that can end up in a human pathogen," Harrison said. Other MRSA lineages the researchers studied originated around the time penicillin was introduced, suggesting that our use of antibiotics was a selective pressure for the resistance in those cases.

William Keevil, a professor of environmental health care at the University of Southampton who was not involved in the study, welcomed the new research. "I believe it to be an important study and another example of the evolutionary war and adaptation of environmental bacteria to survive in the presence of antibiotic-producing fungi, which has been occurring for 100s of millions of years before the emergence of mammals and the antibiotic era," Keevil told Live Science in an email.

The findings were published Wednesday (Jan. 5) in the journal Nature.

Originally published on Live Science.