Monday, November 11, 2024

‘NYTimes’ biased coverage of Amsterdam soccer violence attempts to hide Israeli racism

The New York Times buried the fact that racist Israeli soccer fans instigated attacks in Amsterdam, and instead pushed a false narrative that the violence was driven by antisemitism.
 November 10, 2024
MONDOWEISS
New York Times headquarters. (Photo: Wikipedia)

The New York Times report on the recent soccer clashes in Amsterdam was so biased that you wouldn’t be entirely surprised if you found out that Israel’s propaganda/disinformation ministry had kidnapped the paper’s reporters and put guns to their heads.

At this site, Sana Saaed has already done an impressive post surveying the widespread global media bias about the events. But, unfortunately, the New York Times is the most important source of coverage of Israel/Palestine for Americans. The Times sets the tone for the cable TV networks, and other U.S. papers have cut back or ended their foreign coverage. So a closer scrutiny of its ongoing slant is indispensable.

The Times report, which started on page 1, used the word “antisemitic” six times, beginning in the headline. The first six paragraphs uniformly described the “Israeli soccer fans” as the victims, recounting their injuries, and dwelling on the Israeli government’s chartering of “at least three flights to bring Israeli citizens home,” insinuating that innocent people had to completely flee the country for their lives.

You had to jump to paragraph 7, buried on an inside page, to learn that the Israeli fans had, in fact, been violent and provocative the night before the game: they “vandalized a taxi and burned a Palestinian flag.” On game day itself, Israeli fans shouted “an anti-Arab chant,” but the Times never bothered to tell us what they were shouting. (Reports elsewhere said that one of the chants was: “Why is school out in Gaza? There are no children left there.”)

After these brief hints that at least some of the Israelis had not behaved like peaceful sports fans, the Times got back to hammering away at the antisemitism theme. The next to last paragraph is a cunning example of the slant.

To further illustrate the alleged rise in antisemitism in Europe, the paper said:


“Earlier this year, when the Netherlands opened a National Holocaust Museum — almost 80 years after three-quarters of the Dutch Jewish population was killed in the Holocaust — an angry crowd of pro-Palestinian demonstrators gathered outside and yelled, ‘There is a holocaust in Gaza.’”

1.) The murder of Dutch Jews, although of course tragic, has nothing to do with Israel’s murder of Gazans today. And if you are going to bring up percentages, what proportion of the Gazan people are also already dead? 2.) Outside a Holocaust museum is an entirely appropriate place to protest another holocaust that is ongoing. 3.) The Times dismisses the demonstrators as “angry” and “yelling,” loaded words that the reporters left out of their vocabulary in their earlier brief mentions of the chants from the visiting Israelis.

The Times could have reported this story more fairly. By contrast, let’s look at how it was covered in the Jewish Daily Forward. A reporter there named Arno Rosenfeld apparently knows how to use the telephone and/or the internet, because he was able to quickly get through to Amsterdam’s Jewish community, an obvious move that the (three) Times reporters failed to do.

Rosenfeld did report that many Amsterdam Jews were in fact fearful after the violence. But he also informed Forward readers that there was another side to the story:

But some Dutch Jews noted that roving bands of Maccabi Tel Aviv fans had spent Tuesday and Wednesday nights marauding through the city center chanting racist anti-Arab slogans, climbing a facade to rip a Palestinian flag off the second story of an apartment building and assaulting a Moroccan taxi driver.

Jelle Zijlstra, who is Jewish and works as a community organizer in Amsterdam, made a post that went viral on Instagram stating that ‘multiple truths can exist at the same time.’ It highlighted both the assaults on Israelis and footage of the fans shouting ‘F— Palestine’ the night before.

There was definitely antisemitism involved in some of the events that took place, Zjilstra said in an interview. ‘Were Jews attacked in the streets? Yes, but those Jews were also violent hooligans.’”

Arno Rosenfeld showed that reporting on the Amsterdam events with balance and fairness was not impossible. Maybe the New York Times should offer him a job?



No, there were no ‘antisemitic pogroms’ in Amsterdam. Here’s what really happened.


Media claims of ‘antisemitic pogroms’ against Israeli fans in Amsterdam are the latest in a pattern of false narratives fueling anti-Muslim violence and justifying the genocide in Gaza.
 November 9, 2024 
MONDOWEISS
A crowd of Israelis tear down a Palestinian flag hanging on a building in the city of Amsterdam. Hundreds of Israelis and fans of the notoriously racist Maccabi Tel Aviv soccer team had traveled to the city for a match in the city. Following a string of attacks and vandalism carried out by Israelis, the Maccabi fans were targeted in what the media dubbed an ‘antisemitic pogrom’. (Screenshot, X)


Olé, olé!

Olé, olé, olé!

Let the IDF win and fuck the Arabs!

Olé, olé!

Olé, olé, olé!

Why is school out in Gaza? There are no children left there!”

On the night of November 7th, there was an anti-Jewish pogrom in Amsterdam as young Dutch Moroccans on scooters descended onto the streets to assault Israeli Jewish football fans.

At least, that’s the story being told in Western newsrooms and by American and European leaders as the Israeli extermination of Gaza – especially the north – continues unencumbered.

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu called it a “horrific antisemitic incident.”

President Joe Biden released a statement on X saying “the Antisemitic attacks on Israeli soccer fans in Amsterdam are despicable and echo dark moments in history when Jews were persecuted.” He ended by reiterating “We must relentlessly fight Antisemitism, wherever it emerges.”

Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof promised that “the perpetrators will be tracked down and prosecuted.”

EU commissioner Ursula Von Der Leyen gave the reminder that “antisemitism has absolutely no place in Europe.”

Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau stated “the news out of Amsterdam last night is horrifying. This is a dark moment for our world — and one we have seen before.”

The Anti-Defamation League called it a “modern day pogrom”, its CEO Jonathan Greenblatt drawing comparisons to Kristallnacht, saying that “Jews on the streets of Amsterdam were hunted, chased, attacked and forced to hide from an antisemitic mob whose goal was to harm as many Jews as possible.”

Headlines across U.S. news coverage, especially, signaled similar alarm: “Violent Attacks in Amsterdam Tied to Antisemitism”, “‘Scooter Youths,’ Not Soccer Fans, Hunt Jews in Amsterdam”, “Israeli soccer fans suffer ‘anti-Semitic attacks’ in violent Amsterdam incident: Officials”, “Amsterdam bans protests after ‘antisemitic squads’ attack Israeli soccer fans”, “Israeli Soccer Fans Targeted in ‘Antisemitic’ Attacks In Amsterdam”.

But that’s not what happened.

On November 5th, hundreds of Maccabi Tel Aviv fans – reportedly accompanied by Mossad agents – had flown into the city for a game against Ajax FC. It was reported, in the preceding days, that pro-Palestinian groups were planning a large protest outside the stadium against the presence of the Israeli football team. In the two days before the game, there were many reported incidents of violence and intimidation from the Israeli fans – including anti-Arab chants, attacking taxi drivers, ripping down Palestinian flags and attacking homes with any Palestinian imagery.

Emerging video evidence and testimonies from Amsterdam residents (herehere and here for instance) indicate that the initial violence came from Maccabi Tel Aviv fans, who also disrupted a moment of silence for the Valencia flood victims.

But despite that footage and Amsterdammer testimonies, coverage – across international media, especially in the United States – has failed to contextualize the counter-attacks against the anti-Arab Israeli mob.

Where there have been mentions of the actions of the Maccabi fans, the critical context of anti-Arab violence and chants is simply an additional detail versus the foundation of the counter-violence. The context of the violence and racism against Arabs is also downplayed, with less severe language being used to describe it.

Note this excerpt from a Reuters report on the Amsterdam incident:


Videos on social media showed riot police in action, with some attackers shouting anti-Israeli slurs. Footage also showed Maccabi Tel Aviv supporters chanting anti-Arab slogans before Thursday evening’s match.

Wishing death to Arabs at the hands of the IDF and mocking dead Palestinian children, we are told, is a slogan. Forcing Israelis to say “Free Palestine!” is a slur. Through the use of these two words, the weight of violence and of blame is immediately shifted to those victimized.

Then there’s this Channel 4 news report, which shows a bit of a masterful narrative manipulation. It begins with images of people draped in Palestinian flags, marching in the streets of Amsterdam, with the voiceover talking about the ‘shocking’ violence, and how “men on scooters hunted down Israelis to beat them”. We immediately see footage of random Israelis being beaten in the streets and then a jump to the Dutch PM condemning these actions. When presented this way, it is shocking – your initial introduction to this story is that Israeli Jewish football fans were ‘hunted’ and assaulted in the streets by pro-Palestinian hooligans.

A little over a minute into the three-minute report, we move onto what is the critical context: 36 hours of violence and racist slurs and chants by the Maccabi fans. The report spends about 40 seconds going over it, only to return to framing the incident as antisemitic. It concludes with a brief acknowledgement that Maccabi fans have a history of anti-Arab, anti-Palestinian racism but its final note is about the historical memory of Jews with regards to being ‘hunted and chased’ in the streets.

Nevermind the present experience of Arabs, of Muslims being exterminated in their homes, hospitals, schools and tents by a Jewish military.

It’s also worth mentioning here that during the course of writing this piece, Sky News posted and deleted a video report on the racist Israeli mob’s instigation and violence — only to repost the report, with its content and copy edited to center the “antisemitism” framing. In other words, a real-time manufacturing of a story to fit a specific narrative, despite all the evidence available. Few things have captured the intentional complicity of the news media, in the genocide of Palestinians, as transparently and poignantly as this.


The coverage of events in Amsterdam reveals a troubling, but transparent and tired pattern: it serves as a rhetorical tool to justify violence against Arabs and Muslims, whether in Gaza or within the streets of Europe.

The coverage of events in Amsterdam reveals a troubling, but transparent and tired pattern: it serves as a rhetorical tool to justify violence against Arabs and Muslims, whether in Gaza or within the streets of Europe. Each narrative, whether centered around October 7th or November 7th, invariably positions Jewish suffering and historical trauma at its core, thus reinforcing the notion of a Jewish right to violence. Any contextualization that portrays Israelis or Jewish Zionist as aggressors threatens to disrupt this carefully curated monopoly on suffering.

In the case of Amsterdam, the media framing and sensational headlines reinforce an image of the Israeli mob as victims, besieged by an enraged Arab mob that “hunts Jews” in the streets. The timing—occurring just before the anniversary of Kristallnacht—adds a haunting resonance that has allowed the narrative of Jewish persecution to be put at the center of coverage and condemnation.

This framing, both directly and indirectly, echoes Israeli and Zionist propaganda reliant on manufactured antisemitism and long-standing racist tropes about Arabs and Muslim; it perpetuates a narrative of eternal victimhood that is wielded to justify the ongoing extermination of 2.2 million Palestinians. And thus our media gives permission for violence – American, European and Israeli – toward Arabs and Muslims. It gives permission for the U.S.-backed Israeli eradication of Palestinians because, we are told again and again, that Jews are not safe anywhere.

This framing, both directly and indirectly, echoes Israeli and Zionist propaganda reliant on manufactured antisemitism and long-standing racist tropes about Arabs and Muslim; it perpetuates a narrative of eternal victimhood that is wielded to justify the ongoing extermination of 2.2 million Palestinians.

This has lent itself to fabricated stories – about beheaded babiesbabies in ovensmass rapes of Israeli women, command centers under hospitals, UNRWA involvement in October 7th, journalists as “terrorists”, unfettered antisemitism on college campuses and pogroms against Jews in Amsterdam – defining American, Canadian and European coverage of the genocide of Palestinians. The claims and experiences of Israelis, of pro-Israel Jews are presented as sacrosanct, to question them is antisemitic; it is to deny and support the sort of dehumanization and violence that led to the Jewish Holocaust.

The claims and experiences of Palestinians, of Arabs and Muslims, might be tragic but we must always consider Jewish suffering and trauma first and foremost – that is what must always be protected, always at the helm of our outrage.

The coverage of the anti-racist counter-attacks in Amsterdam exemplified that: on the same day Western leaders flocked to condemn a non-existent pogrom against Jews, the UN Office on Human Rights released a report indicating that 70% of those killed in Gaza are women and children – mainly children, between the ages of 5 and 9. And the lack of condemnation, of outrage – even acknowledgement – of that from Western leaders and newsrooms, who are culpable in that 70%, is why there is condemnation of a pogrom that never happened.


UK Labour MP Zarah Sultana urges halt to all Israel arms sales, including F-35 jet parts

Zarah Sultana has issued a letter addressed to British foreign ministry David Lammy, calling for the government to enact a complete arms embargo on Israel

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The New Arab Staff
08 November, 2024


Zarah Sultana questioned the UK government's decision to exempt F-35 parts from the restrictions on Israel arms licenses [Getty]


UK Labour MP Zarah Sultana issued an open letter on Thursday urging Foreign Secretary David Lammy to implement a comprehensive arms embargo on Israel, including a halt to the supply of F-35 fighter jet components.

Israel's war on Gaza, which has killed over 43,000 Palestinians killed since October 2023, has led to increased calls for governments to stop arming Israel.

Sultana has been a leading critic within her party, calling for tougher measures amid public backlash against Labour for its perceived pro-Israel stance since the outbreak of the Gaza conflict.

In her letter to Lammy, Sultana highlighted reports of the direct British transportation of F-35 fighter jet components to Israel, believed to be used in aircraft deployed for bombings in Gaza.

"This raises significant concerns, as the UK is not only licensing the export of offensive F-35 fighter jet components to Israel but also facilitating their transport through British military sites and airports," she noted.

Sultana also questioned the UK’s decision to suspend 30 arms export licences to Israel, while exempting F-35 parts.

The MP for Coventry South pointed out that the British government has yet to respond to a previous letter issued by several MPs in September, calling for clarification on the matter.

"I reiterate my request for a full explanation to Parliament on how the government’s exemptions of this offensive weaponry are consistent with the UK's international obligations," Sultana stated, referencing the ICJ's July ruling that countries are obliged to prevent trade or investment that supports the Israeli occupation of Palestinian territories.

Human rights groups also have raised concerns over Israel’s violations of international humanitarian law in Gaza using Western-supplied weapons, noting that the UK provides 15 percent of the components for the F-35, one of the most advanced strike aircraft.

Eighteen UK-based charities, including Medical Aid for Palestinians, Oxfam GB, and Save the Children UK, signed a collective statement calling for an end to all arms transfers to Israel, highlighting the exemption of F-35 components.

Alongside Sultana, the Independent Alliance group of MPs, which includes former Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn, issued a statement condemning the arms sales.

"This announcement must be the first step in ending all arms transfers to Israel, including parts for F-35 fighter jets, used by the Israeli military in Gaza," the group’s previous statement read.

The British government has so far rejected calls for a full arms embargo on Israel.

Prime Minister Keir Starmer declined such measures in response to an earlier query from Sultana on the 7 October anniversary.

"No... Banning all sales would mean none for defensive purposes," Starmer responded in the House of Commons.


Since 7 October 2023, other countries including Italy, Japan, Spain, Canada, the Netherlands, and Belgium have announced full or partial restrictions on weapons sales to Israel.
Netanyahu appoints backer of illegal Israeli settlements as envoy to US

Yechiel Leiter is a resident of an illegal Israeli settlement and frequently campaigns for the expansion of settlements around the occupied West Bank.

The New Arab Staff
10 November, 2024

The newly appointed envoy was born in the US but is a resident of an illegal Israeli settlement near Ramallah in the occupied West Bank [Getty]


Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu has appointed Yechiel Leiter, a staunch supporter of illegal Israeli settlements and Israel’s war on Gaza, as the new ambassador to the US.

The appointment came just after former President Donald Trump was announced as being elected for a second term in the White House, with his inauguration in January.

The newly appointed envoy was born in the US but is a resident of an illegal Israeli settlement near Ramallah in the occupied West Bank, where he moved four decades ago and pushes for the expansion of such settlements.

Netanyahu announced his position in a statement adding that he is a "highly talented diplomat, eloquent speaker, who has a deep understanding of American culture and politics".

Both Netanyahu and Leiter have worked together previously, serving as chief of staff when Netanyahu was finance minister. Leiter was also an aide to the late Prime Minister Ariel Sharon during the time when he was a member of Knesset.


Leiter will assume his new role on 20 January, replacing the current ambassador, Michael Herzog.

His new appointment was praised by Israel Ganz, the head of the Yesha Council, a body for Jewish settlements in the occupied West Bank.

Previously, Leiter has campaigned for further annexation of the West Bank, supporting illegal settlements in many cities, particularly in Hebron. He also founded the US based charity One Israel Fund, an organisation which provides security equipment and financial assistance for settlements.

According to Haaretz, Leiter previously served as a member of the Jewish Defence League, an organisation founded by a far-right rabbi. The group was designated as a terrorist organisation by the US, which was later lifted in 2022 due to the group being inactive.

Leiter, who’s son died in fighting in north Gaza last year, has applauded Trump’s Abraham accords, stating that normalisation between Arab states and Israel has split the Muslim world over the Palestinian cause.

At his son’s funeral, Leiter called on Joe Biden to halt pressure on Israel to cease the war on Gaza and called the offensive on the Strip a "war of light against darkness, truth against lies, of civility against murderous Barbarism".

The appointment comes as Israel Gaza has killed at least 43,552 Palestinians in Gaza since October 2023 and wounded over 102,765 others in the same time frame. Israel has also killed at least 3,136 in Lebanon since October 2023.



Israeli settlers attack Palestinian homes, olive farmers in occupied West Bank

Israeli settlers and soldiers carried out attacks on Palestinians in the occupied West Bank on Sunday, including against their homes and olive farms.


The New Arab Staff
10 November, 2024


Israeli forces often escort settlers attacking Palestinian civilians in the West Bank [Getty]


Israeli settlers attacked the homes of Palestinians in the occupied West Bank town of Yasuf, a local official told Palestinian news agency Wafa on Sunday.

Village council head Wa'el Abu Madi said dozens of settlers smashed windows and doors of the homes with stones.

In the al-Qanub area of Hebron governorate, settlers attacked Palestinian farmers and stole their olives.

Farmer Mohammed Abdul Hamid Shalaldeh was quoted by Wafa as saying that armed settlers forced him and other farmers to leave their olive fields and proceeded to steal their produce.

Shalaldeh added that Israeli forces had demolished tin houses and tents belonging to the families in a bid to expel them from the area.

Israeli settlers have carried out several attacks on Palestinians harvesting olives in recent weeks, since the beginning of the olive harvesting season in October.

Earlier this month, the Wall and Settlement Resistance Commission reported that Israelis had carried out 360 attacks over the past month, mainly around Nablus.

The attacks include the uprooting of 1,401 trees, blocking Palestinian farmers from accessing their lands and theft of olive crops.

Settlers have also stolen harvesting equipment and vehicles of Palestinians.

Israeli settlers and soldiers have stepped up attacks on Palestinians since the beginning of Israel's war on Gaza in October 2023.

Israel forces and settlers have killed at least 760 Palestinians in the occupied territory since October 2023, and a further 6,300 have been wounded.

Over 11,600 Palestinians have been detained in that period, including journalists, children and former prisoners, according to the Palestinian Prisoners Society.



Neglect, starvation add to misery of Palestinian detainees in Israel’s Negev Prison


November 10, 2024 
Middle East Monitor 

Far-right groups protest against the military prosecutor’s office as Israeli military court heard the case of 9 soldiers detained on charges of sexually torturing a Palestinian prisoner in the Sde Teiman detention center where Palestinians detained from Gaza are held, in Kfar Yona, Israel on July 30, 2024. 
[Mostafa Alkharouf – Anadolu Agency]

Israeli policies of medical neglect and starvation are worsening the plight of Palestinian detainees in the Negev Prison in southern Israel, a Palestinian commission said on Sunday, Anadolu Agency reports.

In a statement, the Commission of Detainees’ Affairs cited testimonies of Palestinian detainees about their bad conditions in the detention camp.

It cited the case of Mohammed Suleiman Ghanem, a 29-year-old Palestinian from Anabta town near Tulkarem in the northern West Bank, who was detained since Aug. 31, 2023.

Ghanem suffers from a neurological disorder and experiences frequent episodes of dizziness and fainting, lasting up to 30 minutes, according to his lawyer.

“Ghanem suffers from severe pain in his left knee as a result of beating and torture inside the prison, leading to significant weight loss of around 45 kilograms,” the statement said.

The commission also reported the case of Mahmoud Abdul Aziz Sweiti, 50, who suffers from scabies at the prison without receiving any medical treatment. The Palestinian man has been jailed since 2007.

“Sweiti does not receive any kind of treatment from the prison clinic, nor have any winter clothes or blankets,” it added.

According to the commission, another detainee, Rafat Salem, 35, also suffers from blood sensitivity issues and back disc problems without receiving any medical attention.

It also cited Raed Abdul Rahim Sous, a 24-year-old detainee who suffers from severe joint pain in his back, which has rendered him unable to walk on his left leg.

The commission highlighted that these testimonies reflect a broader pattern of “medical neglect and starvation” that has intensified since Oct. 7, 2023.

Currently, around 11,600 Palestinians are detained in Israeli prisons, excluding detainees from Gaza held in military camps, according to Palestinian figures.

Israel has continued a devastating offensive on the Gaza Strip since Oct. 7, 2023, despite a UN Security Council resolution demanding an immediate ceasefire. The onslaught has killed over 43,600 victims and rendered the enclave almost uninhabitable.

Israel faces a genocide case at the International Court of Justice for its actions in the blockaded enclave.
US freezes delivery of bulldozers to Israel over Gaza home demolitions: Report


November 10, 2024
Middle East Monitor 

Israeli forces organize a raid with bulldozers on Jenin in the West Bank on September 01, 2024. [ Issam Rimawi – Anadolu Agency]


The US has frozen the delivery of 130 bulldozers to Israel amid home demolitions in the Gaza Strip, the Israeli media said on Sunday, Anadolu Agency reports.

According to Israeli daily Yedioth Ahronoth, the Israeli Defense Ministry signed a major contract to purchase around 130 D9 bulldozers from US machinery maker Caterpillar.

The newspaper, citing Israeli security sources, said the US recently froze the deal due to the use of these bulldozers to demolish homes in Gaza, which has sparked widespread criticism in the US.

The sources claimed that Israel had already paid for the bulldozers and was awaiting export approval from the US State Department.

The Israeli daily said that the freeze came at a time when Israel was in desperate need of the bulldozers, especially after the equipment had undergone maintenance.

According to the report, the Israeli army has also been engaged in ground operations in southern Lebanon for over a month, requiring additional D9 bulldozers for use in the region.

READ: US unlikely to halt arms sales to Israel due to AIPAC lobbying: Expert

The Israeli newspaper said the freeze of the bulldozer shipment has delayed the completion of Israel’s plans to create a buffer zone between Gaza and the Negev in southern Israel, which would include flattening hundreds of Palestinian buildings and agricultural areas along the Gaza border.

According to the daily, Washington has also frozen the delivery of hundreds of heavy bombs to the Israeli army, which had purchased approximately 1,300 bombs from Boeing. These bombs weigh nearly a ton each. The US cited concerns that they could be used to harm civilians in Gaza.

While half of the heavy bomb shipment was eventually delivered, the other half remains stuck in US storage facilities, it added.

Israel has continued a devastating offensive on the Gaza Strip since Oct. 7, 2023 despite a UN Security Council resolution demanding an immediate ceasefire. The onslaught has killed over 43,600 victims and rendered the enclave almost uninhabitable.

Israel faces a genocide case at the International Court of Justice for its actions in the blockaded enclave.

Repor: Israeli universities face unprecedented global boycott over Gaza genocide


November 11, 2024 
Middle East Monitor 

Pro-Palestinian banners are hanging on a fence during occupational strike in the yard of Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland on October 11, 2024. 
[Beata Zawrzel/NurPhoto]


Israeli universities and academics have faced an unprecedented global boycott since the occupation state launched its devastating war on the besieged Gaza Strip, which has claimed the lives of at least 43,600 Palestinians, the vast majority women and children, Israel’s Channel 12 reported yesterday.

Citing data from the Association of Israeli University Heads, the channel said more than 300 cases of academic boycott of Israeli universities and academics have been recorded since 7 October 2023.

According to the data, Belgium recorded the highest number of boycotts, reaching more than 40, followed by the United States with more than 35, Britain with more than 20 and the Netherlands with more than 15. Meanwhile, Italy recorded more than ten cases of boycotts, following an initiative launched by the Union of Academics there.

The global boycott of Israeli academia is expressed in various forms, including 50 cases in which scientific articles written by Israeli scholars were rejected, 30 cancelled lectures by Israeli academics and 30 cases in which foreign academics refused to give lectures at scientific conferences and study days organised by Israeli universities.

The data shows that in 30 cases research cooperation between Israel and foreign universities and student exchange programmes have been suspended.

The global boycott of Israeli universities encompassed many disciplines including history, law, archaeology, Jewish studies, cultures, natural sciences and engineering.

The data indicated that “the situation is particularly serious” in Belgium, where about 15 academic scholarships have been cancelled in addition to refusal to issue recommendations and reports to Israeli researchers and ignoring written or verbal messages from them.

Former Foreign Ministry spokesperson, Emmanuel Nahshon, who is in charge of combating academic boycott on behalf of the Association of Israeli Universities said “academic boycott is one of the central challenges facing Israeli universities, since October 7, in the international arena.”

He added that academic boycott has significantly escalated following the war which threatens to target the status of Israeli academia, noting that the association has formed a working group which will use legal, international and other tools to “downsize” as much as possible the impact of the global boycott campaign facing Israeli institutions and researchers.

“Unfortunately, we estimate that this struggle will be long-term, and we are preparing for it through coordinated work among Israeli universities and with the help of our friends around the world,” he added.

Italy: University of Milan suspends cooperation with Israel’s Reichman University
Palestine president warns of second Nakba in Gaza


November 11, 2024
Middle East Monitor 




Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas gives a speech during the Extraordinary Meeting on Palestine at the Grand National Assembly of Turkiye in Ankara, Turkiye on August 15, 2024. [Harun Özalp – Anadolu Agency

Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas warned yesterday that Gaza is enduring a second Nakba and facing an unprecedented war of annihilation, Anadolu reported.

Abbas emphasised that the forced displacement scheme orchestrated by Israel’s far-right government “will not succeed.”

“The Palestinian people are experiencing harsh and severe conditions. There is a second Nakba in Gaza. Our people are being subjected to a mass extermination unparalleled in history, with hundreds of thousands of martyrs and wounded, widespread destruction, displacement, hunger, diseases, and epidemics,” he said.

“The occupying state has rendered Gaza uninhabitable, and today’s events in northern Gaza are clear evidence of this.”

Abbas further commented, “The threat of forced displacement continues to loom over the people of Gaza, and we affirm with utmost clarity and determination that this scheme will not pass. We will not allow it to pass, relying on the resilience of our people and the support of our brothers and friends all over the world.”

Nakba survivor: ‘The current war on Gaza is crueller than the Nakba’
Netanyahu: ICJ is ‘anti-Semitic’

November 11, 2024 
Middle East Monitor – Latest news from the Middle East and North Africa

A view of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) logo amid a hearing at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as part of hearing in the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on the situation in Gaza begins, as ICJ begins delivering order on additional provisional measures in Israel ‘genocide’ case on May 24, 2024
 [Nikos Oikonomou/Anadolu Agency]

Efforts to hold Israel accountable for its crimes against Palestinians at the International Court of Justice in The Hague are ‘anti-Semitic’, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said in a cabinet meeting yesterday.

Commenting on the ICJ case against Tel Aviv brought forward by South Africa and Israeli football fans rampaging through the streets of Amsterdam

chanting racist slurs and attacking locals and their properties being met with resistance from locals, Netanyahu said: “In both cases, we are dealing with serious anti-Semitism aimed at rendering the Jewish people and their state powerless, stripping our nation of the right to self-defence, and depriving our citizens of the very right to life.”



He claimed that “in recent days, we have seen images reminiscent of Kristallnacht [the Nazi attacks on Jews in Germany]. In Amsterdam, anti-Semitic assailants targeted Jews simply because they are Jews.”

Netanyahu continued, saying: “Such attacks pose a threat not only to Israel but to the entire world. History has taught us a lesson: unbridled attacks against Jews never end with Jews alone. They spread throughout society, crossing borders and eventually endangering all of humanity. Therefore, I expect and urge all responsible governments to quash these attacks at their roots.”

The prime minister noted that he had recently spoken with US President-elect Donald Trump three times. “These were positive and important conversations focused on strengthening the strong alliance between Israel and the United States. We fully agree on the various aspects of the Iranian threat and the dangers it poses. Additionally, we see significant opportunities for Israel in terms of expanding peace and in other areas,” concluded Netanyahu.

Read: UK accepts ICJ ruling that Israel’s occupation of Palestinian territories is unlawful

 

Ocean Issues Dominate at Three UN Climate Negotiation Summits

Cali COP16 meeting
Courtesy Cali COP16

Published Nov 10, 2024 4:21 PM by Dialogue Earth

 

 

[By Felipe Cárcamo Moreno]

Those who know how to surf understand that the rhythm of the waves changes. Clinging to the board, watching the ocean, you decide which wave to take or let go, calculating the direction. And suddenly you are already on your feet, gliding through the sea … aligned with the rhythm of the ocean. Looking at the horizon, you can clearly see what is coming. 

This year has been a decisive one in the management of the ecological crises that plague the ocean. We are currently surfing between three UN Conferences of the Parties (COPs), dedicated to three different UN conventions. Each has a different agenda, but also several elements in common. Among them, the ocean stands out as a cross-cutting and potentially unifying theme.

But despite its importance, there is a deficit of attention being paid to the ocean and its three crises. Climate change, pollution and biodiversity loss on the seas are already manifesting in rising sea levels, record water temperatures, changes in precipitation, ocean acidification and deoxygenation, and the decline of ecosystems.

Three UN gatherings dominate the end-of-year environmental agenda: the Convention on Biological Diversity’s COP16 in Colombia, the Framework Convention on Climate Change’s COP29 in Azerbaijan, and the Convention to Combat Desertification’s COP16 in Saudi Arabia. Will the ocean command the attention it demands? Let’s dive in.

October | Biodiversity, COP16 | Cali

In 2022, the parties to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) set a milestone target of protecting 30% of terrestrial and marine areas by 2030. As they gathered in Cali last month, it became clear that global ocean protection languishes far short of this goal.

Another UN treaty will be a key building block in reaching this goal: the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction – otherwise known as the High Seas Treaty. Once it has been ratified by 60 countries (currently only 15 have done so, after France recently joined the list) it will enable the establishment of marine protected areas on the high seas, the two thirds of the ocean that lies beyond national jurisdiction. Protecting this will complement efforts to reach the KMGBF’s 30% target.

Ocean protection is further strengthened by other international instruments negotiated in recent years: the Port State Measures Agreement and the Fisheries Subsidies Agreement. Both are designed to combat illegal fishing and promote marine sustainability.

Funding, however, remained a central and outstanding challenge at Cali’s COP16. 

The Latin American and Caribbean Network for a Sustainable Financial System (REDFIS) says funding specifically allocated to biodiversity protection and conservation in each country must be established. The network says the current financial resources on the table are insufficient, and the critical situation of the debt markets in Global South countries is diverting funds that could combat climate change to pay off interest. REDFIS also says more effective mechanisms are needed to channel funds directly to those who protect nature. In particular, local communities, Indigenous peoples and African descendants who manage marine areas. 

November | Climate change, COP29 | Baku

A turning point for climate change discussions to sufficiently incorporate the ocean is hopefully indicated by a recent report. Compiled by the facilitators of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change’s “ocean dialogue”, the report emphasises the need for synergies between various UN multilateral frameworks. For example, between the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Agreement on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction, and the Global Biodiversity Framework. The report stresses this collaboration is critical to the success of national policies on climate change, including adaptation and mitigation.

A central theme of COP29 will be how to implement climate pledges. The ocean dialogue report urges countries to unify their efforts to avoid duplication and strengthen collective action on oceans. How to fund the climate pledges of developing countries will feature prominently.

For Latin America, it is crucial to establish a New Collective Quantified Goal (NCQG) defining a level of international support for climate finance that effectively supports developing countries in protecting their waters. In addition, countries should integrate oceans into their Nationally Determined Contributions and National Adaptation Plans by 2025 – both of which detail countries’ efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and adapt to climate change.

Technology is emerging as a controversial issue where ocean concerns meet climate change, particularly in two areas. The first is geoengineering for marine carbon sequestration, as supervised by the UN’s International Maritime Organization. The consequences of such technologies are yet to be decisively proven. They could enlarge the ocean’s absorption of carbon dioxide, but they could also fail to make a significant difference and further damage already battered ecosystems.

The second area is deep sea mining, supervised by the International Seabed Authority. Some experts worry this could disrupt carbon sequestration in the deep, while advocates say it is a vital source of elements needed for the green transition. Nations including several in Latin America are promoting a moratorium. That would allow for further scientific research on these little-understood deep-sea ecosystems, applying a precautionary principle in the face of possible environmental impacts. 

For significant progress to be made in protecting the oceans in Baku, agreement on concrete action is needed for all the above areas.

December | Desertification, COP16 | Riyadh

The connection between land and ocean is of particular relevance to the third COP of 2024: in Saudi Arabia, members of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification will gather for their 16th conference. 

In addressing the intensification of droughts, the convention stresses the need to align efforts with the findings of the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The convention’s approach is holistic: it highlights the interrelationship of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and encourages development that strengthens their resilience. It also recognises that pressures on ocean ecosystems and water resources are intimately linked to the need to secure food and water for millions of people.

This year has been marked by devastating cyclones and unprecedented ocean warming, alerting the world to the fundamental need to protect the oceans to mitigate climate change and safeguard biodiversity.

It is encouraging to note that behind every political decision there is a relentless activist struggle. One shaped by local, Indigenous and African-descendant communities that are increasingly mobilised to protect the oceans. 

As surfers know, it takes balance to get on the board. Taming the waves of change, which are already crashing, demands a triple balance: being guided by scientific and local knowledge, taking permanent action that is forceful, and having high ambition in the work to mitigate climate change. Get it right and before we know it, we will be on our feet, gliding across the sea.

Felipe Cárcamo Moreno is a programme analyst for FIMA, a Chilean environmental NGO. He works on ocean issues, especially illegal fishing. He also has a master’s degree in sociology.

This article appears courtesy of Dialogue Earth and may be found in its original form here

The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.

Garrison Payne, the U.S. Navy's First Black Commissioned Officer

Fig. 1: USS SC 83 underway. Lieutenant (junior grade) Payne was awarded the Navy Cross for his service as commanding officer. (Photo credit: National WWI Museum collection 2012.98, via subchaser.org.)
USS SC 83 underway. Lt. j.g. Payne was awarded the Navy Cross for his service as commanding officer. (Photo: National WWI Museum via subchaser.org.)

Published Nov 10, 2024 7:40 PM by CIMSEC

 

 

[By Reuben Keith Green]

The hidden story of the U.S. Navy’s first Black commissioned officer spans five decades, three continents, two world wars, two wives from different countries, and one hell of a journey for an Indiana farm boy. For mutual convenience, both he and the United States Navy pretended that he wasn’t Black. This story had almost been erased from history until the determined efforts of one of his extended relatives, Jeff Giltz of Hobart, Indiana, brought it to light.1

From before World War I until after World War II, leaders in the U. S. government and Navy would make decisions affecting the composition of enlisted ranks for more than a century and that still echo in officer demographics today. Memories of maelstroms past reverberate in today’s discussions regarding diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI), affirmative action in the military academies, meritocracy over so-called “DEI Hires,” who is and is not Black, and in renaming – or not – bases and ships that honor relics of America’s discriminatory and exclusionary past.

Before Doris “Dorie” Miller received the Navy Cross for his actions on December 7th, 1941, and long before the Navy commissioned the Golden Thirteen in 1945, Lieutenant (junior grade) William Lloyd Garrison Payne was awarded the Navy Cross for the hazardous duty of commanding the submarine chaser USS SC-83 in 1918. While his Navy Cross citation is sparse, the hazards of hunting submarines from a 110-foot wooden ship were considerable. His personal and professional history, still emerging though it may be, reveals much about the nation and Navy he served and deserves to be revealed in full. Understanding the racial and political climate during which he received his commission is crucial to understanding the importance of his place in Navy history.Quietly Breaking Barriers

William Lloyd Garrison Payne was born on Christmas day in 1881 to a White Indiana woman and a Black man, and completed forty years of military service by 1940 – before volunteering for more service in World War II. Garrison Payne’s virtual anonymity, despite his groundbreaking status as the first Black naval officer and a Navy Cross recipient, stemmed from pervasive racial discrimination, manifested in political and public opposition (notably by white supremacist politicians like James K. Varner and John C. Stennis), and internal resistance within the Navy. His long anonymity exemplifies a failure to learn from the past.2

Fig. 02. Ensign Payne (seated), in command of USS SC-83. (Photo credit: subchasers.org.)

Garrison Payne, or W.G. Payne, served in or commanded several vessels and had multiple shore assignments during his five-decade career. His officer assignments include commanding the aforementioned USS SC-83 and serving aboard the minesweeper USS Teal (AD-23), the collier USS Neptune (AC-8), submarine chasers Eagle 19 and Eagle 31, which he may have also commanded, and troop ship USS Zeppelin. He had a lengthy record as a Chief Boatswain’s Mate (Chief Bos’n).

Fig. 03: 1917 North Carolina Service Card, thirty-three year-old Chief Boatswain’s Mate Garrison Payne was discharged from the Navy and immediately “Appointed Officer” (Commissioned) on 15 December 1917 while assigned to the USS Neptune (AC-8) at Naval Base, Plymouth, England. (Credit: Public record in the public domain.)

After his commissioning in Plymouth, he presumably stayed in England and later took command of the USS SC-83 after she transited from New London, Connecticut to Plymouth, England in May 1918.

Garrison Payne took Rosa Manning, a widow with a young daughter, as his first wife in 1916. The 1910 North Carolina Census records indicate that she was the daughter of Sami and Annie Hall, both listed as Black in the census records. Later census records list Rosa Payne as White, and using her mother’s maiden name (Manning), as she did on their 1916 marriage license. His race was also indicated as White on the license, and his parents listed as Jackson Payne and Ruth Myers (Payne), his maternal grandparents.

Fig. 04: Garrison Payne and an unidentified woman, possibly his second wife Mary Margaret Payne, presumably taken in the later 1920s, location unknown. Courtesy of Jeff Giltz.

In the photo above, Payne, wearing the rank of lieutenant, stands beside an unidentified Black woman, who may be his wife. He brought back Mary Margaret Duffy from duty in Plymouth, England on the USS Zeppelin, a troop transport, in 1919, listing her on ship documents as his wife. He used various first names and initials to apparently help obscure his identity.

Jeff Giltz of Hobart, Indiana is the great grandson of Gertrude “Gertie” Giltz, Garrison’s half-sister by the same mother, Mary Alice Payne. She was unmarried at the time of his birth in 1881. Her father, Jack Payne was the son of a Robert Henley Payne, who traveled first from Virginia to Kentucky, and then settled in Indiana, may have been mixed race. During the U.S. Census, census takers wrote down the race of household occupants as described by the head of the household. Many light-skinned Blacks thereby entered into White society by “turning White” during a census year. It is unknown when Garrison made his “transition” from Black or “Mulatto” to White.

None of Garrison’s half-siblings, who were born to his mother after she married Lemuel Ball, share his dark complexion. When she married, Garrison was sent to live nearby with his uncle, William C. Payne, whose wife was of mixed race. In the 1900 Census, Garrison is listed as a servant in his uncle’s household, not his nephew.

Taken together – Garrison Payne’s dark skin, the fact that the identity of his father was never publicly revealed and that he was born out of wedlock with no birth certificate issued, that he was named for a famous White Boston abolitionist and newspaper publisher,3 that his White mother gave him her last name instead of his father’s, that he was sent away after his mother married, and the oral history of his family – all point to the likelihood that Garrison Payne was Black.

In the turn of the century Navy, individuals were sometimes identified as “dark” or “dark complexion” with no racial category assigned. Payne self-identified as White on both of his known marriage licenses. According to Jeff Giltz, there are many references to Garrison Payne in online genealogy, military records and newspaper sites, but none appear on the Navy Historical and Heritage Command (NHHC) website. His military service likely began in 1900.

Rolling Back Racial Progress during Modernization

In his 1978 book Manning the Navy: The Development of a Modern Naval Enlisted Force, 1898-1940, former U.S. Naval Academy Associate Professor Frederick S. Harrod discusses several of the policies enacted during that period that helped shaped today’s Navy.4 He describes how the famously progressive Secretary of the Navy (1913-1919) Josephus Daniels, otherwise notorious for banning alcohol from ships, brought Jim Crow policies to a previously partially integrated Navy (enlisted ranks only) and banned the first term enlistment of Negro personnel in 1919, a ban that would last until 1933. No official announcement of the unofficial ban was made, but Prof. Harrod asserts that it was instituted by an internal Navy Memorandum from Commander Randall Jacobs, who later issued the Guide to Command of Negro Personnel, NAVPERS-15092, in 1945. President Woodrow Wilson and Daniels were both staunch segregationists and White supremacists. The Navy became more rather than less racially restrictive during the Progressive Era because of the lasting effects of both Secretary Daniels and President Wilson.

The number of Negro personnel dropped from a high of 5,668 in June of 1919 – 2.26% of the total enlisted force – to 411 in June of 1933, a total of 0.55% of the total force of 81,120 enlisted men. Most of the Black sailors were in the Stewards Branch, and most were low ranking with no authority over White sailors, despite their many years of service and experience. Those very few “old salts” outside that branch, like Payne, were difficult to assign, as the Navy did not want them supervising White sailors, despite their expertise and seniority.

Following his temporary promotion to the commissioned officer ranks – rising as far as lieutenant on 01 July 1919 – Garrison Payne was eventually reverted to Chief Bos’n, until he was given an honorific, or “tombstone”, promotion to the permanent grade of lieutenant in June of 1940, just before his retirement. Payne died on 14 October 1952 in a Naval Hospital in San Diego California, and was interred in nearby Fort Rosacrans National Cemetery on 20 October 1952, in Section P, Plot P 0 2765 – not in the Officer’s Sections A or B, despite being identified as a lieutenant on his headstone. Garrison Payne’s hometown newspaper’s death notice indicates that he was the grandson of Jack Payne, with no mention of his parents. A handwritten notation on his Internment Control Form indicates that he enlisted on 31 March 1943, making him a veteran of both world wars, as also reflected on his headstone. His service in World War II – as a volunteer 62-year-old retiree – deserves further investigation.

Fig. 05: Garrison Payne’s final resting place, in Section P, Plot P 0 2765 of Fort Rosacrans National Cemetery. Courtesy of U.S. Department of Veteran’s Affairs, Veteran’s Legacy Memorial.

The Navy reluctantly commissioned the Golden Thirteen in 1945 only because of political pressure from the White House and from civil rights organizations like the NAACP, led by Walter F. White, the light-skinned, blond-haired, blue-eyed Atlanta Georgia native who embraced his Black heritage. Unlike Walter White, though, Garrison Payne likely hid his mixed-race heritage to protect his life, his family, and his career. When he married Mary Margaret Duffy in 1937, at the age of 54, he travelled more than 170 miles from San Diego, California to Yuma, Arizona to do so. Why? His new wife, Mary Margaret Duffy, was 37, and an immigrant from Ireland. He had previously listed her as his wife when he transported her to America in 1919. Are there records of this marriage overseas? Would that interracial marriage have been recognized, given that interracial marriage would remain illegal in both states for years to come? On their marriage certificate, as with Payne’s first marriage certificate, both spouses are listed as White.

The Navy’s Circular Letter 48-46, dated 27 February 1946, officially lifted “all restrictions governing the types of assignments for which Negro naval personnel are eligible.” Despite that edict, and President Truman’s Executive Order desegregating the armed forces in 1948, it would be decades before the Navy’s officer ranks would include more than fifty Blacks.

The stories of several early Black chief petty officers are missing from the Navy’s Historical and Heritage Command’s website, though it does include the story of a contemporary of Payne’s, Chief Boatswain’s Mate John Henry “Dick” Turpin, a Black man. That Payne, a commissioned officer, is absent and unrecognized can be attributed to at least five possible reasons.

The first is that the Navy didn’t know of his existence, significance, or accomplishments. Table 5 in Professor Harrods’s book is titled “The Color of the Enlisted Forces, 1906 – 1940,” and is compiled from the Annual Reports of the Chief of Navigation for those years, with eleven different racial categories, including “other.” Where Garrison Payne fell in those figures during his enlisted service is uncertain, but he was present in the Navy for each of those year’s reports.

The second is that Payne had no direct survivors to tell his story, and no one may have asked him to tell it. He and his first wife Rosa likely divorced sometime after the death of their only child. It is unknown if his Irish-born wife Mary Margaret produced any children by Garrison.

The third reason could be that the Navy may have kept his story quiet for his own protection, and that of the Woodrow Wilson administration and the Indiana political leadership. Garrison Payne was commissioned by the same President Woodrow Wilson who screened the movie Birth of a Nation at the White House in 1915, re-segregated the federal government offices in Washington DC, refused to publicly condemn the racial violence and lynching during the “Red Summer” of 1919, and whose Secretary of the Navy, Josephus Daniels, was one of the masterminds behind the 1898 Wilmington Insurrection, which violently overthrew an elected integrated government in Wilmington, North Carolina. Acknowledging Payne as a decorated and successful Black naval officer would have been an embarrassment to Wilson, Daniels, and undercut their political and racist agendas.

Black veterans were specifically targeted after both world wars, by both civilians and military personnel, to reassert White supremacy. Payne was from Indiana, where the Ku Klux Klan was revived in 1915 and became a very powerful organization in the 1920s. Such organizations may have sought out and harassed Payne and his family, had they known that this Black Indiana farm boy, born to a White mother, had not only received a commission in the U.S. Navy but had commanded White men in combat.

The fourth reason is that the Navy may have wanted to hide his racial identity. His record of accomplishment as a Navy Cross recipient and ship’s C.O. would have undermined the widespread belief that Black men could not perform successfully as leaders, much less decorated military officers. He was not commissioned as part of some social experiment or social engineering, but because the Navy needed experienced, reliable men to man a rapidly-expanding fleet and train inexperienced crews. Garrison Payne did just that, during years of dangerous duty at sea.

The fifth reason may be that Payne recognized the benefits of passing for White to his life and career, which may have compelled him to do so. He was raised in a largely white society, by white-appearing relatives. Had he not successfully “passed,” he likely would not have been commissioned.

Regardless of the reasons in the past, it is now time to herald the brave naval service of Garrison Payne. The Navy Historical and Heritage Command, the Smithsonian Institution, the Indiana Historical Society, the Hampton Roads Navy Museum, and others should work together to bring his amazing story out of the shadows.

Why Garrison Payne’s Story Matters

For years, many Black naval officers have searched in vain for stories of their heroic forebearers. Actions taken by politicians regarding nominations to military academies for much of the 20th century helped ensure that Black military officers remained a rarity, particularly those hailing from Southern states.5 The life story of Lieutenant Garrison Payne needs to be thoroughly documented and publicized because representation matters.

On a personal note, knowing of his story while I was serving as one of the few Black officers in the Navy would have inspired me immensely. Garrison Payne served as likely the only Black officer in the Navy for his entire career. He showed what was possible. Heralding his trailblazing career can only positively impact the discussions about the future composition of the U.S. Navy’s officer corps as it inspires generations of sailors. Historians and researchers should continue the work of archival research to gain a fuller understanding of his story and significance. My hope is that veteran’s organizations and national institutions such as the Smithsonian Institution begin the effort to flesh out the story of Lieutenant Garrison Payne.

This article appears courtesy of CIMSEC and may be found in its original form here

Reuben Keith Green, Lieutenant Commander, USN (ret) served 22 years in the Atlantic Fleet (1975-1997). After nine years in the enlisted ranks as a Mineman, Yeoman, and Equal Opportunity Program Specialist, he graduated from Officer Candidate School in 1984 and then served four consecutive sea tours. Both a steam and gas turbine qualified engineer officer of the watch (EOOW), he served as a Tactical Action Officer (TAO) in the Persian Gulf, and as executive officer in a Navy hydrofoil, USS Gemini (PHM-6). He holds a Master’s degree from Webster University in Human Resources Development, and is the author of Black Officer, White Navy – A Memoir, recently published by University Press of Kentucky.

Endnotes

1. Except as otherwise cited, research in this article is based on documents in the author’s possession and oral history interviews with Mr. Jeff Giltz.

2. War and Race: The Black Officer in the American Military. 1915-1941, 1981, Gerald W. Patton, Greenwood Press

3. All on Fire: William Lloyd Garrison and the Abolition of Slavery, 2008, Henry Mayer, W. W. Norton and Company

4. Manning the New Navy: The Development of a Modern Naval Enlisted Force, 1899-1940, 1978, Frederick S. Harrod, Greenwood Press.

5. The Tragedy of the Lost Generation, Proceedings, August 2024, VOL 150/8/1458, John P. Cordle, Reuben Keith Green, U.S. Naval Institute.

The opinions expressed herein are the author's and not necessarily those of The Maritime Executive.