Saturday, January 18, 2025

Gamers tear into Musk for ‘faking’ video game prowess


By AFP
January 18, 2025


MUSK AND MINI ME


Elon Musk faces the humiliating accusation that he was faking it as a skilled video gamer - Copyright AFP Lionel BONAVENTURE

Anuj CHOPRA

Elon Musk’s self-proclaimed persona as a top-class gamer took a thrashing on Friday, as video game enthusiasts mercilessly mocked the tech billionaire following a disastrous performance in a livestream.

The uproar — tinged with hilarity –- left the CEO of Tesla and SpaceX battling the humiliating accusation that he was faking it as a skilled gamer.

It erupted after Musk streamed himself last week playing “Path of Exile 2,” boasting of having one of the highest-ranked characters and inviting scrutiny from seasoned gamers.

Many noted that Musk made rookie mistakes and was unfamiliar with basic game mechanics that he should have been familiar with given the advanced level of his avatar in the game.

Suspicions swirled that the world’s richest man had hired help, inviting brutal comments that demolished his elite gamer persona.

“This sounds like a middle-schooler giving a book report on a book they’ve never read,” said one comment under a YouTube video of Musk’s gameplay.

A popular Twitch streamer called Asmongold took the criticism a step further, challenging Musk to prove that he had reached that level himself.

The rebuke did not go down well.

The billionaire unfollowed Asmongold on X, and soon the streamer lost his blue checkmark. The platform, previously known as Twitter, was purchased by Musk in 2022 for $44 billion.

The spat did not end there. Musk shared private direct messages he had exchanged with Asmongold, which insinuated that the streamer’s opinions were not his own.

“Asmon behaves like a maverick ‘independent,'” Musk wrote in a post.

“But in reality has to ask his boss for permission before he can do anything. He is not his own man.”

Provoking titters online, Musk’s post was attached with a Community Note — a crowd-sourced tool to debunk false information — which noted that Asmongold does not have “bosses.”

The public spat led to an avalanche of comments that labelled Musk a “man-child” and lampooned his “fragile ego,” while many previous fans added that the billionaire had lost their trust.

– ‘Killing the demons’ –

The brouhaha punctures Musk’s carefully cultivated persona as something of a superhuman with extraordinary time management skills: running multiple corporations, posting breathlessly on X and excelling at video games — all while being a father to several children.

The billionaire is also an an advisor to the incoming administration of US President-elect Donald Trump and has been tapped to run the new Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE), tasked with reducing government spending.

“Path of Exile 2” is considered a challenging game that expert players say requires a serious time commitment to reach the advanced level of Musk’s character — something he likely lacks.

The tycoon has frequently shared his gaming experiences on social media, claiming to be one of the top players in various online games.

He has said the activity forces him to “concentrate” and “killing the demons in a video game calms the demons” in his mind.

The uproar has led users to question Musk’s other purported accomplishments, such as his claim that he was among the top 20 players of role-playing video game “Diablo IV.”

“As a gamer, you have a lot of pride in your rank/level. Trying to fake that while also being the richest guy in the world is just so absurdly unnecessary,” wrote one user on X.

“I would say it also makes me wonder, if he is willing to lie about this, what else is he willing to lie about.”

The video games bedeviling Elon Musk


By AFP
January 17, 2025


Gamers have questioned if Elon Musk -- boss of a plethora of companies -- has the time to gain the experience he claims to have at certain games 
- Copyright AFP Lionel BONAVENTURE

Glenn CHAPMAN

Skepticism rages about whether Elon Musk actually put in the hours to become a top player of video games “Diablo IV” and “Path of Exile 2.”

The fourth main installment in the Blizzard Entertainment series “Diablo” came out in 2023 and a “Vessel of Hatred” expansion pack was released late last year.

Role-playing title “Path of Exile 2,” available to those who pay for early access, is expected to be free-to-play when it is officially released this year by Grinding Gear Games.

Early talk among gamers is that “Path of Exile 2” is similar enough to “Diablo” to be considered a “clone”.

Versions of both games are designed to be played on Xbox and PlayStation consoles and on personal computers running the Windows operating system.



– Dungeon crawling –




“Diablo” is considered a “dungeon crawler,” a genre in which a player’s character fights monsters, avoids traps, and solves puzzles to progress.

Gameplay, not surprisingly, often takes place in fantasy-like dungeons or chambers, with adversaries becoming increasingly difficult.

Victories earn rewards that players can use to ramp up their character’s abilities.

Gaming industry analyst Mat Piscatella described “Diablo” as “a fantasy action role-playing game whose primary hook for players is the never-ending search for better weapons, armor and items in order to progress in the game to go find even more better weapons, armor and items.”

“There’s a story, of course, but really, it’s all about the loot,” he said.



– Grinding –



Using a tactic called “grinding,” players repeat simple tasks to beat low-level enemies and amass loot.

“Basically, clicking on enemies a lot,” Piscatella said.

Players can spend hours grinding, prompting doubt that Musk had that kind of time to fritter while running Tesla, SpaceX, Neuralink, The Boring Company, and X, formerly known as Twitter.

The main story in “Diablo IV” can be finished in about 30 hours, with the time commitment multiplying if a player tackles all side missions.

The game also has an online multiplayer component.

According to industry watcher Circana’s Player Engagement Tracker, the average “Diablo IV” player in the United States now plays between 10 and 35 hours per month.

The average per-player time spent in “Path of Exile 2” in the United States since early access became an option in December ranged from 37 hours to 50.7 hours depending on whether they were using consoles or personal computers, Circana determined.



– Barbarians and druids –




“Diablo IV” players get to choose from six classes of characters: barbarian, druid, necromancer, rogue, sorcerer or spiritborn — each with its own strengths.

Players battle their way through dungeons in an open world, building up their characters as they advance through quests and the story.

There are also options for players to battle one another online.

Musk has posted video and comments indicating he has played barbarian and spiritborn characters.

“Path of Exile 2” is described in online gamer forums as a more complicated action role-playing game than “Diablo.”

Online posts indicate Musk has used both softcore and hardcore characters in “Path of Exile 2,” the former for acclimating to the game and the latter for testing one’s skills.

EU deepens probe into X after Musk outbursts


By AFP
January 17, 2025


The EU had launched the probe into Elon Musk's X under its content moderation law in December 2023 - Copyright AFP Nicolas TUCAT

Raziye Akkoc

The EU on Friday demanded X provide more details about its algorithms as part of its wide-ranging probe into the platform, as Elon Musk’s outbursts on European politics ramp up pressure for the bloc to act.

Musk, who will be a part of Donald Trump’s incoming administration in the United States, has angered Europe with a series of attacks on the continent’s leaders as well as support for Germany’s far-right AfD party before next month’s vote.

The European Commission, which acts as the bloc’s digital watchdog, has come under fierce scrutiny from EU lawmakers seeking tougher measures against X and Musk’s “interference” in Germany.

Musk’s X is suspected of manipulating the platform’s systems to give far-right posts and politicians greater visibility over other political groups.

X has been under investigation since December 2023 under the European Union’s landmark content law — known as the Digital Services Act (DSA) — regarding how it tackles the spread of illegal content and information manipulation.

“Today we are taking further steps to shed light on the compliance of X’s recommender systems with the obligations under the DSA,” said the EU’s tech chief, Henna Virkkunen.

Recommender systems are used by platforms to push more personalised content.

EU regulators told X to provide internal paperwork on its recommender systems and any recent changes made to it by February 15.

The commission has also ordered X “to preserve internal documents and information regarding future changes to the design and functioning of its recommender algorithms” between January 17 and December 31 this year, unless the probe is completed earlier.

It also asked for access to some of X’s commercial APIs — technical interfaces to its content that allow direct fact-finding on content moderation and accounts’ virality.

“These steps will allow the commission services to take all relevant facts into account in the complex assessment under the DSA of systemic risks and their mitigation,” the commission said.

– EU ‘committed’ to enforcement –

Musk has slammed the EU’s DSA as a tool of censorship. The law fully entered into force in February last year and is part of the bloc’s strengthened legal weaponry targeting what Brussels views as big tech’s excesses.

Virkkunen vowed the EU would fully enforce its rules.

“We are committed to ensuring that every platform operating in the EU respects our legislation, which aims to make the online environment fair, safe, and democratic for all European citizens,” she said.

Confronted by accusations of slowing down its investigation into X because of pressure from Trump, the EU has insisted it has not wavered in its enforcement of its rules.

In July 2024 the EU formally charged the platform, as part of the same 2023 probe, with misleading users with its blue checkmarks for certified accounts, of insufficient advertising transparency and not giving researchers access to X’s data.

EU digital spokesman Thomas Regnier insisted that Friday’s demand was “completely independent from any political considerations or indeed any specific events recently happening”.

‘Sheep for hire’: Trump, Musk and Zuckerberg’s dangerous plan for Europe

THE EU ARE SHEEPLE SEZ TERRIBLE TRIO

Long read

The European Union has long been one of the safest digital spaces for internet users. But that was before Donald Trump’s imminent return to the White House and before two of today's tech titans – Elon Musk and Mark Zuckerberg – were essentially handed carte blanche to declare war on the EU’s digital defences. Some say the trio has even more sinister plans in the making.



Activist group Avaaz demonstrates outside EU headquarters in Brussels with cardboard cutouts of Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg to protest fake Facebook accounts spreading disinformation on the platform, May 22, 2018. 
© John Thys, AFP


Barely two weeks ahead of Trump’s inauguration, Mark Zuckerberg, the head of Facebook parent company Meta, threw down the gauntlet.

“We’re seeing an ever-increasing number of laws institutionalising censorship,” he railed in a five-minute video posted across social media on January 7. “And we're going to work with President Trump to push back on governments around the world that are going after American businesses."

His statement was a veiled threat directed at the EU, where increasingly stringent digital laws have already cost his interests more than a billion dollars in fines over the past few years.

In the next breath, Zuckerberg announced that he was abandoning the fact-checking programmes that have been key to fighting disinformation on both Facebook and Instagram in recent years – replacing them with voluntary “community note” systems. Although the move would apply only to the United States for now, he indicated that Europe could be next.

Zuckerberg had essentially pledged allegiance to the incoming Trump administration and its war on the mechanisms that have called out disinformation on his platforms. Moreover, he has joined X CEO Elon Musk – now one of Trump’s closest aides – in his virulent campaign against the EU’s digital rulebook.

Win-win trio


Analysts say the president-elect and the two tech giants have formed a very powerful – and potentially very dangerous – trio that is out to dismantle EU digital rules and the democratic values they were built on.

“They come from very different angles and positions into this debate, but their interests have converged,” explained José Ignacio Torreblanca, a geopolitics and technology expert at the European Council on Foreign Relations, noting that they could all benefit from teaming up.

Torreblanca said that Musk, whom he described as being on an “ideological crusade” to save the world from “woke” progressives, will be handed the power to do so. Zuckerberg, on the other hand – whose moral principles Torreblanca likened to “a piece of jelly” – will be able to defend his business interests in peace. And Trump, who has been dying for worldwide attention ever since he was blocked from the world’s biggest platforms – X, Facebook and Instagram – has regained unhindered access to these global audiences.

And he no longer needs to worry about being barred or fact-checked.


Billions in EU fines


So what is Big Tech so angry about? Put simply, that Europe holds them responsible if they fail to keep user data safe or foster the spread of hate speech. EU laws require tech giants to make clear how they use any data collected from social media users, take action if harmful and illegal content (like hate speech or disinformation) is being spread via their platforms, and refrain from engaging in unfair or misleading business practices.

These rules have been years in the making. The EU's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) – touted as the toughest digital security law in the world – was implemented in 2018 to ensure social media companies complied with European laws on the right to privacy.

For users, this means that the option to consent to – or reject – data collection pops up in a window whenever they visit a new website in Europe.

In the past two years, the Digital Services Act (DSA) and the Digital Markets Act (DMA) have sought to regulate how tech giants behave in the very markets they dominate. Sixteen probes have since been opened, mostly involving tech giants like Meta, X, Apple, Alphabet and Google.

And the rope has been tightening.

Musk’s X is currently being investigated for a number of things, including whether its new paid-for “blue checkmark” verification system is misleading, since those users are no longer actually verified.

But according to French daily Le Monde, Zuckerberg has been feeling the most heat, with his companies facing a total of five probes: one concerns Meta forcing Facebook and Instagram users either to pay for ad-free subscriptions or consent to their data being collected.

In 2023, Meta was hit with a record €1.2 billion fine for transferring EU user data into the United States in violation of a previous court order.

Flouting regulations


In a paper named “Glitch in the matrix” that Torreblanca co-authored in December, he warned that the “new US tech agenda” under Trump would test the EU’s ability to regulate Big Tech.

And that it would target these regulations full force.

“In October, Trump vowed to not let the EU ‘take advantage of our companies’, and Vice-president elect JD Vance has also stated that the US could drop support for NATO if the EU further regulates X. As a result, the Trump administration could lobby European leaders to prevent the commission from punishing X,” he wrote.

“Moreover, if the EU does impose the fine, Trump and Vance are likely to support Musk and denounce the fines as illegitimate. Musk could also use the platform itself to mobilise citizens and far-right parties to raise the political cost for EU decision-makers pursuing the crackdown.”

When Zuckerberg appeared on Trump-supporter Joe Rogan’s podcast on January 10, he confirmed the support he expected from Trump in any face-off with the EU from now on. "And it's one of the things that I'm optimistic about with President Trump," Zuckerberg said, borrowing a Trump buzzword to dub the EU penalties "tariffs".


Weaponised data


Frans Imbert-Vier, the CEO of Swiss cyber-security consulting firm UBCOM, said the EU can expect a challenge from the moment Trump walks into the White House. First off, he predicted, Musk and Zuckerberg will overlook any rules that do not originate in the United States.

“They will ignore them to such an extent that American courts won’t even respond to European court injunctions,” he said.

Imbert-Vier said the EU legal framework could be rendered essentially toothless, because even European politicians “need these social networks to survive” in today's environment.

But the real problem, he said, would be if Big Tech firms turn their focus to harvesting user data en masse and using it to promote their own political interests.

“They’re going to go all in,” Imbert-Vier said, singling out Musk in particular for having his own political agenda for Europe that he might use these vast reams of data to realise.

Political meddling

Musk’s interest in, and interference with, European politics has already raised more than a few eyebrows.

Earlier this month he accused British Prime Minister Keir Starmer of being “complicit in the rape of Britain”, claiming the leader had refused to pursue a child grooming ring when he was the country’s chief prosecutor. In a barrage of posts on X, he called on Starmer to be imprisoned and for new UK elections to be held. In fact, the number of prosecutions of child sex abuse rose during Starmer's tenure.

Musk has also gotten involved in politics in Germany – which is due to hold snap elections next month – throwing his weight behind the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD), claiming it is “the only party that can save Germany”. He followed up by hosting an exclusive livestream event on X for AfD’s leader.

French President Emmanuel Macron criticised such interference in European politics during a recent speech to French ambassadors, without mentioning Musk by name.

“Ten years ago, who would have imagined that the owner of one of the world’s largest social networks would be supporting a new international reactionary movement and intervening directly in elections, including in Germany,” Macron said.

Read moreEurope’s leaders have had enough of Musk’s meddling, but can they stop him?

Master of puppets


For his part, Imbert-Vier said he was not surprised. As soon as Musk allied himself with Trump back in July, he said he and his colleagues knew Musk was looking to become the puppet master of the world.

“Basically he offered him (Trump) a value proposition by saying, ‘I will help you become the most important person in the world’. But that was to stroke Trump’s ego. What Musk was really thinking was, ‘Because I have data and the power to manipulate, I will become the most powerful man in the world’,” Imbert-Vier said.

Data, he warned, is one of the most dangerous tools in the box when it comes to influencing elections.

Imbert-Vier said Europeans risk “getting sucked into a system where they don’t think anymore and just become submissive, consumer sheep for hire”.

The only remedy, he said, is for Europe to stand its ground and eventually replace US tech platforms with its own versions.

In mid-January, after the Trump-Musk-Zuckerberg triumvirate had taken hold, the Financial Times reported that the European Commission had decided to “reassess” its investigations into several US tech groups and their alleged digital breaches.

The move could result in the probes being scaled back or even shelved.

“It’s going to be a whole new ballgame with these tech oligarchs so close to Trump and using that to pressurise us,” a senior EU diplomat briefed on the review told the newspaper. “So much is up in the air right now.”

‘Power and money’

Italian centre-left lawmaker Brando Benifei, who spearheaded the EU’s first rulebook on artificial intelligence (AI) and now co-heads the European Parliament’s AI monitoring group, said that the Musk-led trio want to quash the bloc’s regulations for fear that similar stringent rules might spread to other parts of the world.

“They don't want that to spread because it brings responsibility, accountability and transparency to the activity of the social media,” he said.

“They simply want power and money to buy information and influence. But that's not democratic balance, and we do not want that in Europe.”

Asked how the EU might respond to any type of political blackmail, he took a vaguer tone, saying the bloc would have to work with the US to find compromises “on issues like trade, defence, energy, environment”.

“It will not be easy,” he said. “But we have rules. We want to protect our democracies in the digital space.”

SPACE/COSMOS

US grounds SpaceX’s Starship after fiery mid-air explosion

By AFP
January 17, 2025


In this handout image courtesy of Greg Blee, debris from the SpaceX Starship is seen in the sky near Providenciales, Turks and Caicos on January 16, 2025 - Copyright HANDOUT/AFP Greg Blee


Issam AHMED

The United States on Friday grounded SpaceX’s Starship and ordered Elon Musk’s company to investigate why the spaceship spectacularly disintegrated in a fiery cascade over the Caribbean during its latest test mission.

Authorities in the Turks and Caicos Islands confirmed they diverted all flights from their airspace during the incident and urged residents not to touch fallen debris, warning it could be hazardous.

“The FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) is requiring SpaceX to perform a mishap investigation into the loss of the Starship vehicle during launch operations on Jan. 16,” the agency said.

“There are no reports of public injury, and the FAA is working with SpaceX and appropriate authorities to confirm reports of public property damage on Turks and Caicos.”

It added that during the event, it briefly activated a “Debris Response Area” protocol to slow aircraft outside the area where the debris was falling or stop aircraft at their departure location.

“Several aircraft requested to divert due to low fuel levels while holding outside impacted areas.”

Under established procedures, SpaceX will now be required to carry out a “mishap investigation” — including the identification of any corrective actions, which the FAA will review before determining the launch vehicle can return to flight.

Alternatively, the company may seek an early return to flight if it can demonstrate sufficient safety measures and confirm the mishap posed no public risk.

The government of the Turks and Caicos Islands, a British-controlled archipelago, confirmed the diversion of all flights during the incident, which lit up social media with dazzling photos and videos of the meteor-like shower of debris.

Officials also met with UK Space Agency experts and reiterated warnings to residents to avoid fallen debris.

“If possible, take a photograph of the object (without touching it) alongside another object for scale,” a public advisory read, emphasizing, “Space debris remains the property of the spacecraft owner.”

– Mars rocket –



Starship’s Super Heavy Booster was grappled mid-air as it returned to the launch pad at Starbase near Boca Chica, Texas, on January 16, 2025

Starship is the biggest and most powerful rocket ever built, and is key to Musk’s ambitions of colonizing Mars.

NASA hopes to use a modified version of the rocket as a human lunar lander for its Artemis missions to return to the Moon.

Thursday’s uncrewed launch was Starship’s seventh orbital test, and the first involving a taller, upgraded version of the rocket.

SpaceX, which dominates the commercial launch market through its workhorse Falcon 9 rocket, underscored its technical prowess by catching Starship’s first stage booster in the “chopstick” arms of its launch tower for a second time.

But the triumph was short-lived when teams lost contact with the upper-stage vehicle. SpaceX later confirmed it had undergone “rapid unscheduled disassembly,” the company’s euphemism for an explosion.

“Success is uncertain, but entertainment is guaranteed!” Musk quipped on X , sharing one of the many viral clips of the event.

He added the cause of the explosion appeared to be an “oxygen/fuel leak” that caused an excess buildup of pressure.

“Nothing so far suggests pushing next launch past next month,” he ventured.


 Stranded astronaut Suni Williams performs spacewalk at ISS



NASA astronauts Butch Wilmore (l) and Suni Williams walk out from the Operations and Checkout Building at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida, on June 5, 2024. Williams performed a spacewalk at the International Space Station on Thursday. File Photo by Joe Marino/UPI | License Photo


Jan. 16, 2025 / UPI

Jan. 16 (UPI) -- NASA astronaut Sunni Williams, one-half Boeing Starliner crew who have been stuck on the International Space Station for months, took part in a spacewalk on Thursday to do some repairs to the orbiting laboratory.

Williams joined astronaut Nick Hague in the spacewalk to remove and replace a rate gyro assembly that helps provide orientation control for the ISS, install patches to cover damaged ares of light filters for an X-ray telescope and replace a reflector device used for navigational data on one of the international docking adapters.

Williams has been on the ISS with astronaut Butch Wilmore after arriving in Boeing's new Starliner spaceship several months ago. A problem with the spacecraft's thrusters left NASA little choice but to send the Starliner back to Earth unmanned, leaving Williams and Wilmore at the space station.

Both are scheduled to return next month. They will return with Hague and Russian cosmonaut Alexandr Gorbunov.

Williams and Wilmore are both space veterans, members of previous trips to the International Space Station. Thursday's spacewalk was the eighth of her career.


U of A astronomers capture unprecedented view of supermassive black hole in action


University of Arizona
An image of the spiral galaxy NGC 1086 obtained by the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). 

image: 

An image of the spiral galaxy NGC 1086 obtained by the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope (VLT). The galaxy has a distance of 47 million light-years and is one of the nearest galaxies with an active galactic nucleus.

view more 

Credit: European Southern Observatory




Active galactic nuclei are supermassive black holes at the center of certain galaxies. As matter falls into these black holes, enormous amounts of energy are released, making active galactic nuclei, or AGN, one of the most energetic phenomena that can be observed in space. University of Arizona astronomers have now produced the highest resolution direct images ever taken of an AGN in the infrared, using the Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer. 

Researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany were also involved in the study. The findings are published in the journal Nature Astronomy. 

"The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer can be considered the first extremely large telescope, so it's very exciting to prove this is possible," said Jacob Isbell, a postdoctoral research associate at the U of A Steward Observatory and lead author of the Nature Astronomy paper. 

Every galaxy has a supermassive black hole at the center. Some of them are considered active while others are inactive, depending on how quickly material is falling onto them, Isbell said. There's a disk around the black hole that glows more brightly the more material there is. If this accretion disk glows brightly enough, it's called an active supermassive black hole. The AGN that exists in galaxy NGC 1068, which neighbors the Milky Way, is one of the nearest ones that is considered active. 

The Large Binocular Telescope is located on Mount Graham northeast of Tucson. It operates its two 8.4-meter mirrors independently, essentially functioning as two separate telescopes mounted side by side. The Large Binocular Telescope Interferometer combines the light from both mirrors, allowing for much higher resolution observations than would be possible with each mirror on its own. This imaging technique has been successfully used in the past to study volcanoes on the surface of Jupiter's moon Io. The Jupiter results encouraged the researchers to use the interferometer to look at an AGN. 

"The AGN within the galaxy NGC 1068 is especially bright, so it was the perfect opportunity to test this method," Isbell said. "These are the highest resolution direct images of an AGN taken so far."

The Large Binocular Interferometer Team is led by Steve Ertel, associate astronomer of Steward Observatory. Through the interferometer, the team was able to observe several cosmic phenomena going on simultaneously in the AGN. 

The bright disk around the supermassive black hole releases a lot of light, which pushes dust away like many tiny sails, a phenomenon known as radiation pressure. The images revealed a dusty, outflowing wind caused by radiation pressure. Simultaneously, farther out, there was a lot of material that was way brighter than it should have been, considering it was illuminated only by the bright accretion disk. By comparing the new images to past observations, the researchers were able to tie this finding to a radio jet that's blasting through the galaxy, hitting and heating up clouds of molecular gas and dust. Radio jet feedback is the interaction between powerful jets of radiation and particles emitted from supermassive black holes and their surrounding environment.

Direct imaging with extremely large telescopes such as the Larger Binocular Telescope Interferometer and the upcoming 83.5 feet Giant Magellan Telescope located in Chile makes it possible to distinguish feedback from the radio jet and dusty wind simultaneously. Previously, the various processes were blended due to low resolution, but now it is possible to view their individual impact, Isbell said.

The study shows that the environments of AGN can be complex, and the new findings help better understand AGN's interaction with their host galaxies.

"This type of imaging can be used on any astronomical object," Isbell said. "We've already started looking at disks around stars or very large, evolved stars, which have dusty envelopes around them." 

Panorama of our nearest galactic neighbor unveils hundreds of millions of stars



University of Washington
Andromeda Galaxy photomosaic 

image: 

This is the largest photomosaic yet assembled from Hubble Space Telescope observations. It is a panoramic view of the Andromeda galaxy, located 2.5 million light years away from Earth. This mosaic took over 10 years to create, captures 200 million stars, still a fraction of Andromeda’s population, and contains about 2.5 billion pixels. This detailed look will help astronomers piece together the Andromeda galaxy’s past history, including mergers with smaller satellite galaxies.

view more 

Credit: Science: NASA, ESA, Benjamin F. Williams and Zhuo Chen (University of Washington), L. Clifton Johnson (Northwestern). Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)




In the decades following the launch of NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have tallied over 1 trillion galaxies in the universe. But only one galaxy stands out as the most important nearby stellar island to our Milky Way — the Andromeda Galaxy. It can be seen with the naked eye on clear autumn nights as a faint oval object roughly the size of the moon.

A century ago, astronomer Edwin Hubble first established that this so-called "spiral nebula" was approximately 2.5 million light years away from our own Milky Way galaxy.

Now, the space telescope named after Hubble has accomplished the most comprehensive survey of this galaxy. The work yields new clues to the evolutionary history of Andromeda — and it looks markedly different from the Milky Way's history.

University of Washington astronomers presented the findings Jan. 16 in Maryland at a meeting of the American Astronomical Society, and in an accompanying paper published the same date in The Astrophysical Journal.

Without Andromeda as an example of a spiral galaxy, astronomers would know much less about the structure and evolution of our own Milky Way. That's because Earth is embedded inside the Milky Way. This is like trying to understand the layout of New York City by standing in the middle of Central Park.

"With Hubble we can get into enormous detail about what's happening on a holistic scale across the entire disk of the galaxy. You can't do that with any other large galaxy," said principal investigator Benjamin Williams, a UW research associate professor of astronomy.

Hubble's sharp imaging capabilities can resolve more than 200 million stars in the Andromeda galaxy, detecting only stars brighter than our Sun. They look like grains of sand across the beach. But the telescope can’t capture everything. Andromeda's total population is estimated to be 1 trillion stars, with many less massive stars falling below Hubble's sensitivity limit.

Photographing Andromeda was a Herculean task because the galaxy is a much bigger target in the sky than the galaxies Hubble routinely observes, which are often billions of light years away. The full mosaic was carried out under two Hubble programs. In total it required over 1,000 Hubble orbits, spanning more than a decade.

This panorama started about a decade ago with the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury program. Images were obtained at near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared wavelengths using instruments aboard Hubble to photograph the northern half of Andromeda.

This has now been followed by the newly published Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Southern Treasury. This phase added images of approximately 100 million stars in the southern half of Andromeda. This region is structurally unique and more sensitive to the galaxy's merger history than the northern disk mapped earlier.

Combined, the two programs collectively cover the entire disk of Andromeda, which is seen almost edge on — tilted by 77 degrees relative to the view we see from Earth. The galaxy is so large that the mosaic is assembled from approximately 600 separate fields of view. The mosaic image is made up of at least 2.5 billion pixels.

“The asymmetry between the two halves — now visually evident in this image — is incredibly intriguing,” said Zhuo Chen, a UW postdoctoral researcher in astronomy and lead author of the accompanying paper. “It’s fascinating to see the detailed structures of an external spiral galaxy mapped over such a large, contiguous area.”

The complementary Hubble survey programs provide information about the age, heavy-element abundance and stellar masses inside Andromeda. This will allow astronomers to distinguish between competing scenarios where Andromeda merged with one or more galaxies. Hubble's detailed measurements constrain models of Andromeda's merger history and disk evolution.

“This ambitious photography of the Andromeda galaxy sets a new benchmark for precision studies of large spiral galaxies,” Chen said.

Though the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies formed presumably around the same time many billions of years ago, observational evidence shows that they have very different evolutionary histories, despite growing up in the same cosmological neighborhood. Andromeda seems to be more highly populated with younger stars and unusual features like coherent streams of stars, researchers say. This implies it has a more active recent star formation and interaction history than the Milky Way.

"This detailed look at the resolved stars will help us to piece together the galaxy's past merger and interaction history," Williams said.

This research was funded by NASA and the Simons Foundation. A full list of co-authors is listed with the paper.

 

For more information, contact Williams at benw1@uw.edu or Chen at zczhuo@uw.edu.

MSU researcher’s breakthrough model sheds light on solar storms and space weather



Michigan State University





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EAST LANSING, Mich. – Our sun is essentially a searing hot sphere of gas. Its mix of primarily hydrogen and helium can reach temperatures between 10,000 and 3.6 million degrees Fahrenheit on its surface and its atmosphere’s outermost layer. Because of that heat, the blazing orb constantly oozes a stream of plasma, made up of charged subatomic particles — mainly protons and electrons. The sun’s gravity can’t contain them because they hold so much energy as heat, so they drift away into space as solar wind. Understanding how charged particles as solar wind interact with other transient eruptions of energy from the sun can help scientists study cosmic rays emitted in supernova explosions.

Thomas Do, an astronomy graduate student at Michigan State University, published a paper predicting how particles accelerate under a wider net of circumstances than previous models. His model could be applied to solar storms that impact technology in space.

Do started working on charged particles three years ago during an undergraduate research project at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics in Massachusetts. His research aimed to illuminate how charged particles accelerate when they’re swept along by powerful ejections of mass from the sun. Those explosions are called coronal mass ejections, and when they’re fast enough, they can create shock waves. 

“As they fly out from the sun, they interact with charged particles along the way. During those interactions, particles gain energy from the shock wave,” Do said.

As the particles gain energy, they hurtle faster and faster into space and toward Earth. Sometimes, particles gain so much speed that they catapult past the crest of the shock wave, escaping from behind it and into the cosmos. 

To understand how charged particles escape, Do expanded on a model developed in 2021 by Federico Fraschetti, an astrophysicist at the Center for Astrophysics. Fraschetti and Do’s updated model predicts how particles accelerate and escape under a wider range of energies than previous models. In particular, their model accounts for the escape from the accelerating region of particles over a range of higher and lower energies. That’s important, Fraschetti said, because previously only high-energy particles were thought to break free from riding a shock wave.

The previous model scientists used to make predictions about charged particles — developed around 50 years ago — didn’t include low-energy particles. Using multiple energy levels in their updated model, the team created a set of equations that predict how particles accelerate over time and how many particles escape at each energy level. 

“We’re trying to allow for more particles to escape because we believe that’s more physically realistic,” Do said. 

After expanding the model, he and Fraschetti wanted to compare it to an actual solar event. 

They knew it was only a matter of time before they would have a chance, Fraschetti said. That’s because the sun reaches its solar maximum when solar activity is at its highest in its 11-year cycle. During a solar maximum, the massive explosions needed to generate shock waves are more frequent and more intense.

The team didn’t have to wait long for such an event. On Sept. 5, 2022, the sun spat a huge wad of energy into space just as NASA’s Parker Solar Probe took one of its closest dives toward the star. The probe recorded data such as particle speed and temperature as the explosion’s shock wave smashed into it. 

“We were so lucky in September 2022 to see the very beginning of this process,” Fraschetti said. “This is one of the events that Parker Solar Probe was designed to measure.”

They found that their model’s prediction matched what the Parker Solar Probe reported: particle acceleration and escape across a range of energy levels. The probe was very close to the sun — for scale, if the Earth and sun were a meter apart, the probe would only have been about 7 centimeters away. That proximity meant that the particles it passed had recently crossed paths with the shock wave, so the team could see data on particles that hadn’t gained much speed yet. 

“The model showed an excellent agreement with the data and confirmed that our physical expectation of what happens to young shock waves close to the sun is correct,” Fraschetti said. “We had never tested this expectation, and it did not have to be this way.”

"This model can be used in other areas of space research that involve charged particles," Do said. 

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