Saturday, December 17, 2022

UK
Railway workers continue with 48-hour strike over pay and conditions


ALAN JONES, PA INDUSTRIAL CORRESPONDENT
16 December 2022, 7:45 pm

What strikes are happening in December?

Railway workers will continue with a 48-hour strike on Saturday, causing more travel misery for passengers as a bitter dispute over pay, jobs and conditions remains deadlocked.

Talks between the leader of the Rail, Maritime and Transport union (RMT), train company employers and Rail Minister Huw Merriman on Thursday failed to make a breakthrough.

The union went ahead with a walkout from Friday on Network Rail and 14 train operators, which crippled services across the country.

Trains will start later than usual on Saturday and will finish earlier, while some parts of the country have no services.

Disruption will continue for the rest of the month because of an overtime ban by RMT members at 14 train operators.

A 48-hour strike by bus drivers in London continues on Saturday, adding to the travel chaos.

Members of Unite employed by Abellio are taking action over pay.

Transport for Wales announced it has agreed a pay deal with rail unions worth 4.5% for nine months from last July.

The not-for-profit organisation, which is wholly owned by the Welsh Government, said it understands its responsibility to deliver for all in Wales, especially during the cost of living crisis.

General Secretary of the RMT union Mick Lynch (Yui Mok/PA)

RMT general secretary Mick Lynch will join a picket line in London after maintaining that the union continues to receive strong support from the public.

He said: “It’s better we are talking than not, so the rail minister convened a meeting on Thursday with the RMT representatives along Network Rail and the train operators.

“We exchanged some ideas and some possibilities, there was no negotiations at that, nothing arising tangible out of that.

“But what he did having heard that as the facilitator, as they describe themselves and the people that ultimately own the purse strings, is he invited us and requested that we get together and hold further talks going forward and we’ll do that in the next period if the companies want to get engaged in it.”

Meanwhile, members of the Transport Salaried Staffs Association (TSSA) at six train companies will strike on Saturday in its ongoing dispute over pay, job security and terms and conditions.

The union has accused the Government of “harming the nation” by “blocking“ talks to resolve the dispute.

TSSA members at Avanti West Coast, c2c, East Midlands Railway, Southeastern, South Western Railway, and TransPennine Express will walk out for the day, hitting rail services on routes across the country.

Additionally, industrial action short of strike is taking place at CrossCountry, Greater Anglia, Great Western Railway, GTR, LNER, Northern, and West Midlands Trains.

The strike action is the first since an offer tabled by the Rail Delivery Group was rejected on December 4.

Frank Ward, TSSA interim general secretary, said: “Rail workers across the country deserve a pay rise and job security, especially so as the Tory cost-of-living crisis cripples household finances.

“This strike action was entirely avoidable. It beggars belief that the government has forced this industrial action on rail workers and the wider economy when they have had every opportunity and the ability to resolve the dispute. This Conservative Government is actively harming the nation with its reckless anti-worker agenda.

“As we have shown this week in Network Rail, our union can reach agreement with employers where there are genuine negotiations. It’s crystal clear that Rishi Sunak’s government is responsible for blocking negotiations with train companies and ruining Christmas for rail workers and passengers alike.”

Steve Montgomery, who chairs the Rail Delivery Group, said: “Regrettably, the RMT leadership’s refusal to put our proposed 8% pay offer to its membership means we are unable to reach a resolution at this stage, although we remain open to talks. With the deadline having passed where disruption could be avoided even if strikes were called off, our focus is on giving passengers the maximum possible certainty so they can make their festive plans.

“No-one wanted to see these strikes go ahead, and we can only apologise to passengers and to the many businesses who will be hit by this unnecessary and damaging disruption.

“We continue to urge RMT leaders to put our proposals to their members rather than condemning them to weeks of lost pay either side of Christmas during a cost-of-living crisis.”

Andrew Haines, Network Rail chief executive, said: “The RMT has deliberately chosen to try and ruin Christmas for millions of passengers and businesses. They’re also intent on inflicting a monumental act of harm on an industry still desperate to recover from post-Covid challenges by sabotaging a vital £100 million programme of rail upgrades planned for Christmas Day and Boxing Day. The industry will do all it can to keep services running and projects on-track but serious disruption is inevitable given the RMT’s action.

“In talks over the months we have sought to address all the RMT’s concerns by putting a decent pay rise on the table, guaranteeing a job for anyone that wants one, significantly raising base salaries for the lowest paid and offering a new, huge rail travel discount scheme for members, and their families. By any reasonable measure, we have put a fair deal on the table.”

UK

Rishi Sunak refuses to give NHS nurses extra cash despite Tory pressure and threats of more strikes

16 December 2022, 16:38

Rishi Sunak (l) refused to offer nurses (r) any more money despite Tory pressure
Rishi Sunak (l) refused to offer nurses (r) any more money despite Tory pressure. Picture: Getty

Rishi Sunak has refused to boost nurses' pay, despite up to 100,000 joining strikes yesterday, Tory pressure and unions warning of even more chaos in the weeks ahead.

The Prime Minister insisted the government's four per cent pay offer is both "appropriate and fair". The Royal College of Nursing, which coordinated the NHS's biggest ever strike yesterday, wants a 19 per cent rise.

Yesterday tens of thousands of operations were cancelled due to the nurses walkout. Another round of strikes are planned for Tuesday.

Speaking on a visit to Belfast, Mr Sunak said: "The Health Secretary has always been clear, the door is always open, that's always been the case.'

"But we want to be fair, reasonable and constructive. That's why we accepted the recommendations of an independent pay body about what fair pay would be."

His comments come after four senior Tories urged Mr Sunak to back down.

Some called for the NHS pay review body to rethink their recommended deal as a way out of the stalemate suggesting that the pay rise was made before the war in Ukraine and inflation crisis hit.

Rishi Sunak speaking on a visit to Belfast
Rishi Sunak speaking on a visit to Belfast. Picture: Getty
Nurses striking outside St Thomas' Hospital in London
Nurses striking outside St Thomas' Hospital in London. Picture: Getty

Read More: RMT's Mick Lynch insists he doesn't 'relish' in being portrayed as 'the Grinch'

Read More: Last post for Christmas: Royal Mail says first-class parcels and cards must be sent today as striking staff return to work Last post for Christmas: Royal Mail says first-class parcels and cards must be sent today as striking staff return to work

Conservative chairman of the Commons Health Committee Steve Brine has argued that the move would be an "elegant" and "sensible" way to avert further strikes.

A total of 44 trusts across in all UK nations apart from Scotland yesterday ran a 'Christmas Day service'.

Cancer patients were among those denied care after the RCN called the first national strike in its 106-year history.

UK 

Labour secures win in Stretford and Urmston by election

16 December 2022, 08:33

Andrew Western
Andrew Western. Picture: PA media

By Press Association

Voters have given up on the Tories, Labour's victorious by-election candidate claimed after he won the Stretford and Urmston by-election.

Andrew Western, Labour's leader of Trafford Council and now the new MP, said his victory showed people are fed-up with the Conservative Party and Labour is now ready to govern.

Mr Western won the Stretford and Urmston constituency, a safe Labour seat in Greater Manchester, with a majority of 9,906, securing 69.65% of the votes, up 9.34% on the snap general election three years ago, and with a 10.5% swing from Conservatives to Labour.

But the turnout was just 25.8% on a freezing cold day in south Manchester, with temperatures dipping to minus six centigrade, before polls closed.

Problems with postal votes may also have hit the turnout.

Mr Western said: "There has been a strong message sent with the result this evening.

"And the people of Stretford and Urmston do not just speak for this constituency but for millions more people up and down the land, who know that this Government has been letting us down for the past 12 years.

"Twelve failing years of Conservative government, coming to an end."

The ballot was called after former shadow minister Kate Green stepped down to become Greater Manchester deputy mayor. Mr Western, in his speech following the result, added: "The Tories have given up on governing and it is increasingly clear that the British people are giving up on them.

"Labour stands ready to deliver for our country and only Labour has a plan for working people and to create a fairer, greener, future.

"It is clear from this result tonight, and indeed the result two weeks ago in Chester, that people are ready for a Labour government, and let the message go out tonight that Labour are ready to govern. Thank you."

UK
Ice pancakes: Rare phenomenon spotted on River Wharfe as temperatures drop to way below freezing

A rare phenomenon has appeared on a Yorkshire river this week due to the freezing cold weather – ice pancakes.

By Jonathan Pritchard

The unusual looking sheets of ice formed on the River Wharfe in Ilkley this week, and temperatures plummetted to below zero – with some areas of Yorkshire experiencing lows of -8 degrees.

The Met Office say the ice pancakes only ever tend to appear in very cold oceans and lakes such as in the Baltic Sea and Antarctica.

The Met Office says: “Ice pancakes are a phenomenon where discs of ice anywhere from 20 - 200 cm wide are formed creating a unique spectacle. Ice pancakes are a relatively rare phenomenon that tend to occur in very cold oceans and lakes. They are most frequently seen in the Baltic Sea and around Antarctica but also form relatively frequently on the Great Lakes of the United States and Canada.

“They require some rather specific conditions in order to form and can form in one of two distinct ways. In oceans, seas and lakes the discs are created when waves cause forming pieces of ice to knock against each other rounding their edges as they freeze and grow. Small rims are created on the edges as the knocking causes splashing water to freeze and join the rim.

“They are also believed to form when foam on a river begins to freeze which begin to join together and as they are sucked into an eddy (a swirling current of water) and form into a circular shape as a result. As other bits of frozen foam and ice hit the forming disc they freeze to it and increase its size.

“Whilst ice pancakes look like solid discs, they are often quite slushy and easily break apart when lifted up. However, when given the conditions to consolidate, ice pancakes can end up binding with each other to form sheet ice and in rougher conditions waves can move these sheets of ice causing them to bend and crack to create ice ridges.”

Ice pancakes on River Wharfe (Credit: Emma Draper/Discoverllkley)
Insignificant World Cup playoff? Moroccans think otherwise

Both sides will go home without the trophy, but finishing third in World Cup 2022 will mean a lot for Moroccans.

Thousands have travelled to Qatar to watch Morocco in action
 [Sorin Furcoi/Al Jazeera]

By Faras Ghani
Published On 17 Dec 2022

Doha, Qatar – It is the first of the three Ms in action on the penultimate day of World Cup 2022, the one that the world, football fans and those plotting the moves up there least expected to still be among the call-outs.

Messi and Mbappe can wait. Morocco will be taking centre stage on Saturday, hoping to finish the fairytale run in Qatar with achievements unprecedented.

KEEP READING
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Fresh from World Cup game, France ends Morocco visa restrictions

Morocco will take on Croatia at Khalifa International Stadium in the third-place playoff at Qatar 2022.

Croatia failed to match, or better, their 2018 outing where they lost in the final to France.

Morocco, meanwhile, have reached unprecedented heights, won millions of hearts and gained followers more rapidly than a new pop sensation on Instagram in the historical run to the last four.

For a team that was not used to winning much, especially at a World Cup, the sight of downing Belgium, Canada, Spain and Portugal gave its followers hope.
Moroccan players were dejected after their loss to France in the semifinal
 [Sorin Furcoi/Al Jazeera]

Since beating Belgium, Morocco hoped for a last-16 slot. Expectations grew when they beat Spain. Fantasy gave way to belief after beating Portugal. For a team that, at first, annoyed their opposition, then alarmed them, had finally left them aghast, gaining as much momentum as rolling down a hill as they eyed the final.

Until they faced France. At Al Bayt Stadium on Wednesday, the dream did not materialise in the way Morocco wanted, perhaps due to the introduction of a new football, the occasion or just the gulf in skills between the two sets of players.

Despite the heartbreak, Morocco fans are hoping for a winning end to their World Cup, one that has already been an extension of a dream of a lifetime.

“Whatever happens now, it’ won’t take away from what they’ve done, they made history,” Omer, visiting Doha from Casablanca for the World Cup, told Al Jazeera.

“It [the World Cup campaign] started with Croatia, it will end with Croatia. I hope we beat them this time [the group stage match ended 0-0]. I hope we finish well. But whatever happens, we’re super proud of the team; we’re fully behind them and we’re supporting them.”

Morocco fans have enjoyed every minute of their team’s show at Qatar 2022 
[Sorin Furcoi/Al Jazeera]

A French masterclass on the pitch ensured the Atlas Lions will not finish higher than third in the World Cup. But they can take third, a final position that was unthinkable by most at the start of the tournament for the 22nd-ranked side.

“Winning matters. The team didn’t make it to the final but it won’t give up,” Amine, also visiting Qatar from Morocco, said. “The team’s performance has changed mindsets everywhere. There’s a winning mentality now and it’s refreshing to see that. A win on Saturday will make a massive difference back home.”

For Imane, a Moroccan living in Paris, a win on Saturday “holds a lot of meaning”.

“It might not seem like much, but getting third place is actually important for us and it holds a lot of meaning because it shows that Morocco’s journey at the World Cup, as historical as it was, was not just luck but the result of the players’ effort and the supporters’ faith,” she said.

“It does matter to me,” Ilham, a Moroccan citizen residing in Qatar, said. “I want to see them win third place. They deserve it. They’ve made us so happy and I want them to be happy.”

For some, the loss against France failed to take the gloss off Morocco’s run to the last four where they became the first team from Africa to reach the semifinals of the World Cup.

“This is football, that’s how it works,” Fatima, a Moroccan supporter, said after the 2-0 loss on Wednesday. “But we’re really proud of the team. Moroccan football has totally changed now. This is not a loss, no way. We are the champions.”

Morocco fans celebrating in the stands [Sorin Furcoi/Al Jazeera]

Yasmina, a Qatar resident from Morocco, thinks winning third place would be “amazing and honourable”.

“We’ve already won a lot during this World Cup: pride, unity, solidarity and momentum,” she said.

“But I think the pressure is less and the stress is way smaller on Saturday. I’d love Morocco to beat Croatia but no matter what happens they are my champions.”

With the amount of football, competitions and other happenings in life, most tend to forget the losing finalists of a World Cup let alone the team that finishes third. Losing a semifinal is shattering enough but to park away the memories and prepare for one more match, which will not allow you to relive your dreams, can be demanding for the mind and the body.

For Moroccan fans though, a win on Saturday will be the year-end bonus that nobody had asked their bosses for.

Precious Māori artefacts on display in Stuttgart museum

An exhibition of precious Māori taonga, curated by Associate Professor Ngarino Ellis from the University of Auckland and an expert team, is going on display at a German museum for six months.

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UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

Woven cloak 

IMAGE: A KAIRAKA PAEPAEROA (DRESS CLOAK) AT THE LINDEN MUSEUM view more 

CREDIT: KAITAKA PAEPAEROA (DRESS CLOAK). IMAGE: LINDEN MUSEUM, STUTTGART. CREDIT: DOMINIK DRASDOW

A rare wharenui (meeting house) made by Te Arawa (Rotorua), hei-tiki, pounamu, wooden and bone carvings, cloaks and other textiles will all be part of Across Time, Place and People, Whakawhananaungatanga Connecting tāonga Maori, an exhibition opening on 11 December at the Linden Museum in Stuttgart, Germany.

Associate Professor Ngarino Ellis (Ngāpuhi, Ngāti Porou), an art historian specialising in Māori art, says the museum has a permanent collection of more than 100 Māori treasures, of which the earliest would be from around the late 18th century through to some contemporary pieces, so the chance to curate an exhibition of this kind is “phenomenal”.

“This is an extremely exciting opportunity for us which happened as a result of the Oceanic curator at the museum, who I met through another event, saying he had funding from the German government to do a project on provenance [a record of ownership of a piece of art or antique] and would like to have a coffee with me when he visited New Zealand on other museum business.”

And they met pre-Covid around late 2019, where they discussed the museum’s plan to create eight exhibitions from around the world called the Linden Lab, each focused on a different aspect of the museum’s collection and to be curated by the people whose cultural heritage the pieces represented.

The team from Aoteaora is led by Dr Ellis and comprises Awhina Tamarapa (Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāti Ruanui, Ngāti Pikiao) a museum curator and writer in the field of museum studies, Dougal Austin (Kāti Māmoe, Kāi Tahu, Waitaha) a senior curator Matauranga Māori at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, and University of Auckland doctoral student Justine Treadwell, whose PhD is on 18th century Māori cloaks in European collections.

Mere pounamu (greenstone cleaver). Image: Linden Museum, Stuttgart. Credit: Dominik Drasdow

CREDIT

Mere pounamu (greenstone cleaver). Image: Linden Museum, Stuttgart. Credit: Dominik Drasdow

Working within the overarching theme of whakawhananaungatanga [process of establishing relationships], each Aotearoa-based curator has a different area in the exhibition assigned according to their expertise. Associate Professor Ellis will oversee a selection of whale bone carving, hei-tiki and waka huia (treasure boxes), Awhina Tamarapa's focus is connections between leading cultural practitioners and practice, greenstone expert Dougal Austin is looking at pounamu and Justine Treadwell's focus is cloaks and connections to the natural world.

How these taonga came to be in European collections in the first place is the subject of “lots of stories” and some controversy, says Dr Ellis.

“We don't know much about what is in collections of countries that don’t have English as a first language; we know very little about what’s in France, Germany or Italy for instance, and so there needs to be a lot of work done there.”

However Dr Ellis says it was common practice, before the Māori Antiquities Act of 1901 (amended in 1904, and created to stop the trade in Māori antiquities by insisting they be given to the New Zealand government or attract a fine of up to £100) for European collectors to go on worldwide expeditions for artefacts, acquiring them in deals that seldom reflected their true value.

“When the Prince of Wales (later to become King George V) came to New Zealand in 1901 on a royal tour, for example, people were surprised at the number of taonga that Māori were giving him to take back to England, and they said, ‘Hang on what's happening here? This needs to be regulated’, and that led to the passing of the Act.”

At the turn of the 20th century, she says museums were just getting their Māori collections together and curators and collectors from places like Germany were coming to New Zealand looking for pieces because prices were becoming exorbitant in Europe and they knew how precious these items were.

“Collectors also realised Māori culture was changing very rapidly and the number of taonga from pre-European times was limited,” says Dr Ellis.

From her point of view, the most exciting piece in the Linden exhibition is the wharenui. “This meeting house was made in the late 19th century by carvers from Te Arawa who are known for their carving and weaving skills, as well as being traders and entrepreneurs.”

About the Linden Museum

The Linden Museum is a public, ethnological museum in Stuttgart, Germany which houses
cultural treasures from around the world, including South and Southeast Asia, Africa, the Islamic world from the Near East to Pakistan, China and Japan, as well as artefacts from North and Latin America and Oceania.

The museum traces its origins to the collection of objects amassed by the Verein für Handelsgeographie (Association for Trade Geography) in the 19th century. The museum’s namesake is Karl Graf von Linden (1838–1910) who, as president of the Stuttgart Verein für Handelsgeographie, took an interest in assembling and organising the collection and invited explorers like Sven Hedin and Roald Amundsen to Stuttgart.

“Te Arawa sold the house to collectors knowing their master carvers could always create another one. The same iwi also created the wharenui in Hamburg at the museum there, and another Hinemihi in southern England which is coming home soon.”

Dr Ellis says there’s “a lot of willingness” by European curators and museums to welcome Indigenous researchers into their collections, but they often don't know who to contact.

“Up until the last couple of weeks [when three of the four curators from New Zealand have been flown to Stuttgart to oversee the exhibition’s installation] we’ve been working remotely with a team of designers, curators and conservators who’ve been very welcoming. However due to Covid-related delays, what was meant to be a two-year process has been squashed into five months!”

 

Philosopher awarded Royal Society medal on what we owe people in the future

What do we owe people in the future? This question has been the focus of Professor Tim Mulgan's distinguished research career.

Grant and Award Announcement

UNIVERSITY OF AUCKLAND

A professor of philosophy in the Faculty of Arts at the University of Auckland, Dr Mulgan is the 2022 recipient of the Humanities Aronui Medal from the Royal Society Te Apārangi.

He says thinking about how we can extend current ethical thinking, which focuses on what we owe to one another to cover the many new ways in which we can influence the lives of future people involves “fascinating philosophical puzzles” driven by the fact that the very existence and identity of future people depend on our present decisions.

“Can you harm someone by your actions if they would otherwise never have existed at all, for example? And there is also the pressing, practical question of how we should balance the interests of people in the present against the interests of those in the future.”

His research on cosmic purpose arose indirectly from a teaching experience at the University of Auckland. “In 2003 I was teaching a course on the existence of God in our first-year metaphysics course (PHIL 100). We worked our way through a series of arguments for and against the existence of God that have been central to Western philosophy for much of the last 2000 years.

“Looking at these arguments in quick succession, I was struck by the thought that, even if they succeed, most traditional theist arguments only enable us to conclude that there is a God of some kind, while these same arguments would also only prove there is not a God who cares about us.

“This leaves open a third alternative: that there is a God (or other source of cosmic purpose), but that we are irrelevant to that purpose. This thought eventually led to my 2015 book Purpose in the Universe.”

He says the connection between the two projects is that a particular challenge in the field of future ethics is motivation. “How can we motivate present people to make the sacrifices that we owe to future people? My tentative answer is that we need the human future to link our own lives in meaningful ways to the purpose of the universe.”

One strand of his research imagines possible futures – damaged by climate change or facing imminent extinction – and asks how philosophers living in those futures might respond to our current philosophy and behaviour.

U.S. firearm death trends revealed over four decades

Firearm deaths jumped between 2019 and 2020, with Black men most affected by homicide and white men by suicide

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

U.S. firearm death trends revealed over four decades 

IMAGE: YEARLY FIREARM-RELATED AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATES BY RACE. AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATES PER 100,000 FOR FIREARM-RELATED DEATHS BY RACIAL GROUPS FROM 1981 TO 2020. view more 

CREDIT: YOUNG AND XIANG, 2022, PLOS ONE, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

A new analysis of firearm death rates from 1981 to 2020 shows that the people most heavily impacted by firearm deaths were Black men and white men, and that rates of firearm-related homicides and suicides jumped between 2019 and 2020. Lindsay Young of the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Ohio, and Henry Xiang of Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Ohio, present these findings in the open-access journal PLOS ONE on December 14, 2022.

In the U.S. firearms are involved in 60 percent of suicides and 36 percent of homicides. Understanding historic trends and disparities in firearm death rates is necessary to inform efforts to reduce deaths. However, most previous research on firearm death trends has focused on relatively short timelines or considered homicide or suicide alone.

To gain new insights into firearm death trends, Young and Xiang analyzed U.S. firearm death rate data collected between 1981 and 2020, comparing rates between racial groups and sexes. They sourced the data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)’s WISQARS database for fatal injury and violence.

The researchers found that Black people were most heavily affected by firearm homicide. Firearm homicide rates for Black people were nearly seven times those for white people. Between 2019 and 2020, firearm homicide deaths spiked, and this increase was largest for Black people, at 39 percent. Homicide rates for men were five times higher than for women.

Firearm suicide rates were highest for white people, and for all racial groups except Asian/Pacific Islander, and suicide rates rose between 2019 and 2020. The suicide rate for men was seven times higher than the suicide rate for women.

Between 2011 and 2020, minority populations were most heavily impacted by homicide and suicide in terms of years of potential life lost before age 75—a measure reflecting premature death.

These findings suggest that efforts to prevent firearm suicides and homicides should account for the demographics of people most impacted. The researchers also note that their study highlights the urgency of such efforts and that dismantling structural racism in the U.S. is necessary to address the disparities they found.

The authors note that “over the past 4 decades, firearm injuries disproportionally affect[ed] certain demographic groups in US society,” and add: “United States must treat violence and firearm-related injuries as [a] national health priority.”

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In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS ONEhttps://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0278304

Citation: Young LJ, Xiang H (2022) US racial and sex-based disparities in firearm-related death trends from 1981–2020. PLoS ONE 17(12): e0278304. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278304

Author Countries: USA

Funding: The author(s) received no specific funding for this work.

Gorillas and orangutans may be economically rational but also have pre-existing cognitive biases, according to risk-based decision making experiments

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

Gorillas and orangutans may be economically rational but also have pre-existing cognitive biases, according to risk-based decision making experiments 

IMAGE: ORANGUTAN TRAINING view more 

CREDIT: M. TORBEN WEBER, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

Gorillas and orangutans may be economically rational but also have pre-existing cognitive biases, according to risk-based decision making experiments.

####

Article URL:  https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0278150

Article Title: Rationality and cognitive bias in captive gorillas’ and orang-utans’ economic decision-making

Author Countries: Scotland, Switzerland, Taiwan

Funding: This work was supported with funding by the Swiss National Science Foundation (grant PZ00P3_154741 (CDD), 310030_185324 (KZ), and NCCR Evolving Language (Agreement #51NF40_180888 (KZ)), and the Taipei Medical University (Startup-funding, grant 108-6402-004-112 (CDD)). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Early humans may have first walked upright in the trees

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON

Human bipedalism – walking upright on two legs – may have evolved in trees, and not on the ground as previously thought, according to a new study involving UCL researchers.

In the study, published today in the journal Science Advances, researchers from UCL, the University of Kent, and Duke University, USA, explored the behaviours of wild chimpanzees - our closest living relative - living in the Issa Valley of western Tanzania, within the region of the East African Rift Valley. Known as ‘savanna-mosaic’ - a mix of dry open land with few trees and patches of dense forest - the chimpanzees’ habitat is very similar to that of our earliest human ancestors and was chosen to enable the scientists to explore whether the openness of this type of landscape could have encouraged bipedalism in hominins.

The study is the first of its kind to explore if savanna-mosaic habitats would account for increased time spent on the ground by the Issa chimpanzees, and compares their behaviour to other studies on their solely forest-dwelling cousins in other parts of Africa.

Overall, the study found that the Issa chimpanzees spent as much time in the trees as other chimpanzees living in dense forests, despite their more open habitat, and were not more terrestrial (land-based) as expected.

Furthermore, although the researchers expected the Issa chimpanzees to walk upright more in open savanna vegetation, where they cannot easily travel via the tree canopy, more than 85% of occurrences of bipedalism took place in the trees.

The authors say that their findings contradict widely accepted theories that suggest that it was an open, dry savanna environment that encouraged our prehistoric human relatives to walk upright – and instead suggests that they may have evolved to walk on two feet to move around the trees.

Study co-author Dr Alex Piel (UCL Anthropology) said: “We naturally assumed that because Issa has fewer trees than typical tropical forests, where most chimpanzees live, we would see individuals more often on the ground than in the trees. Moreover, because so many of the traditional drivers of bipedalism (such as carrying objects or seeing over tall grass, for example) are associated with being on the ground, we thought we’d naturally see more bipedalism here as well. However, this is not what we found.

“Our study suggests that the retreat of forests in the late Miocene-Pliocene era around five million years ago and the more open savanna habitats were in fact not a catalyst for the evolution of bipedalism. Instead, trees probably remained essential to its evolution – with the search for food-producing trees a likely a driver of this trait.”

To establish their findings, the researchers recorded more than 13,700 instantaneous observations of positional behaviour from 13 chimpanzee adults (six females and seven males), including almost 2,850 observations of individual locomotor events (e.g., climbing, walking, hanging, etc.), over the course of the 15-month study. They then used the relationship between tree/land-based behaviour and vegetation (forest vs woodland) to investigate patterns of association. Similarly, they noted each instance of bipedalism and whether it was associated with being on the ground or in the trees.

The authors note that walking on two feet is a defining feature of humans when compared to other great apes, who “knuckle walk”. Yet, despite their study, researchers say why humans  alone amongst the apes first began to walk on two feet still remains a mystery.

Study co-author Dr Fiona Stewart (UCL Anthropology) said: “To date, the numerous hypotheses for the evolution of bipedalism share the idea that hominins (human ancestors) came down from the trees and walked upright on the ground, especially in more arid, open habitats that lacked tree cover. Our data do not support that at all.

“Unfortunately, the traditional idea of fewer trees equals more terrestriality (land dwelling) just isn’t borne out with the Issa data. What we need to focus on now is how and why these chimpanzees spend so much time in the trees - and that is what we’ll focus on next on our way to piecing together this complex evolutionary puzzle.”
 

Notes to editors

For more information or to speak to the researchers involved, please contact:

Evie Calder, UCL Media Relations. T: +44 (0)7858 152 143 / +44 20 7679 8557 E: e.calder@ucl.ac.uk

Rhianna C. Drummond-Clarke, Tracy L. Kivell, Lauren Sarringhaus, Fiona A. Stewart, Tatyana Humle and Alex K. Piel (2022) Wild chimpanzee behavior suggests that a savanna-mosaic habitat did not support the emergence of hominin terrestrial bipedalism will be published in Science Advances on Wednesday 14 December 2022 19:00 UK time / 14:00 US Eastern Time and is under a strict embargo until this time.

The DOI for this paper will be http://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add9752.

Additional materials

Dropbox to images with credits and captions: https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fo/k8gf0r2jjwblna92t3z6t/h?dl=0&rlkey=h5c6kvxhterx83ufmxxti3z38

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