Thursday, August 03, 2023

Climate activists drape UK PM Sunak's home in black to protest oil expansion

PTI | | Posted by Sreelakshmi B
Aug 03, 2023 

Four Greenpeace activists climbed onto the roof of Sunak’s constituency home in North Yorkshire and unfolded the black fabric to cover one side of the mansion.

Climate protesters from Greenpeace draped the home of British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in northern England in black cloth on Thursday morning in protest against his recent backing for an expansion of North Sea oil and gas drilling.

Greenpeace activists cover UK PM Rishi Sunak's home with black cloth.(Twitter/Greenpeace UK)
Greenpeace activists cover UK PM Rishi Sunak's home with black cloth.(Twitter/Greenpeace UK)

Four Greenpeace activists climbed onto the roof of Sunak’s sprawling constituency home in Richmond, North Yorkshire, to unfold 200 square metres of "oil-black fabric" to cover one side of the mansion. Two other activists unfurled a banner emblazoned with the words “Rishi Sunak – Oil Profits or Our Future?” on the grass in front of the home.

"Just as wildfires and floods wreck homes and lives around the world, Sunak is committing to a massive expansion of oil and gas drilling,” said Philip Evans, Greenpeace UK’s climate campaigner.

"The experts are clear – we can't afford any new oil and gas, and the fossil fuel industry certainly doesn't need another helping hand in destroying the climate. What we need is a clean, affordable energy system fit for the 21st century. It’s time for Sunak to choose between Big Oil’s profits or our future on a habitable planet,” he said

Sunak, along with wife Akshata Murty and daughters Krishna and Anoushka are currently away on a week-long holiday in California. The local North Yorkshire Police issued a statement to say that its officers had responded to the protest activity at the Prime Minister’s home in Kirby Sigston.

"Officers have contained the area and no one has entered the building. The PM and his family are not at home,” the police said.

Asked about the incident, deputy prime minister Oliver Dowden told the BBC he thought the British people were "sick of these stupid stunts".

Earlier this week, Sunak had unveiled government plans to grant hundreds of new oil and gas licences as part of a drive to make Britain more energy independent.

"We have all witnessed how (Russian President) Putin has manipulated and weaponised energy – disrupting supply and stalling growth in countries around the world. Now more than ever, it’s vital that we bolster our energy security and capitalise on that independence to deliver more affordable, clean energy to British homes and businesses,” Sunak said on Monday.

"Even when we’ve reached net zero in 2050, a quarter of our energy needs will come from oil and gas. But there are those who would rather that it come from hostile states than from the supplies we have here at home. We’re choosing to power up Britain from Britain and invest in crucial industries such as carbon capture and storage, rather than depend on more carbon intensive gas imports from overseas – which will support thousands of skilled jobs, unlock further opportunities for green technologies and grow the economy,” he said.

During a radio show on Wednesday before setting off on holiday, the British Indian leader again defended his plans to say fossil fuels would still be needed as part of the country’s energy mix in future.

"Like most people, they're not eco zealots, they're open to sensible, practical arguments," he said, when asked what his environmentalist daughters make of his plans.

Greenpeace scale Rishi Sunak Yorkshire home to stage protest on his roof



Greenpeace drapes UK leader

Sunak’s home in black fabric over

oil policy

Protest held after the government commits to

granting hundreds of licences for North Sea oil

and gas extraction.

Greenpeace activists protest British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's backing of new oil and gas licences in the North Sea at his private home in Yorkshire on August 3, 2023
[Luca Marino/Greenpeace United Kingdom handout via AFP]

Published On 3 Aug 2023

Greenpeace activists have draped the private home of British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in black fabric, stepping up their campaign against his government’s policy on oil drilling.

A picture posted by Greenpeace UK on the messaging platform X, formerly known as Twitter, showed four protesters atop the property in northern England on Thursday, covering it in swathes of black fabric, while two others hold a banner that reads, “Rishi Sunak – oil profits or our future?”

A source in Sunak’s office told the Reuters news agency that police were in attendance.

“We make no apology for taking the right approach to ensure our energy security, using the resources we have here at home so we are never reliant on aggressors like [Russian President Vladimir] Putin for our energy,” the source said.

Sunak said on Wednesday that he was due to leave the country for a holiday that evening.

Britain adopted the target of reaching net zero carbon emissions by 2050 under former Prime Minister Theresa May in 2019 and was quick to build up its renewable energy capacity.

But campaigners have criticised the government’s record in recent years. On Monday, it committed to granting hundreds of licences for North Sea oil and gas extraction as part of efforts to become more energy independent.

It also approved its first new deep coal mine in decades in December.

Sunak defended his environmental record on Wednesday, saying his government had done a better job than other key countries in cutting carbon emissions.
Need ‘a climate leader, not a climate arsonist’

Greenpeace said four activists climbed onto the roof of the prime minister’s home in Yorkshire to protest against his backing of the expansion of North Sea oil and gas licences.

“We desperately need our prime minister to be a climate leader, not a climate arsonist,” Greenpeace UK said in a statement.

A poll released on Wednesday showed that 67 percent of voters believe the government is handling environmental issues badly, the worst rating since YouGov began tracking public opinion on the issue in mid-2019.


SOURCE: REUTERS



Greenpeace activists climb on roof of Rishi Sunak's family home

Greenpeace activists hold a banner while others cover British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's £2m manor house in oil-black fabric. Reuters

Greenpeace demonstrators draped the country estate of British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak in black fabric Thursday to protest his plan to expand oil and gas drilling in the North Sea. Video posted by the group showed a crew dressed in bright red jumpsuits, helmets, and safety harnesses carrying ladders and climbing onto the roof of the Yorkshire house. They slowly unfurled long black sheets of fabric over the front of the home and held a yellow sign on the roof that read "No New Oil.”

The prime minister was not at home because he is vacationing with his family in California. North Yorkshire police said officers were at the location. Sunak announced on Monday that Britain will grant hundreds of new oil and gas licenses in the North Sea to gain energy independence. The move was widely criticised by environmental groups that have accused the government of backsliding on its pledge to eliminate net carbon emissions by 2050.

As four Greenpeace members were on the roof of the British leader's country house, two others stood on the front lawn holding a banner with the words "Rishi Sunak – Oil Profits or Our Future?” "We desperately need our prime minister to be a climate leader, not a climate arsonist," said Philip Evans of Greenpeace. "Just as wildfires and floods wreck homes and lives around the world, Sunak is committing to a massive expansion of oil and gas drilling." UN scientists and environmental groups have called on global leaders to accelerate the transition away from fossil fuels after a summer of record high temperatures, drought and floods linked to man-made climate change.

Burning oil and gas to power vehicles, factories and electricity generating stations releases huge amounts of carbon dioxide, the main driver of global warming. A statement from Sunak's office defended the prime minister's climate policies. "We make no apology for taking the right approach to ensure our energy security, using the resources we have here at home so we are never reliant on aggressors like (Russian President Vladimir) Putin for our energy,” the statement said.

The protest is one of dozens of high-profile demonstrations in the UK and across Europe by groups that have disrupted sporting events, caused massive traffic jams and performed shocking stunts to draw attention to the climate crisis and try to stop production of fossil fuels.

Associated Press


Newcastle Greenpeace activist

 arrested after protest at Rishi

 Sunak's Yorkshire mansion


Four activists climbed onto the roof of
 Rishi Sunak's mansion to protest plans to "max out" the UK's oil and gas reserves by granting more than 100 new licences for extraction in the North Sea


NEWS
By Sam Blewett and Katie Dickinson,

 Press Association
Daniel Hall
Rural Tourism Reporter
 3 AUG 2023


A Greenpeace activist from Newcastle has been arrested after climbing onto the roof of Rishi Sunak's mansion to criticise his new fossil fuel drilling "frenzy".

Alex Wilson was one of four campaigners who draped the Prime Minister's grade II listed manor house in North Yorkshire with black fabric to "drive home the dangerous consequences" on Thursday morning. Police were "managing the situation" after being called to the family home in Kirby Sigston, near Northallerton, at around 8am after the activists climbed the roof while Mr Sunak and his family holidayed in California.

The group climbed down at about 1.15pm and were spoken to by officers before being loaded in the back of police vans. A former deputy chief constable of North Yorkshire Police said it was a "major breach of security" as he called for an "investigation into how this has been allowed to happen".

Mr Sunak, MP for Richmond, this week unveiled plans to "max out" the UK's oil and gas reserves by granting more than 100 new licences for extraction in the North Sea. He also hinted that the UK's largest untapped oil field, Rosebank, to the west of Shetland, could be approved despite fierce opposition from environmental campaigners.

Climate-conscious Conservatives have joined campaigners to warn against the move, amid concerns it will hinder efforts to reach net-zero by 2050. After using ladders to climb onto the roof, the four activists unfurled black fabric and brandished a banner demanding "no new oil" as they urged Mr Sunak to "be a climate leader, not a climate arsonist."



Greenpeace activists on the roof of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's house in Richmond, North Yorkshire after covering it in black fabric in protest at his backing for expansion of North Sea oil and gas drilling (Image: Danny Lawson/PA Wire)

Protester Alex Wilson, who lives with her partner in Newcastle, released a video message from the roof of Mr Sunak's house, where she said: "We’re all here because Rishi Sunak has opened the door to a new drilling frenzy in the North Sea while large parts of our world are literally on fire. This will be a disaster for the climate."

On the ground, Greenpeace UK climate campaigner Philip Evans defended the action at the PM's home. He told the PA News Agency the group had knocked on the door when they arrived and said "this is a peaceful protest", but there was no answer.

Asked whether it was intrusive to target someone’s home, Mr Evans said: “This is the Prime Minister. He is the one that was standing in Scotland going to drill for every last drop of oil while the world is burning.

“He is personally responsible for that decision and we’re all going to be paying a high price if he goes through with it. It is personal.”

Later, he continued: "Our activists have come down, having delivered their message to the Prime Minister who’s holidaying 5,000 miles away. It’s time for Sunak to decide which side he is on – Big Oil’s profits or our future on a habitable planet?

“By ignoring the stark warnings of his own advisors, energy experts and the UN, and committing to a climate-wrecking drilling frenzy in the North Sea, the Prime Minister is pouring fuel on the wildfires, floods and unprecedented heat waves that are ruining lives and livelihoods right around the world. The buck stops with him, and he must take sole responsibility for the devastation he is unleashing.”

He added: "Our action today was entirely peaceful and we were diligent in ensuring that no one was home and that no damage would be done to the property. We have cooperated fully with the police and the activists have been taken into custody.

"We felt it was important to take this message directly to the Prime Minister’s doorstep today, since it is Sunak himself that has signed off on the decision to grant these licences and it is Sunak who holds the power to reverse this decision. So we ask the Prime Minister once more – Rishi Sunak, whose side are you on – Big Oil’s profits or our future?"

North Yorkshire Police said they had been "responding to reports of protest activity”. A statement added: "Officers have contained the area and no-one has entered the building."

Greenpeace activists are led away by police after they climbed on the roof of Prime Minister Rishi Sunak's house in Richmond, North Yorkshire. (Image: PA)

Peter Walker, the former deputy chief constable of North Yorkshire Police said he was "absolutely astonished" the protesters gained access to the house and called for an investigation, telling LBC Radio: "It is clearly in my view a major breach of security. If free access is being granted to that property, people who wanted to do much more serious things would be able to leave devices or booby traps or something like that, and I really think this is a major failing, and it grieves me to say it because it’s my old police force that has failed."

Oliver Dowden defended the Government's environmental policies and criticised protesters. Speaking on a visit to Able Seaton Port in Hartlepool, he said: "I think what most people would say is ‘can you stop the stupid stunts’, actually what they want to see from Government is action."

He added: "That’s what you’re seeing here today, the world’s largest offshore wind farm being built right here, creating jobs. But at the same time we’re going to need in the coming decades oil and gas as part of our energy mix.


"The question is do we produce it here, where we get more tax, we create more jobs, or do we do what the Labour and others say which is say ‘no more investment in our North Sea oil and gas’?"

Aliia Keans, the senior Tory who chairs the Commons Foreign Affairs Committee, described the action as unacceptable, saying: "Politicians live in the public eye and rightly receive intense scrutiny, but their family homes should not be under assault. Before long, police will need to be stationed outside the home of every MP."

Video credit: Greenpeace.

DR. HO, I PRESUME

TENS machine provides cheaper and non-invasive treatment for sleep apnoea



Peer-Reviewed Publication

KING'S COLLEGE LONDON




A machine commonly used for pain relief has shown to improve breathing in patients with obstructive sleep apnoea, a clinical trial has found.

Results of the TESLA trial, published today in eClinical Medicine by researchers from King’s College London and Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, shows the potential of a new therapeutic option for patients using a transcutaneous electrical stimulation (TENS) machine.

Sleep apnoea affects about 1 billion people worldwide, and millions in the UK. The condition can be frequently associated with snoring; people who are affected stop breathing many times during the night. The condition leaves people excessively sleepy during the day, lacking attention, and sometimes experiencing headaches. People diagnosed with sleep apnoea are advised not to drive when feeling excessively sleepy.

Many people with sleep apnoea may use a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine, which pumps air into a mask you wear over your mouth or nose while you sleep. However, only about 75% of patients adhere to CPAP after 3-months, and after five years of treatment this is down to about 25%. Evidence-based alternatives for CPAP are limited but include a specialised mouth guard which pushes the lower jaw forward - known as a mandibular advancement devices (MAD) - and, in some cases, surgical options.

The TENS machine used in the TESLA trial is a small, battery-operated device that has leads connected to sticky pads called electrodes. It is commonly used to reduce pain from conditions such as arthritis and during labour, but has not been used for people with obstructive sleep apnoea before.

The TESLA trial shows this can be a cheap and non-invasive treatment method in responders. Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea were randomised and set to receive a TENS machine or CPAP. The light and continuous electric stimulation of the machine is enough to keep the airway open while asleep, allowing easy breathing to continue.

Patients treated with TENS showed improvements in nocturnal breathing and a significant reduction of daytime exhaustion.

The trial also shows that this treatment could be considered for patients who do not respond well to CPAP, providing a second line treatment that is cheaper and less time consuming to roll out than current alternatives. 

Professor Joerg Steier, a professor of respiratory and sleep medicine at King’s College London and a consultant from Guy’s & St Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust, said: “Not all patients with obstructive sleep apnoea are able to use CPAP therapy, often because the mask can be uncomfortable and in severe cases can lead to sleep deprivation. Alternatives for CPAP include mandibular advancement devices, and sometimes surgical options like hypoglossal nerve stimulation (HNS) which requires a pre-assessment, surgical implantation, activation and follow up appointments.

“In contrast, a TENS machine is non-invasive, has little side effects, and is cheap. The TESLA trial shows us the potential of a new therapeutic option, transcutaneous electrical stimulation, and it will be interesting to see how the method can be used in clinical practice.”

A multi-centre trial is now being planned to prove efficacy in different healthcare systems.

 

Better coaching to promote a person’s growth


New research suggests more effective approach—for managers, therapists, teachers and parents

Peer-Reviewed Publication

CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY

Anthony "Tony" Jack 

IMAGE: ANTHONY "TONY" JACK view more 

CREDIT: CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY




CLEVELAND—What if there was a more effective way to coach and inspire your employees? Athletes? Students? Even your kids?

A new study by a team of researchers from Case Western Reserve University suggests there is.

Their newly published work used neuroimaging to peer into the brains of participants as they responded to two different styles of coaching. The researchers wanted to see what happens in the brain that either helps people grow or causes them to resist change.

“You could say it’s about how we get around the problem that you can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink,” said Anthony “Tony” Jack, the Elmer G. Beamer - Hubert H. Schneider Chair in Ethics and an associate professor in philosophy at Case Western Reserve and the study’s lead researcher.

Jack was joined by Richard Boyatzis, Distinguished University Professor and professor in the departments of organizational behavior, psychology and cognitive science at Case Western Reserve; and Case Western Reserve PhD graduate Angela Passarelli, now an associate professor of management at the College of Charleston.

All three are members of the Coaching Research Lab at Case Western Reserve’s Weatherhead School of Management.

“This work applies to all helping roles and professionals,” Boyatzis said, “from therapists, physicians, nurses, clerics, managers, teachers, faculty, social workers, dental professionals, and, yes, even parents.”

“Many who seek to help, conflate helping with fixing problems,” Passarelli said. “This research demonstrates that when we begin helping interactions by doubling down on someone’s immediate problems, we inadvertently constrain their ability to see future possibilities—and this undermines the very intention of helping.”

The study

The study involved 47 full-time Case Western Reserve undergraduates. Each had a series of 30-minute coaching sessions before entering a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. The researchers examined brain function to compare what is described in psychology as a person’s “ideal self”—the person you’d like to be—with their “real self”—the person you actually are.  

An example of ideal self would be, “I am excited about the possibilities my future holds;” and real self: “I am afraid I will not achieve what is expected of me.”

The researchers used fMRI to reveal neural activity while subjects engaged in coaching and visual attention tasks. Face-to-face coaching sessions were conducted before the fMRI scan. All subjects had one coaching session focused on the real self and were randomly assigned to a varying number of ideal-self coaching sessions.

The coaching task simulated ideal and real self-based coaching interactions in a video-conference-style interaction between the participant and the coaches.

Each of the subjects was presented 96 pre-recorded videos of the coaches making statements about the participant’s educational experience or outlook on the future. The statements were developed around the themes of hope, compassion, mindfulness and playfulness in the ideal-self condition and lack thereof in the real-self condition. Subjects indicated the degree to which they agreed or disagreed with each statement.

The study built on neuroimaging research by the same team 10 years ago. Both studies used neuroscience to test aspects of Boyatzis’ Intentional Change Theory, a multi-level theory of how to achieve sustained, desired change for individuals to teams, organizations, communities and countries.

Their findings…and how to make them work for you

The researchers found something surprising that most typical coaching approaches fail to appreciate. They saw evidence of conflict between these two different ways of thinking about ourselves. This insight matters because it shows how easily "shoulds" and other self-critical thoughts can get in the way of developing a strong vision of our ideal self.

To set ourselves on a path to personal development, we need to recognize these kinds of negative thoughts create defensiveness and resistance to change, the researchers concluded.

Individuals whose ideal self is salient are better able to scan the broad environment and perceive emerging themes, the researchers asserted. They experience more positive emotion, are more open to new ideas and possess more sustained intrinsic motivation.

“Many think the best way to get others—and themselves—to change is to use some combination of carrot and stick, for instance by sandwiching a criticism with compliments,” Jack said. “These findings show why it works better to get the individual to focus first and foremost on their dreams and aspirations for the future.”

Once someone has developed a clear vision of their ideal self, he said, they become willing and eager to grow instead of willful, resistant and prone to denial.

“Many managers overestimate the importance of telling their employees about their strengths and weaknesses. The real trick is to help someone get to a place where they are actively seeking feedback for themselves,” Jack said. “Companies, coaches and managers who want people to change must hold their tongue about what they think needs fixing. Instead, they must put their faith in the individual's intrinsic desire to grow and allow them to direct their own development process. Otherwise, they are likely to hit a wall of psychological resistance.”

                                                                        ###

Case Western Reserve University is one of the country's leading private research institutions. Located in Cleveland, we offer a unique combination of forward-thinking educational opportunities in an inspiring cultural setting. Our leading-edge faculty engage in teaching and research in a collaborative, hands-on environment. Our nationally recognized programs include arts and sciences, dental medicine, engineering, law, management, medicine, nursing and social work. About 6,000 undergraduate and 6,300 graduate students comprise our student body. Visit case.edu to see how Case Western Reserve thinks beyond the possible.

 

Robots cause company profits to fall – at least at first


Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE


Researchers have found that robots can have a ‘U-shaped’ effect on profits: causing profit margins to fall at first, before eventually rising again.

The researchers, from the University of Cambridge, studied industry data from the UK and 24 other European countries between 1995 and 2017, and found that at low levels of adoption, robots have a negative effect on profit margins. But at higher levels of adoption, robots can help increase profits.

According to the researchers, this U-shaped phenomenon is due to the relationship between reducing costs, developing new processes and innovating new products. While many companies first adopt robotic technologies to decrease costs, this ‘process innovation’ can be easily copied by competitors, so at low levels of robot adoption, companies are focused on their competitors rather than on developing new products. However, as levels of adoption increase and robots are fully integrated into a company’s processes, the technologies can be used to increase revenue by innovating new products.

In other words, firms using robots are likely to focus initially on streamlining their processes before shifting their emphasis to product innovation, which gives them greater market power via the ability to differentiate from their competitors. The results are reported in the journal IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management.

Robots have been widely used in industry since the 1980s, especially in sectors where they can carry out physically demanding, repetitive tasks, such as automotive assembly. In the decades since, the rate of robot adoption has increased dramatically and consistently worldwide, and the development of precise, electrically controlled robots makes them particularly useful for high-value manufacturing applications requiring greater precision, such as electronics.

While robots have been shown to reliably raise labour productivity at an industry or country level, what has been less studied is how robots affect profit margins at a similar macro scale.

“If you look at how the introduction of computers affected productivity, you actually see a slowdown in productivity growth in the 1970s and early 1980s, before productivity starts to rise again, which it did until the financial crisis of 2008,” said co-author Professor Chander Velu from Cambridge’s Institute for Manufacturing. “It’s interesting that a tool meant to increase productivity had the opposite effect, at least at first. We wanted to know whether there is a similar pattern with robotics.”

“We wanted to know whether companies were using robots to improve processes within the firm, rather than improve the whole business model,” said co-author Dr Philip Chen. “Profit margin can be a useful way to analyse this.”

The researchers examined industry-level data for 25 EU countries (including the UK, which was a member at the time) between 1995 and 2017. While the data did not drill down to the level of individual companies, the researchers were able to look at whole sectors, primarily in manufacturing where robots are commonly used.

The researchers then obtained robotics data from the International Federation of Robotics (IFR) database. By comparing the two sets of data, they were able to analyse the effect of robotics on profit margins at a country level.

“Intuitively, we thought that more robotic technologies would lead to higher profit margins, but the fact that we see this U-shaped curve instead was surprising,” said Chen.

“Initially, firms are adopting robots to create a competitive advantage by lowering costs,” said Velu. “But process innovation is cheap to copy, and competitors will also adopt robots if it helps them make their products more cheaply. This then starts to squeeze margins and reduce profit margin.”

The researchers then carried out a series of interviews with an American medical equipment manufacturer to study their experiences with robot adoption.

“We found that it’s not easy to adopt robotics into a business – it costs a lot of money to streamline and automate processes,” said Chen.

“When you start bringing more and more robots into your process, eventually you reach a point where your whole process needs to be redesigned from the bottom up,” said Velu. “It’s important that companies develop new processes at the same time as they’re incorporating robots, otherwise they will reach this same pinch point.”

The researchers say that if companies want to reach the profitable side of the U-shaped curve more quickly, it’s important that the business model is adapted concurrently with robot adoption. Only after robots are fully integrated into the business model can companies fully use the power of robotics to develop new products, driving profits.

A related piece of work being led by the Institute for Manufacturing is a community programme to help small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEEs) to adopt digital technologies including robotics in a low-cost, low-risk way. “Incremental and step changes in this area enable SMEs to get the benefits of cost reduction as well as margin improvements from new products,” said co-author Professor Duncan McFarlane.

The research was supported by the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC), which are both part of UK Research and Innovation (UKRI). Chander Velu is a Fellow of Selwyn College, Cambridge.

 

Scientists view the “transition state” of a photochemical reaction in real-time


Researchers used ultrafast electron diffraction to image the structure of the pericyclic minimum, the “transition state” of electrocyclic reactions.


Peer-Reviewed Publication

DOE/US DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Scientists View the “Transition State” of a Photochemical Reaction in Real-Time 

IMAGE: ARTIST’S ILLUSTRATION OF THE OBSERVED PHOTOCHEMICAL “TRANSITION STATE” STRUCTURE (CENTER). THIS STATE LASTS LESS THAN ONE MILLIONTH OF ONE MILLIONTH OF A SECOND. view more 

CREDIT: IMAGE COURTESY OF GREG STEWART, SLAC NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY




The Science

In chemical reactions, molecules proceed during their transformation from reactants into reaction products through a critical geometry. In chemistry, geometry refers to the arrangement of atoms in a molecule. Scientists often call critical geometry in reactions a transition state. This state has an almost incomprehensibly short lifetime of less than one millionth of one millionth of a second. Scientists recently captured a critical geometry using the ultra-high speed “electron camera” at SLAC. In combination with quantum simulations of the reaction, this allowed researchers to identify the critical structure as one end of the molecule bending away from the rest of the molecule.

The Impact

Chemists use the reaction investigated in this study, a so-called electrocyclic reaction, because it generates very specific reaction products. These products can be predicted by the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. These rules received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1981 and are taught to every organic chemist during their undergraduate education. However, the rules do not give a detailed answer why reactions generate only specific reaction products. The new results help to address this open question. Additionally, they open a path for researchers to create new rules for other types of reactions. This can help make organic chemistry a more powerful tool.

Summary

Electrocyclic reactions are characterized by the simultaneous formation and dissociation of multiple chemical bonds through one critical geometry. In the case of alpha-terpinene, the molecule studied in this project, two double bonds and one single bond are transformed into three double bonds. The synchronization of these processes and the single critical configuration ensure their stereospecificity, a characteristic that makes them an important tool for synthetic chemistry. The stereospecificity can be predicted by the well-known Woodward-Hoffmann rules.

The present study investigated a photochemical (i.e., light-triggered) electrocyclic ring-opening reaction with a combination of ultrafast electron diffraction and simulations of the reaction dynamics in alpha-terpinene. The Woodward-Hoffmann rules predict that the stereospecificity of the reaction in alpha-terpinene is ensured by a rotation of the ends of the emerging chain-like reaction product away from each other in the same clockwise or counter-clockwise direction. The new results suggest that the origins of the stereospecificity do not lie in the exact nature of the motion. Instead, the stereospecificity is determined by the fact that the change from two to three double bonds has largely already happened when the molecule assumes the critical geometry. The single bond dissociation, which leads to the opening of the alpha-terpinene ring, happens later, during the transformation of the molecule from the critical geometry to the reaction products.

 

Funding

This work was supported by the AMOS program in the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division. MeV-UED is operated as part of the Linac Coherent Light Source at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, supported in part by the DOE Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, SUF Division Accelerator and Detector R&D program, the LCLS Facility, and SLAC. Study coauthor David Sanchez was supported by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

 

Researchers develop smartphone app that reliably recognizes physical signs of stroke



Reports and Proceedings

SOCIETY OF NEUROINTERVENTIONAL SURGERY



SAN DIEGO—Today at the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery’s (SNIS) 20th Annual Meeting, researchers discussed a smartphone app created that reliably recognizes patients’ physical signs of stroke with the power of machine learning.

 

In the study, “Smartphone-Enabled Machine Learning Algorithms for Autonomous Stroke Detection,” researchers from the UCLA David Geffen School of Medicine and multiple medical institutions in Bulgaria used data from 240 patients with stroke at four metropolitan stroke centers. Within 72 hours of the start of the patients’ symptoms, researchers used smartphones to record videos of patients and test their arm strength in order to detect patients’ facial asymmetry, arm weakness, and speech changes—all classic stroke signs.

 

To evaluate facial asymmetry, the study authors used machine learning to analyze 68 facial landmark points. To test arm weakness, the team used data from a smartphone’s standard internal 3D accelerometer, gyroscope, and magnetometer. To determine speech changes, researchers used mel-frequency cepstral coefficients, a typical sound recognition method that translates sound waves into images, to compare normal and slurred speech patterns. They then tested the app using neurologists’ reports and brain scan data, finding that the app was sensitive and specific enough to diagnose stroke accurately in nearly all cases.

 

“It’s exciting to think how this app and the emerging technology of machine learning will help more patients identify stroke symptoms upon onset,” said Dr. Radoslav Raychev, a vascular and interventional neurologist from UCLA’s David Geffen School of Medicine. “Quickly and accurately assessing symptoms is imperative to ensure that people with stroke survive and regain independence. We hope the deployment of this app changes lives and the field of stroke care.”

 

To receive a copy of this abstract or to speak with the study authors, please contact Camille Jewell at cjewell@vancomm.com or at 202-248-5460.

 

About the Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery

The Society of NeuroInterventional Surgery (SNIS) is a scientific and educational association dedicated to advancing the specialty of neurointerventional surgery through research, standard-setting, and education and advocacy to provide the highest quality of patient care in diagnosing and treating diseases of the brain, spine, head, and neck. Visit www.snisonline.org and follow us on Twitter (@SNISinfo) and Facebook (@SNISOnline).

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Scientists dig into wildfire predictions, long-term impacts


Peer-Reviewed Publication

DOE/OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY

Fernanda Santos soil sampling 

IMAGE: ORNL’S FERNANDA SANTOS EXAMINES A SOIL SAMPLE AT AN NGEE ARCTIC FIELD SITE IN THE ALASKAN TUNDRA IN JUNE 2022. view more 

CREDIT: AMY BREEN, UNIVERSITY OF ALASKA FAIRBANKS




Wildfires are an ancient force shaping the environment, but they have grown in frequency, range and intensity in response to a changing climate. At the Department of Energy’s Oak Ridge National Laboratory, scientists are working on several fronts to better understand and predict these events and what they mean for the carbon cycle and biodiversity.

Two months into the 2023 peak summer fire season from June through August, Canadian wildfires had burned more than 25 million acres of land, disrupted the lives of millions and spread beyond the traditional confines of western Canada east to Nova Scotia. The phenomenon attracted renewed attention as smoke drifted to heavily populated regions, turning the New York City skyline orange and drifting across the Atlantic Ocean to Europe by late June.

Understanding the many risks and impacts of wildfires is at the heart of several projects at ORNL. Henriette “Yetta” Jager, an ORNL scientist whose research sits at the intersection of energy and ecology, has studied how selective forest thinning can both remove fuel for wildfires and provide plant material for conversion into biofuels.

“It’s a complex topic,” Jager said. “The science is showing that although it may be difficult to remove undergrowth and thin trees in some roadless areas, simply leaving old growth forest alone may cause more harm than good. For at-risk species such as spotted owls, letting fuel build up can cause larger and more widespread fires that can be worse in the long run.”

Jager has worked with colleagues to build a framework that can support decision-making around forest-thinning practices, landscape patterns and even spatial firefighting tactics. Results of their work could be used to protect terrestrial and aquatic species that need safe passage to move away from wildfire and then return later.

“Wildfire disturbance is a part of nature, and species are adapted to it, but we’re in a different situation now with climate change,” Jager said. “There are going to be big shifts in when these fires happen, their size and severity, which will cause big shifts in vegetation and new impacts on animal species.

“By continuing our research, we can help forest managers plan for these shifts.”

Unearthing data in the carbon-rich Arctic tundra

Advancing the understanding of wildfire effects on the carbon cycle is a focus for ORNL scientist Fernanda Santos. She studies not only single events, but also repeated wildfires over decades. She examines what these fires portend for the land’s ability to lock away carbon. And, conversely, her work evaluates how fires can become a source of carbon emissions during wildfires and potentially intensify the warming cycle. The world’s soils hold more than 3 gigatons of carbon — triple the amount in the atmosphere — and roughly 70% of the top layer of all soils has been exposed to fire at some point.

Her research illuminates the anticipated changes as the land evolves in response to fire. “A lot of people think of evolution as something that happens over centuries,” Santos said. “But the idea of rapid evolution, including how plants and soil microbiomes rapidly adapt to increased fires, is relatively new. Will we see more or less biodiversity after repeated fires? Ultimately, we want to know how fire affects these environments, including belowground.”

Fire affects plant functional traits as well as the diversity and function of microbes and other organisms in and around the soil that can alter plant and soil quality, Fernanda and colleagues said in a special issue of Functional Ecology examining knowledge gaps in the study of wildfire evolutionary impacts. Changes in wildfire regimes related to a hotter climate, like greater recurrence and severity, have been reported to accelerate the transition from tree- to shrub-dominated ecosystems, for instance. Fire’s evolutionary influence can be seen in the selection of plants with traits such as thicker bark and fast germination and resprouting and can result in less plant diversity.

The scientists also pointed to the need for more research into how fire may affect plant-fungal interactions in forests. More severe and repeated wildfire may also impact the sensory cues that animals, including insects, pollinators and herbivores, typically use to avoid fire and result in additional implications for biodiversity in a changing climate, the scientists said.

At ORNL, Santos works on projects like the DOE Next-Generation Ecosystem Experiments Arctic, or NGEE Arctic, performing experiments and collecting observational data to better understand changes happening in Arctic ecosystems. She concentrates on disturbance ecology — what events such as wildfires and pest outbreaks mean for the environment and future climate feedbacks. She examines the organic and inorganic chemistry of the Arctic topsoil,  which helps insulate the tundra’s carbon-rich permafrost layer.

Refining large-scale climate simulations

Santos is also helping refine large-scale simulations of the Earth’s climate, such as DOE’s Energy Exascale Earth System Model, to better represent different forms of carbon like charred biomass — soot and charcoal — that result from wildfire. E3SM is supported by the DOE Office of Science’s Biological and Environmental Research Program and spans eight national labs, including ORNL. The model runs on the world’s fastest supercomputers, providing highly advanced simulations to better predict environmental change that could affect the energy sector.

All of that work depends on the quality and quantity of observational and experimental data. To enhance wildfire- related datasets, Santos and ORNL colleague Jiafu Mao have launched a Fire Community Database Network to encourage scientists and land managers to submit environmental data on burned areas to a central repository. Sharing such information can not only improve research, but also inform land management practices, the scientists said.

Wildfires consume not only the biomass of plants and trees, but can also result in the release of carbon that has been stored in soils for years or centuries, Santos said. “Our work in the Arctic is focused on a better understanding of what may happen in these carbon-rich soils in higher latitudes like Alaska and Canada. We model and predict the land carbon cycle, and I’m focused on helping decrease the uncertainty in those models with field data about historical fires.”

More detail on ORNL’s modeling and simulation work around wildfire is available in this recent article.

Support for the projects comes from the DOE BER program, the DOE Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy’s Bioenergy Technologies Office, and ORNL Laboratory Directed Research and Development.

UT-Battelle manages ORNL for DOE’s Office of Science, the single largest supporter of basic research in the physical sciences in the United States. The Office of Science is working to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time. For more information, please visit energy.gov/science

A NASA satellite image from June 8, 2022, reflects smoke and red “hot spots” of wildfire resulting from more than a dozen active fires in southwest Alaska, as the largest tundra fire on record at the time burned hundreds of thousands of acres in the Yukon Delta.

CREDIT

NASA MODIS