Causes of traumatic brain injury vary widely worldwide, study finds

First-of-its-kind global study points to public health approach to protect against brain injuries

Oregon Health & Science University

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Tens of millions of people suffer from traumatic brain injury every year worldwide, with almost 5 million deaths. Yet when it comes to improving clinical outcomes, new research suggests the solution lies far outside hospital operating rooms.

The first-of-its-kind global study led by researchers at Oregon Health & Science University was published today in the journal Nature Medicine.

The study relied upon medical school students to gather data involving more than 2,000 patients from 100 hospitals in 29 countries from 2019 to 2022. They found motor vehicle crashes accounted for the biggest single cause of traumatic brain injury globally, although causes varied by country. For example, the study found high rates of traumatic brain injuries from ground-level falls among older adults in wealthier countries.

“You can’t solve a global brain injury crisis in operating rooms alone,” said senior author Ahmed Raslan, M.D., chair of neurological surgery in the OHSU School of Medicine. “This study shows the importance of fixing the systems that surround us.”

Paradoxically, the study found lower rates of traumatic brain injury in less-developed countries than in more industrialized countries. That may be related to the lack of easy access to medical care, especially in rural areas where critically injured people may not survive long enough to make it to a hospital.

“If it takes two hours to get to a hospital in wealthy countries, it can take five days in some low-income countries,” Raslan said.

‘Preventing the injury in the first place’

Previous research delved into effectiveness of various clinical and surgical approaches to treat traumatic brain injuries. Even as surgical and medical teams are continuing to improve care for these patients, the new study is among the first to define injury patterns, care practices and outcomes across countries measured by their human development index accounting for measures like income, education and gross domestic product.

The study suggests the importance of improving infrastructure such as roads and encouraging use of helmets, said lead author Joseph Nugent M.D., M.P.H. M.H.S., a fourth-year resident neurosurgeon at OHSU.

Nugent previously worked as a paramedic in Baltimore while studying public health at Johns Hopkins University’s Bloomberg School of Public Health. He subsequently transitioned to a career as a neurosurgeon.

He was gratified that the study suggests an approach rooted in principles of public health — better roads, improved emergency services, encouraging the use of helmets — will be needed to reduce the global scourge of traumatic brain injuries.

“When I was a paramedic, I brought countless patients to the hospital with traumatic brain injuries,” he said. “Skilled neurosurgeons can accomplish a lot, but my fire department and public health mentors showed me the best way to optimize outcomes for trauma is to direct efforts toward preventing the injury in the first place.”

Strategies to reduce traumatic brain injuries will vary from country to country, researchers said. For example, ground-level falls are the single most common cause of traumatic injury treated at OHSU Hospital.

“We could reduce a lot of mortality from traumatic brain injuries in Oregon if we could make sure that frail people don’t fall,” Raslan said. “Prevention strategies may differ in other countries where young people in motor vehicle accidents account for the largest share of injuries. The gaps are not the same in every country, and policymakers need to design solutions based on their own needs.”

The research project was supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences of the National Institutes of Health, grant award UL1TR002369. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the NIH.

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Journal

Nature Medicine

DOI

10.1038/s41591-026-04600-6 

Method of Research

Data/statistical analysis

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Traumatic brain injury outcomes across human development index strata in 29 countries

Article Publication Date

19-Aug-2026

US Military Morale in the Middle East Is in the Overflowing Toilet

Rotten food, no room in the incoming missile shelters, confiscation of alert notification devices for incoming missiles (cellphones), infrequent mail, jumping off aircraft carriers, overflowing toilets... military families speak out for their loved ones, again and again.



In this handout released by the US Navy, aircraft are staged for flight operations on the flight deck of the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) in support of Operation Epic Fury on March 2, 2026 at sea.
(Photo by US Navy via Getty Images)

Ann Wright
Aug 14, 2026

Common Dreams


Rotten food, overflowing toilets into bunking areas, no room in the incoming missile shelters, confiscated cellphones that are the notification devices for incoming missiles, infrequent mail, social media closed down, were some of the issues that military families identified at the national conference of Veterans For Peace.

Spouses and parents of Air Force, Army, Marine, and Navy members told of plummeting morale, lack of basic supplies, and attacks on US military bases that are not reported in the US media

The frustration of the military families at the VFP conference echoed the descriptions of life on US military bases in the Middle East under attack by the Iranian response to the brutal US-Israeli five-month attack on Iran made by military families who met with the acting assistant secretary of the Navy and the commander of the US Pacific Fleet in San Diego on August 6, 2026.
Big Problems on Long Deployments for US Naval Vessels, Ships’ Infrastructure, and Sailors’ Physical and Mental Health

On August 6, 2026, the Navy’s senior leadership held listening sessions with the families of aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln‘s sailors—one in-person session in San Diego, and a second online session later the same evening. Family members leaked recordings of those sessions that described conditions aboard the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln: showers plagued with stubborn mildew, flagging morale, heavy fatigue, shortages of supplies and food, contaminated water supplies, and lost mail.

US troops suffered shrapnel wounds, broken bones, smoke inhalation, and other injuries. But one category appeared far more often than any other: head trauma.

Since departing from Naval Base San Diego on November 21, 2025, the USS Abraham Lincoln and its crew of 5,000 sailors and Marines has been deployed more than 250 days, with only a stop in Guam in December and a brief visit in Oman in June after 208 days at sea.

A second aircraft carrier USS Gerald R. Ford had similar problems when it sailed from the Caribbean to the Middle East after being off Venezuela in the kidnapping of Venezuelan President Nicolas Maduro and his wife in January 2026. During that deployment, the ship’s toilets kept failing, with sewage often overflowing and spilling onto the floor. Additionally, a fire broke out in the laundry room, causing enough damage that the Ford went into a port on the Greek island of Crete for repairs.

More than 200 sailors were treated for smoke inhalation, with one sailor medically evacuated from the carrier, after being injured in the damage control effort. Two others were treated for lacerations.

The smoke damage from the laundry room fire extended to the berthing. More than 100 bunks and personal gear were destroyed in the fire.

Articles in Stars and Stripes and the Navy Times detail at least six attempts by crew members to jump overboard from the USS Abraham Lincoln, with interviews conducted with sailors and families of those on board who described the impacts of the lengthy deployment.
USS Abraham Lincoln Sailor’s Father Proposes ‘Parent Swap’ To Replace His Son

One parent was fed up with the conditions his son is living under. On August 13, Jefferson Kelley, the father of a USS Abraham Lincoln sailor wrote to his U.S. Sen. Bernie Moreno (R-Ohio) asking Moreno to make an official inquiry to the US Navy to see if he could do a “parent swap” with his son, Jackson, 20, due to the terrible conditions aboard the USS Abraham Lincoln.

Kelley said he had not been asked by his son to make the swap, but he had read of the conditions on the aircraft carrier that included food rations, safety concerns, water contamination, and poor mental health, which has purportedly led to some sailors attempting to jump overboard during the 250 days at sea and felt that he as a parent should share the burden.

Kelley had not discussed his proposal with his son, before writing to the Senator, which may make his son’s remaining time on the aircraft carrier more difficult than it already is!
Army and Marine Ground Forces Under Missile Attacks

Families of US ground forces on the US military bases scattered all over the Middle East describe overcrowding to no room in shelters against incoming missiles and command’s confiscating of cellphones that are the notification devices for incoming missiles.

The US military says that Iran watches social media postings of attacks and to prevent such postings, cellphones may be taken away, but families respond that notification of incoming missile attacks is by cellphone.

According to the news outlet War Horse, the only public source for injuries during the US attack on Iran is the Defense Casualty Analysis System, which provides monthly totals for the War on Iran with limited demographic data.

More than 400 casualties (nonlethal) were recorded in the first month between February 28 and April 8 of the US attack on Iran, with Army personnel accounting for most of the casualties.

More than 270 of the roughly 400 casualties (nonlethal) were Army soldiers, and about one-third of those were reservists. Enlisted soldiers accounted for most Army casualties, including 57 sergeants and 53 specialists. But also wounded were 64 Army officers, including 20 captains, and 13 lieutenant colonels or colonels.

The Navy reported 64 casualties, none of whom were classified as seriously injured. The Air Force recorded 51 casualties, and the Marine Corps recorded 19. Unlike the Army, the other branches did not list the type or cause of injury.

US troops suffered shrapnel wounds, broken bones, smoke inhalation, and other injuries. But one category appeared far more often than any other: head trauma.
Hundreds of Troops Suffering From Head Trauma

A large portion of the wounded suffering from head trauma has led some military health experts to worry that traumatic brain injuries—caused by damage to the brain that can impact thinking, movement, and emotion—could become the signature injury of this war, as in the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
18 US troops have been killed and 624 wounded Since February 28

The Pentagon has attempted to reduce the accounting on the number of US military killed or wounded in the war on Iran by separating those killed or wounded before the May 1 ceasefire and after. The total killed and wounded before and after the ceasefire are 18 US troops have been killed and 624 wounded since the US began its war against Iran on February 28.

Senate Armed Services Committee Finally Getting Involved

The US Congress is finally getting involved. On August 12, 2026, Sen. Richard Blumenthal (D-Conn.), a member of the Armed Services Committee, wrote a letter to Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth and the acting secretary of the Navy to express “serious concern” about the increasing length of deployments and demand answers about living conditions aboard the carrier.

“There have been widespread reports of shortages of basic supplies, water contamination, plumbing issues, deteriorating mental health, deck safety concerns,” aboard the ship, he said in the letter, as well as “disruptions in the mail system, which have caused many care packages in route to the ship to be lost in transit for months.”

Blumenthal’s letter ends with six questions for Hegseth and the Department of Defense to answer concerning conditions on the USS Abraham Lincoln and a call to treatment servicewomen and men properly:
The men and women aboard the Lincoln have answered the call to serve their country. The Department owes them not only adequate supplies, maintenance, and support during this deployment, but a sustainable force-generation model that does not rely on repeatedly extending sailors and ships to meet persistent operational demands.

Our servicemembers deserve nothing less than the full support of their government—and the American people deserve a military strategy that is worthy of the sacrifices we ask them to make.


Update: This article has been edited to include a new section, “USS Abraham Lincoln Sailor’s Father Proposes ‘Parent Swap’ To Replace His Son.”


Our work is licensed under Creative Commons (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0). Feel free to republish and share widely.


Ann Wright
Ann Wright is a 29 year US Army/Army Reserves veteran who retired as a Colonel and a former US diplomat who resigned in March 2003 in opposition to the war on Iraq. She served in Nicaragua, Grenada, Somalia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Sierra Leone, Micronesia and Mongolia. In December 2001 she was on the small team that reopened the US Embassy in Kabul, Afghanistan. She is the co-author of the book "Dissent: Voices of Conscience."
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Survey shows Americans want to start brain health habits earlier

A new national survey commissioned by The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center finds most U.S. adults believe brain health habits should begin before age 40.

Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

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A new national survey from The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center finds most U.S. adults believe brain health protective habits should begin before age 40. Douglas Scharre, MD, the medical director of the Center for Cognitive and Memory Disorders, says simple, age-specific habits in your 20s, 30s and 40s, including regular exercise, quality sleep, a Mediterranean diet, socializing, puzzles and playing an instrument, can help delay memory decline for years.

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Credit: The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

Key takeaways 

• A survey commissioned by The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center found 60% of Americans want to prioritize brain health earlier in life but don’t know how. 

• Ohio State neurologist Douglas Scharre, MD, says regular exercise, quality sleep, healthy eating and strong social connections can help support long-term brain health.

• The SAGE test can help detect early memory and thinking changes when treatment may be most effective.

COLUMBUS, Ohio – A new national survey commissioned by The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center finds most U.S. adults believe brain health habits should begin before age 40. 

The survey of 1,000 adults found that 60% want to prioritize brain health earlier in life but don’t know how. 

Even people with no family history or signs of memory or thinking problems, dementia or Alzheimer’s disease are starting to take steps to protect their brain health, said neurologist Douglas Scharre, MD, medical director of Ohio State’s Center for Cognitive and Memory Disorders.

“Middle-aged or younger will be a perfect time to start brain healthy habits,” said Scharre, who also is a professor of neurology at Ohio State College of Medicine. “Once you start working on your brain health, it could provide a more robust brain reserve which could delay the time to when you may develop memory issues, such as forgetting your keys.”

Scharre suggests these brain boosting habits at any age to help fight cognitive decline:

• Exercising consistently.

• Getting enough good sleep. 

• Eating a Mediterranean-style diet that includes fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and healthy oils such as olive oil.

• Socializing with family and friends. 

• Keeping your mind active through puzzles, games, music or learning a new language.

“Use it or lose it,” Scharre said. “The mental activity of socializing is wonderful for the brain. You are conversing with someone. You're reading their facial expressions. Are they bored with you? Did they like what you said? You are listening to and comprehending a story they are telling. You remember a better story that you tell them. You engage in a nice discourse. You're going to use your brain to pull out your memories. You're going to make judgments. Your brain is working.” 

By age 65, Scharre recommends that people without a family history of memory problems begin routine brain health screenings such as the Self-Administered Gerocognitive Examination (SAGE test) that he developed. 

The test is designed to identify early signs of memory or thinking problems. It measures thinking skills and helps doctors understand how well a person’s brain is functioning.

Finding memory and thinking problems early is important, especially as new treatments for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease become available. An estimated 7.4 million Americans are living with this disease according to a report by the national Alzheimer’s Association. 

“Then if there's any abnormality in your test scores, you can talk to your provider and check for causes of your cognitive issues and find a diagnosis,” Scharre said. 

The test cannot confirm Alzheimer’s disease, but it gives doctors a starting point for tracking memory and thinking skills over time. Taking the test again later helps doctors track changes in memory and thinking skills.

Those with a family history of cognitive problems at an early age could start taking cognitive tests themselves sooner than age 65, Scharre said. 

If screening tests suggest a problem, doctors may order other tests, including MRI scans or blood tests, to look for potential causes such as stroke or thyroid issues.

“What usually happens is people just deny, delay and three or four years later, they're getting worse and have not received treatments,” Scharre said. “Some newer Alzheimer’s treatments may help slow the disease, but they work best when started early. If you wait too long, they're not going to help.”

People can take the SAGE test whenever they notice memory or thinking concerns. The test comes in four versions so people can take a different form 6-12 months later for their recheck and will not become familiar with the answers. The 11-question test measures several thinking skills, including memory, language, problem-solving and other abilities related to daily life.

Scharre worked with BrainTest Inc. SEZC who developed an exact digital version of the SAGE test that has been validated as equivalent to the SAGE test.

No matter your age, Scharre, in addition, urges people to protect their brains from traumatic injuries by wearing helmets and seatbelts and avoiding high-impact sports. 

“You only get one brain,” Scharre said. 

Test your cognitive abilities
Access SAGE or BrainTest at wexnermedical.osu.edu/SAGE
Access BrainTest at BrainTest.com 

Disclosure
Scharre is a member of the Scientific Advisory Board and is Head of Medical Affairs for BrainTest.

Survey Methodology 

This study was conducted by SSRS on its Opinion Panel Omnibus platform. The SSRS Opinion Panel Omnibus is a national, twice-per-month, probability-based survey. Data collection was conducted from May 14 – May 18, 2026, among a sample of 1,004 respondents. The survey was conducted via web (n=974) and telephone (n=30) and administered in English. The margin of error for total respondents is +/-3.5 percentage points at the 95% confidence level. All SSRS Opinion Panel Omnibus data are weighted to represent the target population of U.S. adults ages 18 or older.

This report provides information about the sampling procedures and the methods used to collect, process, and weight data for this study.

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Method of Research

Survey

Subject of Research

People

 

Linda Barber, a 72-year-old patient at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio, walks her dog around the block. Regular exercise is one of many ways Barber works to keep her brain healthy after her early-stage Alzheimer’s disease diagnosis.

Credit

The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

 

Douglas Scharre, MD, prepares a brain health presentation at The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center in Columbus, Ohio. Through his behavioral neurology practice, Dr. Scharre helps patients identify warning signs of cognitive decline and make meaningful changes through sleep, diet, exercise and medication.

Credit

The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center

 

Traumatic brain injury in Pakistan linked to poor long-term survival

Weill Cornell Medicine

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Dr. Junaid Razzak

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Credit: Weill Cornell Medicine

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) in Pakistan is associated with a high risk of death and disability long after the initial injury, even in mild to moderate cases, according to two new studies in JAMA Network Open led by Weill Cornell Medicine researchers. While most TBIs occur in low- and middle-income countries due to road traffic accidents, long-term patient outcomes remain poorly understood.

To shed light on this critical issue, the researchers analyzed data from a trauma registry of all injured patients from two care centers in Karachi, Pakistan, from December 2021 to May 2024. The studies followed patients for a year after injury, providing one of the most detailed pictures to date of what happens after TBI in a resource-limited setting.

The first study, published Aug. 11, focused on patients with severe to moderate TBI. A second paper, published Aug. 13, looked at outcomes of mild traumatic brain injuries. Together, the studies found that the consequences of brain injury depend on more than severity at admission and many patients remain vulnerable after leaving the hospital.

“We found that TBIs are responsible for a high number of trauma-related deaths in Pakistan, even with more mild to moderate injuries, which we were not expecting,” said senior author Dr. Junaid Razzak, professor of emergency medicine at Weill Cornell and an emergency medicine physician at NewYork-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center. “Patients are falling through gaps in the trauma care system before, during and especially after hospitalization.”

The study suggests that many deaths and disabilities could potentially be prevented in Pakistan and similar low- and middle-income countries with stronger trauma systems, including faster access to appropriate care, structured post-discharge monitoring and expanded rehabilitation services.

Focusing on the First Month After Discharge

Clinicians use the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), a 15-point measure of eye, verbal and motor responses to gauge how alert patients are after a head injury. Severe TBI, a score of 3 to 8, means people cannot follow commands or respond to pain and may have trouble with their airway. Moderate TBI, a score of 9 to 12, means patients may be confused but can still respond to simple commands.

The first study focused on 819 registry patients diagnosed with moderate (45%) to severe (55%) TBI based on the GCS. As expected, patients with severe injuries faced the greatest risk of death and disability. However, researchers were surprised by the poor outcomes among patients with moderate injuries, who would typically be expected to have a better chance of recovery.

Many deaths occurred during the first month after discharge, suggesting that patients remain vulnerable during the transition from hospital care to life at home. At 12 months, mortality reached nearly 60% in patients with moderate TBI and almost 88% among those with severe injury. In comparison, a previous study in high-income countries found respective mortality rates of 9% and 30%.

For both studies, the researchers found that older age, no surgical intervention and greater injury severity were associated with a higher risk of death.

Telehealth and regular remote follow-up may be a practical way to monitor recovery and identify complications early, proposed the authors.

Reconsidering How "Mild" TBI Is Defined

The second study assessed 602 registry patients with mild TBI, defined as a GCS of 13 to 15. These patients tend to be awake and can follow commands but may experience brief confusion or memory loss.

The researchers found that not all mild TBIs had the same prognosis. Some patients at the lower end of the GCS mild range experienced substantially worse outcomes, including higher mortality and poorer quality of life during recovery, than those who scored 15. Potentially, some injuries classified and treated as mild may have actually been more serious, said the authors. In addition, premature hospital discharge may have contributed to this finding, as patients stayed approximately two days.

Overall, the 12-month mortality rate was 14% for all groups in the second study, which is relatively high, compared to higher-income countries in the published literature.

“My hunch is that even people with mild disabilities, who are already living at the edge of poverty, fall below the poverty line when they can't work or perform basic tasks,” Dr. Razzak said. “Then their access to basic healthcare and ability to take care of themselves drops significantly.”

Future Research

“A broken 'chain of survival’ exists, in which bystanders don't know how to respond to an accident, ambulance drivers don't know which hospitals have open beds and emergency room healthcare providers race against the clock,” Dr. Razzak said. “Treatment in the first 48 hours is critical for better outcomes.”

Dr. Razzak plans to research how trauma care systems can be designed and better equipped to get patients to the right facilities. “By making this issue more visible to the government, we hope these gaps can be fixed, saving a significant number of lives," he said.

 

This research was funded by the Fogarty International Centre of the National 3 Institutes of Health under award No. D43TW007292—The Aga Khan University Trauma and 4 Injury Research Training Program; this funding solely supported data collection.

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Journal

JAMA Network Open

 

US Food and Drug Administration clears first self-balancing personal exoskeleton for people with spinal cord injury

Kessler Foundation participates in pivotal FDA clearance study

Kessler Foundation

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Eve™, Wandercraft’s newly FDA-cleared self-balancing personal exoskeleton, is designed to support hands-free standing and movement for eligible adults living with spinal cord injuries.

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Credit: Wandercraft

East Hanover, NJ, August 11, 2026 – The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has cleared Eve™, the first self-balancing personal exoskeleton for eligible wheelchair users living with spinal cord injury. Kessler Foundation was among the three U.S. research sites that participated in the clinical study supporting the clearance.

The FDA clearance marks a significant milestone in the advancement of mobility technologies that have the potential to expand independence and participation in daily life for people living with spinal cord injury.

FDA clearance was supported by a three-site clinical trial involving participants with spinal cord injury and their companions at Kessler Foundation, the James J. Peters Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Bronx, NY, and the Walk in New York by Wandercraft walk center, New York, NY.

Eve enables eligible adults with spinal cord injury who can operate the device's remote control to walk and perform certain activities of daily living hands-free using self-balancing technology. The device is intended for use on level indoor surfaces and adjacent outdoor areas under the supervision of a specially trained companion.

The clinical trial focused on safety, function, training, and readiness for personal use. Participants represented a range of injury severities and completed structured training before undergoing functional, usability, and task-based assessments designed to reflect intended use in everyday environments.

The clinical program demonstrated that participants and companions could learn to operate Eve and complete activities relevant to personal use. Participants also met key functional and usability endpoints, including measures of walking performance and activities of daily living.

“What makes these findings meaningful is that the technology was evaluated not only on engineering performance but also on how users and companions could safely integrate it into real-world activities,” said Gail Forrest, PhD, director of the Tim and Caroline Reynolds Center for Spinal Stimulation at Kessler Foundation. “The combination of functional performance, usability, and user-reported outcomes gives this technology substantial clinical relevance.”

“At Kessler Foundation, our mission is to advance research that leads to real-world solutions for people with disabilities,” said Rodger DeRose, president and chief executive officer of Kessler Foundation. “The FDA clearance of Eve represents the kind of innovation that can help translate years of scientific discovery into meaningful opportunities for greater independence, mobility, and participation in everyday life. We are proud that Kessler Foundation's researchers and study participants contributed to this important milestone.”

According to the National Spinal Cord Injury Statistical Center, an estimated 308,620 people in the U.S. are living with traumatic spinal cord injury, with approximately 18,400 new cases occurring each year. For many individuals, the ability to stand and move upright can affect physical health, social engagement, and participation in everyday activities.

Participants in the study reported improvements in several aspects of daily life, including health status, psychological well-being, endurance during daily activities, lower-limb spasticity, and sitting balance. Some participants also reported improvements in sleep quality and bladder and bowel function.

Wandercraft plans to commercially launch Eve in the United States on Sept. 17, 2026.

About Kessler Foundation
Kessler Foundation, founded in 1985, is a New Jersey-based nonprofit and global leader in rehabilitation research committed to changing the lives of people with disabilities. By conducting groundbreaking research, Kessler Foundation advances recovery and fosters independence to build a more inclusive and accessible world.

Our team of award-winning scientists develop and test novel interventions to transform care and optimize mobility, cognition, and quality of life for people with traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism, and other neurological and developmental disabilities. By analyzing community and workforce participation, developing evidence-based solutions, and funding impactful community initiatives that expand employment opportunities, Kessler Foundation also addresses barriers to inclusion for people with disabilities.

Powered by a dedicated team of over 175 professionals funded by federal and state grants and private philanthropy, Kessler Foundation is redefining what is possible in rehabilitation care and recovery. For more information, visit kesslerfoundation.org.