QANON FOLLOWER?
Additional arson charges laid against suspect in Masonic hall fires
2021-04-06


VANCOUVER — Police say five more charges have been approved against a man accused of setting fire to three Masonic halls in Metro Vancouver last week.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

Police say 42-year-old Benjamin Kohlman was charged Tuesday with two counts of arson and three counts of break and enter to commit arson after fires in Vancouver and North Vancouver.

Police arrested Kohlman in nearby Burnaby within a few hours of the fires.

He was charged the following day with one count of arson in relation to the fire in Vancouver, as well as one count of assaulting a police officer.

All three fires were allegedly set in the span of an hour last Tuesday.

The first call came in at around 6:45 a.m. about a fire at the Lynn Valley Lodge in North Vancouver, while a second fire reported minutes later severely damaged a Masonic centre located four kilometres away.

Fire officials said the third fire at a Masonic hall in east Vancouver was reported around 7:30 a.m. and caused little damage.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 6, 2021.

The Canadian Press

Massive Facebook data breach affecting millions of Canadians was not reported to federal privacy watchdog

Anja Karadeglija 2021-04-06

The federal privacy commissioner’s office hasn’t heard from Facebook regarding a massive global data leak that looks to have included 3.49 million Canadian accounts, and is “actively following up with the company,” according to a spokesperson.

 Provided by National Post Federal Privacy Commissioner Daniel Therrien.

Over the weekend, a cybersecurity expert revealed that data relating to 533 million Facebook accounts worldwide had been leaked online. Alon Gal, the chief technology officer of cybersecurity company Hudson Rock, said the leaked database includes information about users’ phone numbers, past and current locations, birthdates, relationship statuses, bios and, in some cases, email addresses.

Gal said 3.49 million Facebook users in Canada were affected. Canada’s privacy law requires organizations to report breaches to the federal privacy commissioner, and notify affected individuals, for breaches “involving personal information that pose a real risk of significant harm to individuals.”

A Facebook spokesperson said in an email that “this is old data that was previously reported on in 2019. We found and fixed this issue in August 2019.” According to Gal, the data came from a vulnerability that was exploited in early 2020.

“It sounds like it’s the recurrence of an earlier leak, in that this is a copy of data that was part of an earlier data breach” and that information has now been “up and posted on the dark web,” Teresa Scassa, the Canada research chair in information law and policy at the University of Ottawa, said in an interview.

Facebook did not answer questions about how many Canadian accounts were involved, and refused to say whether it considers the leak to fall under mandatory breach reporting rules.

Jim Balsillie: Liberal privacy bill fails to curtail surveillance economy or protect Canadians

The state of big tech regulation in Canada, from privacy to tax policy

The Liberal government has come under some criticism for dragging its feet on legislation it tabled in the fall to strengthen and reform its private-sector privacy law, the Personal Information Protection and Electronic Documents Act (PIPEDA).

Bill C-11 would give new powers to the privacy commissioner, create a new administrative tribunal that can levy fines, and “significantly increase protections to Canadians’ personal information by giving Canadians more control and greater transparency when companies handle their personal information,” the government said when the legislation was announced.

“The government’s decision to introduce Bill C-11 and then allow it to languish in the House of Commons without even engaging in debate or committee study is incredibly disappointing,” Michael Geist, professor and Canada research chair in Internet and e-commerce law at the University of Ottawa, said in an email.

Geist has argued the government has prioritized legislation like the Broadcasting Act update in Bill C-10 over its privacy reform in C-11. Both were introduced at the same time in November, but the privacy bill is still in its first reading, while the broadcasting bill is in its second reading and has been under study at the Heritage committee since February.

Geist said that despite “claims of prioritizing privacy, the government has demonstrated little interest in improving Canada’s privacy laws since introducing a bill without more is privacy theatre, not privacy protection.”

Asked about those criticisms, a spokesperson for Innovation Minister François-Philippe Champagne stated the government is “committed to ensuring that Canadians’ personal information is safe and secure and that their privacy is respected in these digital spaces.”

Communications director Louis Hamann said in an email that “Bill C-11, should it be passed into law, will provide world-class privacy and data protection for Canadians.”

Scassa said in an interview that for years, there was frustration with PIPEDA and calls for its reform, and then a “long wait” for the bill to be introduced. Once it was tabled, the bill hasn’t moved as quickly as some observers thought it would, Scassa said, though she noted it’s a piece of legislation won’t be easy to pass without a lot of debate and discussion regardless.

She added that there are concerns that “if we’re looking at an election in the reasonably short term that the bill won’t get through before the election.”

Meanwhile, data breaches involving Canadians’ information have continued to occur. In 2019-2020, the privacy commissioner’s office received 678 breach reports, which affected an estimated 30 million Canadian accounts.

“I think that’s the challenge, that these things continue to happen and they seem to be happening on an even bigger scale all the time. And we look to legislation to protect us and the legislation is out of date and not keeping pace,” Scassa said. “And the government just doesn’t seem to be able to get it together to get privacy reform done, so it’s enormously frustrating.”

US Corporations gave over $50M to voting restriction backers

WASHINGTON — When executives from Coca-Cola and Delta Air Lines spoke out against Georgia's new voting law as unduly restrictive last week, it seemed to signal a new activism springing from corporate America.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

But if leaders of the nation's most prominent companies are going to reject lawmakers who support restrictive voting measures, they will have to abruptly reverse course.

State legislators across the country who have pushed for new voting restrictions, and also seized on former President Donald Trump's baseless claims of election fraud, have reaped more than $50 million in corporate donations in recent years, according to a new report by Public Citizen, a Washington-based government watchdog group.

Telecom giant AT&T was the most prolific, donating over $800,000 since 2015 to authors of proposed restrictions, cosponsors of such measures, or those who voted in favour of the bills, the report found. Other top donors during the same period include Comcast, Philip Morris USA, UnitedHealth Group, Walmart, Verizon, General Motors and Pfizer.

The money may not have been given with voting laws in mind, but it nonetheless helped cement Republican control in statehouses where many of the prohibitive measures are now moving forward.

Whether companies continue to give to these lawmakers will test how far risk-averse corporate leaders are willing to go in their increasingly forceful criticism of the restrictive efforts, which voting rights groups have excoriated as an attack on democracy.

"It really is corporate America, as a whole, that is funding these politicians,” said Mike Tanglis, one of the authors of the report. “It seems many are trying to hide under a rock and hope that this issue passes.”

More than 120 companies detailed in the report previously said they would rethink their donations to members of Congress who, acting on the same falsehoods as the state lawmakers, objected to the certification of President Joe Biden's win following the deadly attack on the U.S. Capitol by Trump supporters.

The tension is most evident now in Georgia, where a far-reaching new voting law has drawn an intense national scrutiny, prompting the criticism from Delta and Coca-Cola. On Friday, MLB announced it would no longer host the 2021 All-Star Game in Atlanta.

Yet it's unclear whether this aggressive new posture will extend to corporate campaign donation practices. And early indicators show there is risk.

Georgia's Republican-controlled House voted to strip Delta of a tax break worth tens of millions of dollars annually for their criticism of the new law, though the action was rendered moot after the GOP Senate failed to take it up before the legislative session adjourned.

What is certain, though, is that withholding corporate donations to state-level candidates, like many companies did at the federal level, would have a far greater impact in statehouses.

“A contribution of $5,000 to a U.S. senator who is raising $30 million is a drop in a bucket. But in some of these state races, a few thousand dollars can buy a lot of ad time,” said Tanglis. “If corporate America is going to say that (Trump's) lie is unacceptable on the federal level, what about on the state level?”

Public Citizen analyzed about 245 voting restriction bills proposed before March 1. They culled a list of sponsors and cosponsors, while also analyzing vote roll calls. Then they cross-referenced the data with state-level donation records dating back to 2015, which included money from company political action committees, as well as direct contributions from corporate treasuries.

Among their findings:

— Companies donated at least $50 million to lawmakers who supported voting restrictions, including $22 million in the 2020 campaign cycle.

— At least 81 Fortune 100 companies have given a combined total of $7.7 million to supporters of the restrictions.

— Nearly half of all Fortune 500 companies donated a combined total of $12.8 million to supporters of the restrictions.

— About three-quarters of the companies that changed their donation policies after the U.S. Capitol attack have also given to lawmakers who supported voting rights restrictions.

— More than 60 companies have given at least $100,000 to lawmakers who supported the restrictions.

— Separately, industry groups and trade associations contributed an additional $36 million to the lawmakers, $16 million of which was given during the 2020 cycle.

In response, AT&T said “the right to vote is sacred” but declined to say whether the company would withhold donations to state lawmakers as they did for members of Congress who objected to Biden's win.

“We understand that election laws are complicated, not our company’s expertise and ultimately the responsibility of elected officials. But, as a company, we have a responsibility to engage," AT&T CEO John Stankey said in a statement.

Verizon CEO Hans Vestberg said in a statement, “We strongly oppose the passage of any legislation or the adoption of any measure that would make it harder" to vote. But he stopped short of pledging any specific action.

Comcast said in a statement that "efforts to limit or impede access to this vital constitutional right for any citizen are not consistent with our values.” The company would not comment on whether it would evaluate its giving to lawmakers who support the measures.

Altria, the parent company of Philip Morris USA, said in a statement that “every eligible voter should be able to exercise their right to vote” and pledged to monitor lawmakers' “alignment with our political contribution guiding principles when making future contribution decisions."

Other companies listed in the report declined to comment or did not respond to inquiries from The Associated Press.

On Monday, Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell urged companies to resist what he called a “co-ordinated campaign by powerful and wealthy people to mislead and bully the American people.”

“Our private sector must stop taking cues from the Outrage-Industrial Complex," the Kentucky Republican said in a statement. “Americans do not need or want big business to amplify ... or react to every manufactured controversy with frantic left-wing signalling.”

Pressure has been particularly intense in Georgia, where Republican Gov. Brian Kemp recently signed a sweeping new law that bans people from handing out food or water to voters waiting in line and allows the Republican-controlled State Election Board to remove and replace county election officials, among many other provisions.

Two of the top corporate contribution recipients detailed in Public Citizen's report were among the sponsors of the measure.

Since 2015, Republican state Sen. Jeff Mullis has collected more than $869,000 in donation from corporate PACs. Among his top corporate donors were AT&T ($15,900) and UnitedHealth Group ($12,900), according to the report. Mullis is chair of the Georgia Senate’s Rules Committee, which plays a key role in determining which bills make it to the floor for a vote.

Republican state Sen. Butch Miller, another sponsor of the bill, has received at least $729,000 in corporate donations since 2015. Among his top corporate givers are UnitedHealth Group ($15,700) and AT&T ($13,600), the report states.

Miller and Mullis did not respond to requests for comment.

Brian Slodysko, The Associated Pres

Scientists, First Nations team up in fresh attempt to revive struggling B.C. herring stocks

© Squamish Streamkeepers Tiny eyes appear in herring larvae which groups in British Columbia are trying to save. The small silvery fish are a crucial part of the Pacific food web, but have declined in numbers.

Vancouver's Coal Harbour hardly looks like a setting for a potential wildlife refuge. Noisy float planes skitter to and from a nearby dock, storm sewers empty into the saltwater, and high rise towers loom over the water.

But marine biologist Doug Swanston thinks the place has huge potential as a home for herring.

Recently, he rolled three big plastic coolers onto the dock before opening them to reveal a three-metre-long piece of fabric mesh covered with tiny white dots.

"This is probably getting close to a million, maybe 1.5 million eggs if you counted them all," he said as he pulled them into the sunlight.

"The goal is to return herring to Coal Harbour. Historically, we had a spawn here in the 1800s, and it was a source of food for First Nations communities."

The eggs had been collected in a nearby area and the hope is that they will seed future runs.

Herring are a vital, but not very well understood part of the Pacific Ocean's complex food web.

This year alone, 16,000 tonnes have been plucked from B.C. waters. That's about 100 million fish — a low year compared to the glory days of the herring fishery's past. But efforts are underway, in the courts and the ocean, to help the herring.  

© CBC Marine biologist Doug Swanston holds up mesh fabric covered with tiny fertilized herring eggs. He is researching the impact of transplanting the eggs in the urban inlets of Vancouver.

Tough times for Canadian herring

For decades, the fish were viewed as a virtually inexhaustible resource. They were canned, frozen, used as fertilizer, and even rendered into slippery goo to grease logs being skidded out of the forest.

But the once coastal-wide bonanza is fizzling out. This year, most of the waters off B.C. were closed to commercial herring boats, with the only quota being allowed in the Strait of Georgia, along Canada's southwest coast.

The latest government estimates show that the total mass of Pacific herring in the strait fell from 130,000 metric tons in 2016 to around 54,000 metric tons in 2020 — a nearly 60 per cent decrease over four years.

The first collapse of the stocks happened in the 1960s, due to overfishing. They were allowed to recover but have had ups and downs in recent decades.

The herring fishery in Eastern Canada has also been facing tough times.

For example, an assessment last year for the Gulf of St.Lawrence, predicted the spring spawning herring population is on a trajectory toward extinction in 10 years. Voracious predators and a warming ocean are listed as the biggest obstacles to recovery.
DFO takes 'precautionary approach'

On the West Coast, some groups called for a total closure of the herring fishery this year, but the fishing industry and the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO) pushed back.

In a media release, DFO said the quota was set after conducting "rigorous scientific stock assessments," and "the results demonstrate a healthy and stable herring stock in the Strait of Georgia."

It went on to say the department is "applying the precautionary approach to ensure the long term viability of herring for our ocean ecosystems and harvesters alike."

But that doesn't satisfy a number of Indigenous and environmental groups who are arguing, sometimes in court, for a reduced catch.
Indigenous food for generations

On Vancouver's North Shore, the gravel crunches as Chief of the Tsleil-Waututh First Nation Leah George-Wilson walks along the beach.

For thousands of years, she said herring was an important food for the Tsleil-Waututh people. She recalls her grandparents talking about eating wild herring taken from nearby waters. For her generation though, herring is mostly something left in oral history and traditional knowledge since they were largely fished out in nearby waters.

"You only have to look up the West Coast of British Columbia to see where herring still is and to see how Indigenous people harvest there," George-Wilson told CBC News. "We did similar things and it was an important food source."

The Tsleil-Waututh and other Indigenous groups are working to bring back the fish. And they're partnering with scientists to better understand how herring live and spawn. 

© CBC Leah George-Wilson, chief of the Tsleil-Waututh Nation, says traditional Indigenous knowledge can be used to help restore herring and other important sources of food.

How to keep herring eggs alive

False Creek is another built-up urban harbour in Vancouver. It's shallow, has constant boat traffic and home to a number of large marinas. But it's a herring success story.

"Herring are the key. They are the bottom of the food chain," said Jonn Matsen on the dock of Fisherman's Wharf, a sprawling complex where hundreds of boats are tied to wooden docks.

He's in charge of herring enhancement for the Squamish Streamkeepers, a volunteer group dedicated to restoring fish habitat, and pioneers in the field of herring aid.

It started years ago when millions of herring eggs were found on creosote pilings used extensively along the coast to support docks.

The toxic wood preservative was deadly for the eggs, which take about three weeks to hatch. Matsen and others were appalled and set out to fix the problem.

They started by wrapping the pilings in a heavy duty fabric, giving the eggs a fighting chance. They've since expanded to using fine mesh fabric nets suspended below the water line, which give even better protection and survival rates.

The program has been successful enough that this year about 10 per cent of the fertilized eggs are being transplanted from False Creek to the new site in Coal Harbour.  

© CBC Jonn Matsen heads up the herring enhancement program for the Squamish Streamkeepers, a volunteer group that has pioneered techniques to create spawning sites for herring.

Crucial for salmon, whales

Matsen said herring are a vital part of the food web, especially for endangered salmon.

"The first thing a salmon looks for when it comes out of the river is food and if you have a herring run right in that area it's just perfect."

He said it only makes sense that part of the salmon's decline is tied to having fewer herring in B.C. waters. Whales, seals, birds and many other creatures depend on the fish as well.

"We found you can bring the whole food chain back, if you start with the herring and work your way up," Matsen said. "It can happen."

Swanston, the biologist, said despite its importance to the environment and as a commercial catch, there are still many mysteries around herring.

For instance, it used to be thought that herring didn't return to their natal waters to spawn, but newer evidence suggests they may have a homing instinct similar to salmon, which return to the streams where they first hatched. It would also explain why herring have disappeared from some parts of the B.C. coast.
Do herring have a homing instinct?

But pollution, development, overfishing and a lack of natural spawning habitat are also factors that need further research and remediation, said Swanston.

The riddle about why the herring spawn in some areas but have disappeared in others is one reason Swanston is fascinated by the experiment to transplant eggs into Coal Harbour.

But he said it will be at least three years for results, because that's how long it will take the tiny eggs to hatch and grow to maturity out at sea.

The hard pressed herring have a low survival rate. Only one out of 1,000 lives long enough to spawn, but if they're allowed to reproduce in the billions, it will be enough to sustain the shimmering schools of fish.

Guardians of Edehzhie: Protecting the land during the pandemic
2021-04-05

There was a time last year when the guardians of Edehzhie would head out on the land in the Northwest Territories and worry what their communities might look like when they returned.

© Provided by The Canadian Press

That was when COVID-19 started to sweep across Canada, threatening the country's northern communities, including those around the protected area known as Edehzhie in the Dehcho region of the N.W.T.

Established in 2018 between the Dehcho First Nations and the federal government, Edehzhie is the country's first Indigenous Protected Area. It covers more than 14,000 square kilometres of land — more than twice the size of Banff National Park.

Edehzhie is known as the "breadbasket" of the Dehcho region, because of its abundance of wildlife, plants and fresh water.

As part of the agreement between the Dehcho and Canada, eight people were hired as guardians to monitor activities on the land. They are from the four surrounding communities of Fort Providence, Jean Marie River, Fort Simpson and Wrigley.

"They're essentially our eyes and ears on the ground," said Ashley Menicoche, one of four Edehzhie community co-ordinators, from her home in Fort Simpson.

As in the rest of the country, the pandemic caused much of the N.W.T. to lock down and strict public-health measures were put in place.

"We were thinking, because you have to be six feet apart, how are you going to do that when you’re sharing a tent and it’s -30 C?" Menicoche said.

The guardians learned to adapt. They stayed connected through satellite phones and other satellite devices while out on the land.

Dahti Tsetso, deputy director of the national Indigenous Leadership Initiative, is also the former director of lands and resources for the First Nations. She said she and a guardian would have Zoom meetings from her back deck in Fort Simpson.

"There’s hundreds of kilometres between us and yet, through Zoom, we’re all able to connect. Funnily enough, because of the pandemic, the ability to create a strong sense of community between everyone was sort of forged through video conferencing," Tsetso said.

The pandemic also meant Menicoche and her team developed more outdoor, land-based programs with the guardians and surrounding communities.

"We built this foundation during COVID and we're still able to do things out on the land while the rest of the world was on lockdown," Menicoche said.

"I was out in the bush last weekend and I just lay some tobacco down and thanked the Creator that we’re still able do this."

University researchers based in southern Canada who couldn't travel to the N.W.T. because of isolation requirements also turned to the guardians for help. The team collected water samples for researchers and set up 80 wildlife cameras in Edehzhie.

The guardians program also pairs local youth with each guardian, something Menicoche said ensures traditional knowledge is passed on to the next generation.

"There’s a lot of knowledge out there that needs to be shared before our elders pass on. And with this program, the youth come to me and tell me how much they've learned."

Menicoche said some of the guardians overcame addictions during the pandemic while spending time on the land.

"To see them work together and overcome their addictions and their challenges out there in Edehzhie was amazing ... these guys have built a relationship together that is phenomenal. This job has made then come together as one," Menicoche said through tears.

"The transformative impact of these programs on our communities and on Canada is really important. And I think it’s really important that Canadians know this story," Tsetso said.

After seeing how successful the guardians program could be during a pandemic, Menicoche and Tsetso want to see the program grow for future generations.

"If we can get more guardians and more elders to work together, we can make this last a lifetime. We can do some powerful stuff. We can get more guardians to be our protectors of our land and our water," Menicoche said.

"It makes me really emotional to try and project how much more meaningful it will become, especially because I have little kids. I really want that for my kids, for other people’s kids," Tsetso said.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published April 4, 2021.

___

This story was produced with the financial assistance of the Facebook and Canadian Press News Fellowship

Emma Tranter, The Canadian Press

These fish stole an antifreeze gene from another fish and became natural GMOs

Emily Chung 

CBC

 2021-04-06

© Robert F. Bukaty/The Associated Press Rainbow smelt share an antifreeze gene with herring, even though they're not closely related. Researchers say the gene moved from herring to smelt through a process called horizontal gene transfer.

Millions of years before scientists created genetically modified Atlantic salmon with genes from two other fish, nature created genetically modified smelt with a gene from herring, growing evidence shows.

And now the Canadian scientists who first proposed that controversial idea say they have a hunch how nature might have done it.

A new study by Queen's University researchers Laurie Graham and Peter Davies finds "conclusive" evidence for the controversial idea that the antifreeze gene that helps rainbow smelt survive icy coastal waters originally came from herring and was somehow stolen by smelt about 20 million years ago.

They propose in their new paper in Trends in Genetics that this could have happened through a process quite similar to the way genes are sometimes transferred from one species to another by scientists in the lab today.

Stealing genes from other species

Genes are normally passed on from parents to offspring. But in recent decades, scientists discovered they can also "jump" or be "stolen" from one species to another outside normal reproduction — a process called horizontal gene transfer or lateral gene transfer.

It's something that happens frequently among microbes such as bacteria — so frequently that Canadian scientist W. Ford Doolittle suggested it might explain a big part of life's history on Earth.

There's been some recent evidence of it happening in some more complex organisms. For example, aphids appear to have stolen a fungus gene to make a plant pigment and marine algae seem to have colonized the land 500 million years ago with the help of a gene stolen from soil bacteria. Most recently, scientists reported last week the first known case of a gene getting transferred from a plant to an animal.

In more complex organisms such as fish and people, certain virus-like DNA sequences called "transposable elements" or "transposons" are also known to jump from species to species.

But the same hadn't been seen for useful genes that code for things like proteins. That's because genes in multicellular organisms can only be transmitted from generation to generation if they specifically get into reproductive cells such as eggs or sperm.

Davies is a professor and Canada Research Chair in Protein Engineering at Queen's University. Graham is a research associate in his lab.

When the two first realized more than a decade ago that the herring and smelt must have shared their antifreeze protein via horizontal gene transfer, it was the first time anyone had suggested that a vertebrate — a complex animal with a backbone — had transferred such a gene to another vertebrate. That made it quite controversial.

"We had a really hard time finding a journal to take our first paper," recalled Graham. "The reviewers were not exactly kind, and there was a lot of doubt."

It didn't help that a high-profile report of horizontal gene transfer in complex organisms at the time, from bacteria to humans, had been called into question by other scientists, who proposed other explanations for genes shared among the two types of organisms.

Clues pointing to a stolen gene

Graham had been originally examining different kinds of antifreeze proteins, not just in fish but also insects, bacteria, plants and small soil creatures called springtails.

Most of them appeared to arise from a common ancestor, with a similar structure in closely related animals

.

© Robert F. Bukaty/The Associated Press Herring are unloaded from a fishing boat in Rockland, Maine, in 2015. Both Pacific and Atlantic herring have an antifreeze gene that helps them survive in icy coastal waters.

But that wasn't the case for herring and smelt, which are so distantly related that the last time they shared an ancestor was 250 million years ago, about the time the first dinosaurs arose.

"Every other gene we've looked at in these two species, it tends to be quite different," Graham said.

Meanwhile, she added, closer cousins don't have the antifreeze protein that Atlantic herring, Pacific herring and rainbow smelt are known to share.

"We've got other fish that are more closely related to these species that make completely different kinds of antifreeze protein. So this doesn't really make sense on an evolutionary basis if everybody's inheriting their antifreeze protein from their ancestors."

Skeptics weren't convinced, so the researchers looked for more evidence. Closely related fish such as different types of smelt tend to have the same genes in the same order. And the researcher found that was the case — except for the antifreeze gene, which was found between two genes that are normally next to each other in other smelt.

"That's what you would expect when you have a gene that's just sort of been pasted into a genome through horizontal gene transfer."

Then, recently, the researchers heard that the genome of Atlantic herring was published in a public database.

They decided to take a closer look.

Remember those transposable elements that often jump between organisms? They can also be used as a fingerprint for a particular organism. Herring have certain transposable elements pasted hundreds of times all over their genome, including in and around their eight antifreeze genes.

When the researchers looked at the smelt's single antifreeze gene, it had three of those herring transposable elements attached, Graham said. "So it was like a little tag to say, 'Hey, I'm from herring.'" Those transposable elements weren't found anywhere else in the smelt.

The researchers say it's conclusive evidence that the antifreeze gene moved between the two fish via horizontal gene transfer and that it went from herring to smelt and not vice versa.

How did the gene jump species?

When the researchers' previous papers went through peer review, one of the questions reviewers had was how the gene might have moved between species, so they sought to come up with a hypothesis.

One possibility, they thought, was it might be similar to techniques used in the lab to create genetically modified animals. One called "sperm-mediated gene transfer" involves mixing sperm with the DNA you want to introduce, then using it to fertilize an egg.

"And we thought, 'Well, couldn't this also happen in nature?" Graham recalled.

Fish and many other marine animals have external fertilization, where eggs and sperm — known as milt — are released into the water at the same time in massive quantities during spawning, and some of them combine to produce offspring.

Graham noted that when herring spawn on Canada's Atlantic and Pacific coasts, "you can actually see the ocean is sort of stained white from all of the milt that the male herring are releasing."

The sperm breaks apart after a few hours, releasing DNA into the water. And the researchers proposed that during one of these events, herring DNA may have found its way into rainbow smelt eggs or sperm.

Graham acknowledges there's no way to prove that — "not unless we had a time machine."

But if that is the way the genes were transferred, it has probably happened with other fish genes also, Davies suggested, and scientists should start looking for other examples.

The other implication is that genetically modified organisms, which have been characterized by activists as "Frankenfoods", might not be so unnatural.

"One of the take-home lessons here is that this genetic modification is actually happening in nature," Davies said. "Not very often — it's probably quite rare — but maybe we shouldn't be so alarmed at this. It's actually more of a natural event than we previously thought."

What other scientists think

Garth Fletcher, professor emeritus and head of the ocean sciences department at Memorial University, is the co-inventor of Aquabounty's genetically modified salmon (but not through sperm-mediated gene transfer) and has previously collaborated with Davies comparing antifreeze proteins in fish. He wasn't involved in the new study.

Fletcher doesn't think the research will reassure those opposed to GMOs.

He says it's significant that the researchers have gotten to the point where they feel their evidence for horizontal gene transfer in this controversial case is so strong. He credited new molecular genetic techniques with making it possible.

"Twenty years ago, you couldn't have done this stuff."

Luis Boto, head scientist in the evolutionary biology department at the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid, has been tracking the evidence for horizontal gene transfer in complex organisms, and said the new genetic tools will allow scientists to explore how common this is.

"This paper opens the door to an important research field in that sequencing of new fish genomes will provide us with interesting findings," he added in an email, "and will allow us to understand more about the possible importance of horizontal gene transfer in the evolution of animals."

He said evidence for horizontal gene transfer in vertebrates remains rare, but the new paper offers "important support" for the case of it happening between herring and smelt.

Gane Ka-Shu Wong, a University of Alberta biology professor, is also convinced by the study and thinks the proposed way the gene moved from herring to smelt is plausible.

Wong published a study a couple of years ago showing plants, which used to be confined to the oceans, stole a gene from soil bacteria to gain the ability to colonize land.

While such horizontal gene transfer events seem rare in complex organisms, if they help the organism survive, they could make a big difference, he said.

"My guess is that a lot of a lot of important evolutionary events may have been driven by some sort of horizontal gene transfer."

Enjoy the 'dazzling light show' of fireflies — but they also need protection, says researcher
CBC/Radio-Canada 2021-04-06

Females of many firefly species lack functional wings, making them especially vulnerable to accidental trampling in areas of heavy foot traffic.

Firefly tourism is brightening the spirits of people around the world, but without proper protections for the insect species, firefly populations could be at risk, according to new research involving a professor in Thunder Bay, Ont.

Harvey Lemelin, a professor with Lakehead University's School of Outdoor Recreation, Parks, and Tourism, is co-author of "Firefly Tourism: Advancing A Global Phenomenon Toward A Brighter Future," published in the journal Conservation Science and Practice.

Visits to firefly sanctuaries in Mexico, India, Taiwan, Malaysia, Thailand and the United States, for example, have skyrocketed in the past decade.

"We have a lot of internal tourism, or what we would call staycations during the pandemic," said Lemelin. "But we also have some people travelling across the world to go see these magnificent animals, especially North Americans, because apart from a few sites in Tennessee and the Carolinas, we don't get these large aggregations of fireflies.

"I do want to point out that the agencies and operators, sometimes, are withholding on their numbers," he said. "This international study, looking at 16 states across the world, calculated it to be a million visitors a year."

Fireflies, part of the beetles family, produce a chemical reaction that allows them to glow.

Lemelin said the interest in fireflies is easy to understand, especially when it comes to the groups of thousands of at a sanctuary.
Magical moments

"We ask the tourist to close their eyes, you wait about ... two minutes and then open your eyes," he said. "All the males are flashing at the same time, trying to out-compete each other

.

© Sam Wolfe/Reuters Synchronous fireflies light up along the Bluff Trail at Congaree National Park in Hopkins, South Carolina. Firefly viewing is becoming very popular, with up to a million people visiting firefly sanctuaries around the world. However, experts warn that measures need to be put in place to protect firefly populations.

"It's like a magnificent, moving, dazzling light show, that no human being could ever replicate, and it's all around you," said Lemelin. "It is one of the most magical moments, and spiritual moments, I've ever had in my life."

But as beautiful as fireflies can be, Lemelin said proper steps must be taken to protect them, as the number of people viewing them increases.

"First of all, there's a carbon footprint of the travel," he said. "And then there's the on-site concerns.

"A lot of the managers and researchers were saying that, in the past, we've seen their habitats transform, so you're kind of losing the attraction," Lemelin said. "We've seen tourists increasing ... throughout the night, so the animals don't get a break from human beings."

Another problem is new lighting infrastructure, as fireflies are susceptible to light pollution, he said. Large crowds wandering off marked paths or away from designated viewing areas are an issue, too, as they may trample firefly larvae or non-flying females, and damage their habitats.
Protections needed

The article Lemelin co-authored includes some measures to prevent damage to firefly populations, including:
Implementing conservation practices to protect firefly habitat, and getting local communities involved.
Training programs for guides should be offered, as well, as should educational materials for visitors.

"Some of the places don't do a very good job of educating [tourists]," he said. "You've got a magical spiritual light show going on there. These individuals should be going home and asking, 'Why are there no fireflies aggregations in Canada? And what has happened to all their wetlands? What has happened to all of their habitats? How come we don't see fireflies the way we used to?"

Opinion: A call for 360-degree compassion in the racially wounded 306
Susan Gingell 2021-04-06

Two reports on RCMP conduct following the Aug. 9, 2016, shooting death of Colten Boushie were recently made public. Key findings were failure to protect potentially incriminating evidence for the shooter’s trial and racially discriminatory treatment of Colten’s mother, Debbie Baptiste . How, then, might Saskatchewan people best respond?

© Provided by Leader Post Debbie Baptiste, Colten Boushie's mother, sits at a news conference on March 22, 2021 following the release of a report by the Civilian Review and Complaints Commission for the RCMP that examined how officers handled the investigation into Boushie's death.

We might begin by recognizing that the gravest harm on that August day in 2016 was the loss of a human life. The damage extended, however, to everyone in Saskatchewan. We all suffer when racial divides deepen. If we dare to dream of passing on to our children and grandchildren a society less seized by racial tensions than ours, we’ll need to have honest and uncomfortable conversations across present racial lines. We might aim to grow the 306 to 360, turning the dividing lines that racism draws into a circle with a respected place for everyone.

Many here will be thankful the RCMP is being held to account, however belatedly. Can we, however, avoid further boosting the us-vs.-them energies that animated the Boushie tragedy in the first place?

What we currently have are more recommendations for change, largely accepted by RCMP Commissioner Brenda Lucki, and a police union pushing back. Federal Minister of Public Safety Bill Blair assures us officers will complete “a cultural awareness course” and receive education “on how best they can protect our communities all across our country.” If these types of measures alone were going to work, though, wouldn’t they have done so by now?

Perhaps we need to address the trauma that police officers suffer. A racist society generates violence as surely as night follows day, and we ask officers to contain it and clean up the mess . Retired Cree lawyer Harold Johnson in Peace and Good Order: The Case for Indigenous Justice in Canada acknowledges that police work “frequently (results in) PTSD.” His testimony about how the current justice system is failing his people and all Saskatchewanians prefaces his vision of compassionate but responsible remedy.

To that end we need our provincial leaders to express genuine compassion for a loving mother robbed of her child, and for grieving family and friends. We need widespread recognition that Indigenous people here now feel even more unsafe and deprived of belonging in their traditional homeland. Non-Indigenous people could ease matters by showing respect for Boushie’s family’s courage in pressing for justice for Colten and all their people, and by making clear we expect our leaders to rectify the discrimination Baptiste faced.

Neither compassion nor courage lay in Justice Minister Gord Wyant’s silence following release of the briefing note that Saskatchewan Public Prosecutors prepared for him . It offered their reasons for not laying hate speech charges against those who made racist social-media posts following Boushie’s death. If ever there was a time to break with the policy of not commenting when no charges are laid, surely it was in this highly racially charged situation.

To ground us, could we consider the ideas that African-American trauma therapist Resmaa Menakem articulates in My Grandmother’s Hands: Racialized Trauma and the Pathway to Mending Our Hearts and Bodies? He locates trauma in the bodies of people of colour, police and people of European ancestry. Many European ancestors were traumatized by witnessing public tortures like drawing and quartering and many were dispossessed of ancestral lands by the Highland Clearances and the enclosures of the English commons. Thus colonists imported trauma when they arrived and then passed it down genetically. Menakem explains how traumatized people are likely to respond to perceived threats, but maintains they must be held accountable when they commit violence.

We must acknowledge the benefits that Euro-Canadians derive from racial hierarchies established through colonialism, but we must equally seek alternatives. “Inter-community” and decolonizing “with empathy and compassion” are the ones Cree singer-songwriter Buffy Sainte-Marie offers according to her authorized biography. Her 360-degree compassion for those who “have never known life in a circle, where it’s all about sustaining Life itself for the next seven generations” is just what racially wounded Saskatchewan needs.

Susan Gingell is a professor emerita at the University of Saskatchewan.

Canada's once largest copper mine devastated Howe Sound, here's how it was fixed

Howe Sound is one of the most dramatic landscapes in Canada. The waters change from deep blue to turquoise depending on the glacier melt. From the edge of the shore the coastal mountains tower overhead, and flowing between these steep volcanic rocks is the world’s most southern fjord.


VIDEO This B.C. ecosystem came back from ecological disaster — now climate change could undo it

This triangular shaped inlet joins several fjords in southwestern British Columbia. Its starting point is just northwest of Vancouver, and then its waterways open up towards the Sunshine Coast to meet at its head in Squamish

Aside from creating a stunning landscape, the waters from the Sound also provide critical ecosystem services valued at $7.5 billion annually. It’s home to a large array of marine life including endangered species like orcas and glass sponge reefs. For thousands of years it has been a place for the Squamish People to gather, and a valuable source of food. It provides nearby towns with clean water, and protection from natural disasters, along with being a draw for tourists and nature lovers alike.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkViews of Howe Sound from Squamish. Credit: Mia Gordon

Yet, a study conducted by Ocean Wise Research Institute along with help from numerous other partners like Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Squamish Nation warns that the health of Howe Sound is at risk because of climate change. According to the study, it is susceptible to more shoreline erosion, sea level rise, and the devastation of marine habitats.

“It is impacting everyone and everywhere. It doesn’t matter where you are and if you think you are being affected, climate change will impact everything,” said Dr. Aroha Miller, the manager of Ocean Watch at the Ocean Wise Research Institute and editor in chief of the report, in an interview with The Weather Network.

But as it turns out, this isn’t the first time that Howe Sound has faced challenges. For nearly a century, the area was polluted by a mining operation, and only brought back from the brink by decades of collaborative efforts from local municipalities, the Squamish Nation, environmental groups, and the provincial government.

Ironically, it seems that just as the Sound has finally been restored to its former glory, it is once again facing an environmental threat.
THE PAST

Up until the early 2000s, parts of Howe Sound were considered some of the most polluted areas in North America because of mining and other heavy industry that had been present in the area for decades.

It all started towards the end of the 1880s. “[After] the Industrial Revolution, signs of copper were discovered at Mt. Sheer. This allowed a company to move in and start developing what would eventually become the single largest copper producer in the British Empire,” said Derek Jang, the lead interpreter at the Britannia Mine Museum, to The Weather Network.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkTaken in 1920, this image shows The Big Ship Bunkhouse, the largest bunkhouse at Mt. Sheer that housed 200 men. Credit: Britannia Mine Museum

From the entrance to the mine, you can see Howe Sound on the other side of the railroad tracks, which stands as a reminder of how Britannia Mine helped shape the Sea to Sky corridor that we know today, for good and ill.

“Over 60,000 people from 50 different countries came to work at the mine. The community was thriving. It had a school, a church, and even a bowling alley. For a long period in its history it was considered to be one of the most desirable places to work in the area,” Jang explained.

During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Britannia Mine was considered the largest copper mine in the British Commonwealth, producing around 7,000 tons of ore per day. At the time it was responsible for supplying 17 per cent of the world’s copper.

“This mine was valuable because of the presence of heavy metal. Particularly copper but also zinc for parts of its history, and one thing that has always been true is when water comes into contact with those minerals it picks up traces of them and carries those traces into Howe Sound,” said Jang.

© Provided by The Weather Network BAn aerial tramway 5 km long brought ore from the mine — high in the mountains — down to the Mill at Britannia Beach in 1911. Credit: Britannia Mine Museum

When rain and snow fall into the open pits at the mine it is exposed to sulphide mineralization and it forms acid mine drainage. That acid water polluted local waterways like Britannia Creek and eventually flowed into Howe Sound.

When the mine was operating, 40 million litres of mineral-laden waters were discharged into the Sound daily. It was one of the largest sources of metal pollution in North America.

Marine life in the Sound suffered the consequences. “I remember growing up as a young Squamish person learning that the area around Britannia and largely the Sound was dead,” Chris Lewis, a council member for the Squamish Nation, told The Weather Network, recounting his elders' concern for the state of the Sound.

“When the salmon and the herring start to decline we know there is something going on in the ecosystem,” he added.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkThe iconic Mill 3 is one of Canada's National Historic Sites. Credit: Britannia Mine Museum

According to a 2001 report from the newspaper The Province, polluted runoff from the mine was believed to jeopardize the life of more than four million young salmon every year.

“It is hard for a lot of smaller organisms to survive in areas that are highly contaminated with heavy metals and that has a cascading effect up the food chain,” Jang lamented.

“If things like mussels and barnacles are less able to establish, there is less reason for mobile organisms to come to those areas. We also know from studies that some fish, like salmon, can have their senses impacted if they are exposed to higher levels of copper. This likely reduces their ability to hunt and reduces their reproductive success,” he continued.

High operating costs and taxes forced Britannia mine to shut down in November 1974 after 70 years of operation, but the impacts would be felt for much longer. Smaller organisms like barnacles were less visible in the Sound and larger marine life like whales weren’t seen in the area for decades to come.
REMEDIATION BEGINS

There were no clear environmental protection laws when the mine was operating and there was debate after the mine shut down about who was responsible to clean up the area. The communities surrounding Howe Sound were left with poisoned waters and no real solution.

The Squamish People were the most impacted by the pollution left behind, since the mine was located on the unceded territory of the Skwxwú7mesh (Squamish) First Nation. For more than 3,000 years, the Squamish People have lived on the land. It has been a place to hunt, fish for food, and gather material for shelter. It has been a place where spiritual and ritual traditions have been passed down from elders.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkA view of the Stawamus Chief from the estuary. This river runs down into Howe Sound. Credit: Mia Gordon

“We as Indigenous Peoples of this land and belonging to this place have a responsibility to ensure we are passing along something better to the next generation,” Lewis said.

“With that in mind, we really started working on the revitalization,” he added. “We knew we couldn’t do it ourselves and needed to work together with others. We needed to put the government on notice that there was a strong desire of the Squamish People to revitalize the Sound.”

The Squamish Nation along with other community groups and local municipalities started lobbying to the Provincial Government to clean up the Sound, but it wasn’t going to be an easy task since no one really wanted to pick up the multi-million dollar cleanup tab.

In 2000, the B.C. government went after several former owners of the mine, but over the years the companies had changed names and ownership, and so it was hard to prove any liability. Eventually, in 2005, the provincial government signed a $25 million dollar contract with EPCOR.

In 2006, EPCOR opened their facility and treated over four billion liters of water, removing an average of 226,000 kg (or 30 million pennies) of heavy metal contaminants annually. This work helped reduce pollution going into the area by 90 per cent, and slowly life started to return to the Sound.

“It has probably been the last 20 years or so that all these remediation efforts have been put in place that some of the healthy rebound in the Sound has been seen including big cetaceans like whales and dolphins coming back, which hasn’t been seen in a long time,” said Miller from Ocean Watch.

Jang added that, in the last decade, Pacific salmon started returning upstream at Mt. Sheer — something that hadn’t been seen in at least a decade.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkViews of some industry and heavy equipment in Squamish from the Sea to Sky Highway. Credit: Mia Gordon

For the Squamish Nation, the work that was done at Britannia Beach was a reminder of what can be accomplished when different groups with a common goal work together. “I always believe that Britannia and the work that we did around there with others was really a catalyst to start doing other things because it was really one of the first times that we started working together as a community in the Sound,” said Lewis.
PRESENT DAY AND THE IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Howe Sound is still recovering from almost a century of heavy metals polluting the region, and marine habitats are still extremely vulnerable. This time, however, the threat isn’t pollution, but climate change.

In 2017, the Coastal Ocean Research Institute and the Vancouver Aquarium Marine Science Centre worked together to create the Ocean Watch Report featuring Howe Sound.

In the original paper, there was a section on “Oceanography and Climate Change,” but it was located near the end of the report. When they did a follow-up report in 2020, the team realized that most of the climate change concerns hadn’t improved and some even regressed in the three years, so this time climate change was the first chapter.

The report highlights seven different climate themes: 1) climate change 2) zero carbon communities 3) ocean warming 4) ocean acidification 5) shoreline erosion/sea level rise 6) stream flows 7) Squamish flood plan. Every single category was listed as either cautious or critical and the impacts are already being seen first hand.

“We are seeing warmer air temperatures in winter and in summer, increased water temperatures, a lot more marine heatwaves like 'the Blob’ that hammered a lot of species. Also things such as stream flow start to change, the timing of those spring melts which triggers plankton blooms in the marine environment which is the base of the food web in Howe Sound,” according to Miller.

“When you see something from the very bottom starting to change it is kind of like a house of cards. Everything above it is going to change,” she added.

© Provided by The Weather NetworkBritannia Creek flowing into Howe Sound. This creek used to be heavily polluted from mining nearby. Credit: Mia Gordon

Some specifics that have already been noted include an increase in algal blooms and animals like crabs being stressed by the increase in acidification that prevents them from forming shells to protect themselves. But it isn’t just marine life that is suffering.

“Storms that are coming through are a lot more intense and a lot more frequent and so there tends to be a lot more shoreline erosion. We have got maybe 10 years before there is irreparable damage,” Miller said.

Lewis echoed the concerns, as his community is also seeing the impacts firsthand. He explained that many Squamish People still gather in the Sound. Lately, however, they aren’t able to find as many fish as they once did. And this isn’t just a concern when it comes to food and their livelihood, it also impacts their ability to keep First Nations’ traditions alive.

“It is an infringement on our culture and who we are as people,” said Lewis. “If the salmon don’t return then the transfer of that knowledge of how to harvest salmon and what to do and the different teachings get lost. We used to harvest different types of whales in the Sound because it used to be a caving ground for the whales. We use

d to harvest seals and sea lions but we don’t do that anymore because it was lost.

PREVENTING HISTORY FROM REPEATING ITSELF

There were many lessons from what happened at the Britannia Mine. Shortly after the doors at the mine closed, the building reopened as a museum with a focus on educating visitors about what was learned, and how that has impacted the present and future of both mining in Canada as well as the health of the Sound.

The museum recently launched Terralab, an educational space for students.

“We don’t shy away from conversations about remediation. That means talking to people about the water treatment plant and how it has dramatically reduced the impact of heavy metal exposure in our waters. We also talk about how the mining industry is finding new frontiers for ways to identify and manage their impacts,” says Jang.

© Provided by The Weather Network

Exterior of Britannia Mine Museum, which offers daily tours to educate the public on mining in Canada. Credit: Mia Gordon

On top of education, another important takeaway from what happened with Brtiannia Mine was that key collaboration can create change. Now, a group has been advocating to make Howe Sound a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve.

“I love the idea of a biosphere reserve because it makes you realize you have to have some core protected areas,” explained Vancouver city councillor Adriane Carr, who is Chair of Metro Vancouver Climate Action Committee and leading the charge for the biosphere designation.

A biosphere is considered a learning place for sustainable development. In the case of Howe Sound, there would be a protected core area where there would be no industrial development and then buffer zones surrounding it, covering 218,720 hectares (84 per cent terrestrial and 16 per cent marine). It will protect First Nations land as well as valuable ecosystems like glass sponge reefs and rock fish habitats, which are seeing the impacts of climate change first hand.

“We have already pushed ourselves up very close to the brink and so we need to take action. We can’t delay,” Carr added.

The proposal was unanimously approved by all necessary parties in B.C. on October 18th, 2019 and was also recently pushed forward in Ottawa. Now it awaits final approval in Paris by summer this year.

While the biosphere is a step in the right direction, it won’t solve all of the climate issues in Howe Sound. That is where the rest of us come into play.

© Provided by The Weather Network

Views of Howe Sound from Squamish where you can see industrial equipment moving logs near downtown. Credit: Mia Gordon

NEXT STEPS FOR HOWE SOUND

“A lot of people want to know what they can do right now. We are in this very instantaneous gratification mindset. But we need to recognize we are in it for the long haul,” said Miller, who also added that the Ocean Watch report contains an entire section on an action plan.

The team behind the report has now developed the Howe Sound Action Committee, which is working closely with local municipalities in the Sea to Sky corridor on what they can do to protect the region.

“I felt really inspired by seeing what the communities are doing out there,” said Miller. “There has been a lot of community initiative and drive to see what they love protected. Together we can do a lot more than individually.”

Thumbnail credit: Cultura Exclusive/Manuel Sulzer. Cultura. Getty Images

As a megadrought persists, new projections show a key Colorado River reservoir could sink to a record low later this year

Story by Drew Kann, video by Bryce Urbany and graphics by Renée Rigdon 

CNN 4/21/2021

Wracked by drought, climate change and overuse, a key reservoir on the Colorado River could sink to historically low levels later this year, new US government projections show, potentially triggering significant water cutbacks in some states as early as next year.

© Bill Clark/CQ-Roll Call/Getty Images Lake Mead, the country's largest reservoir and a key water source for millions across the western US, could sink later this year to its lowest level since it was filled decades ago.

The projections released by the US Bureau of Reclamation show that Lake Mead -- the largest reservoir in the country and a vital water supply to millions across the Southwest -- could fall later this year to its lowest levels since it was filled in the 1930s.

The USBR will release its next major study in August. If that study projects water levels in the lake will be below the critical threshold of 1,075 feet on January 1, 2022, some users would begin to see their water deliveries cut significantly next year.

The cutbacks would be triggered based on the terms of drought contingency plans signed by the seven Colorado River Basin states in 2019 in an effort to stabilize the river system.

Despite the agreements, Lake Mead sits at just 39% full today. And Lake Powell, the river's second-largest reservoir, is just 36% full, according to an April water supply report.

The reservoirs along the river system were created to serve as a buffer to store water and ensure a reliable supply even in times of drought. But experts say that due to climate change and a 20-year drought, there is now more water being taken out of the river system than flowing into it, leading levels in these key reservoirs to fall.

"This shows us that the kind of dire scenarios that we've been preparing for and hoping would not happen are here now," said John Fleck, the director of the University of New Mexico's Water Resources Program.

The Colorado River provides water to 40 million people living in seven western states and Mexico, and irrigates more than 5 million acres of farmland as it snakes its way from the Rocky Mountains toward the Gulf of California.

The water delivery reductions that could take effect next year would be felt in Arizona, Nevada and Mexico, but Arizona would be hit hardest by the cutbacks, according to the terms of the drought contingency plan signed by those three states, which comprise the lower basin. The upper basin states of Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and New Mexico agreed to a separate plan that calls for voluntary water conservation measures to keep Lake Powell from also reaching critically low levels.

As part of the lower basin's drought contingency plan, the Central Arizona Project -- a massive, 336-mile canal and pipeline system that carries Colorado River water to Phoenix, Tucson and farms and towns in between -- would see its water supply slashed by about one third in 2022 due to its junior rights to the river's water.

The effects of those water cuts will be felt most acutely on farms in central Arizona, due to their lower priority status in a complex tier system used to determine who loses water first in the event of a shortage.

In a joint statement last Thursday, the Arizona Department of Water Resources and the CAP acknowledged the new projections and looming cuts, but said the state is prepared.

"The study, while significant, is not a surprise," the statement reads. "We are prepared for these conditions, thanks in large part to Arizona's unique collaborative efforts among water leaders including tribes, cities, agriculture, industry and environmental organizations that developed innovative conservation and mitigation programs as part of the implementation of the Drought Contingency Plan. "

One of the farmers who stands to see his water deliveries reduced is Dan Thelander. Along with his son, brother and nephew, Thelander grows cotton, alfalfa and other crops on 6,500 acres in the desert of Pinal County, Arizona.

With less water expected to be available to him next year, Thelander said he will likely have to fallow, or leave unsown, 30 to 40% of his land.

"We'll have to lay off employees. We won't be buying as many seeds or fertilizer or tractors, and so we'll just have to scale down and operate a smaller farm," Thelander said. "And so, yes, it'll hurt a lot."

Many farmers in Central Arizona like Thelander have known for years that their supply of Colorado River water would eventually be phased out.

As part of a 2004 settlement between the federal government and the Central Arizona Project over debt issues, farmers in some Central Arizona irrigation districts agreed to relinquish their water rights in exchange for receiving water at a reduced cost through the year 2030.

But with Lake Mead's water levels still near record lows and projected to fall further, deliveries of that water could end years before the farmers had expected.

Many factors contribute to the Colorado River system's dwindling supply.

For one, experts say there is more water being diverted out of the river than is coming into the system.

"It's a math problem -- Lake Mead normally releases 10.2 million acre-feet of water per year, and 9 million acre-feet flow into it," said Brad Udall, a senior water and climate research scientist at Colorado State University. "At some point, because you have a 1.2 million acre-foot deficit each year, you've got to solve it or you'll drain the reservoir."

On top of that structural deficit, a historic drought and climate change are also sapping the river's supply.

Much of the Colorado River Basin has been gripped for the last two decades by what some scientists have dubbed a megadrought.

The period from 2000 to 2018 was the driest 19-year stretch the southwestern United States has experienced since the 1500s, according to an analysis of tree ring data published in the journal Science in 2020. The scientists also found that the human-caused climate crisis can be blamed for nearly half of the drought's severity.

Another study by US Geological Survey scientists published in 2020 found that the Colorado River's flow has declined by about 20% over the last century and that over half of that decline can be attributed to warming temperatures across the basin.

Most of the river's flow comes from snow that falls high in the Rocky Mountains of Colorado and southern Wyoming, said Chris Milly, a research hydrologist with the US Geological Survey and a co-author of the study.

Warming temperatures are leading to a decline in snowfall and an earlier snowmelt. But as the snow melts earlier and leaves behind bare ground, more heat energy from the sun is absorbed by the exposed soil. The warmer ground leads to more evaporation, which means less runoff from melting snow ends up in the river, Milly said.

"Evaporation is how the river basin cools itself," Milly said. "And so when you have more evaporation, you have less water left over to come down the river."

Current conditions also do not look promising for the kind of above-average runoff that is needed this year to begin to refill the river's key reservoirs.

After an exceptionally hot and dry 2020, precipitation has continued to lag well below normal for much of the basin.

Soil moisture levels across the region are also among the lowest on record, according to Paul Miller, a service coordination hydrologist with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)'s Colorado Basin River Forecast Center.

This means that much of the snowmelt runoff over the summer is likely to be absorbed by thirsty soils and plants before it can even reach the river, Miller said.

To Fleck, all of this signals that the reduced flows in recent years are likely not an aberration, but rather a glimpse of the challenges posed by a hotter, drier climate.

"We're now seeing the model for what the future of Colorado River Basin water use looks like, where scarcity is the norm and drought is not some special short-term thing," he said. "This is the way of life we're in now with climate change reducing the flow on the river."