Tuesday, September 28, 2021

Ford to add 10,800 jobs making electric vehicles, batteries
By TOM KRISHER and BRUCE SCHREINER

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A truck drives down a rural road near a water tower marking the location of the Memphis Regional Megasite on Sept. 24, 2021, in Stanton, Tenn. Ford Motor Co. and SK Innovation of South Korea plan to build three new electric-vehicle battery factories and an auto assembly plant by 2025 in Tennessee and Kentucky. The industrial site in Stanton will be the location for a factory to produce electric F-Series pickups and a battery factory. (AP Photo/Mark Humphrey)


GLENDALE, Ky. (AP) — Ford and a partner company say they plan to build three major electric-vehicle battery factories and an auto assembly plant by 2025 — a dramatic investment in the future of EV technology that will create an estimated 10,800 jobs and shift the automaker’s future manufacturing footprint toward the South.

The factories, to be built on sites in Kentucky and Tennessee, will make batteries for the next generation of Ford and Lincoln electric vehicles that will be produced in North America. Combined, they mark the single largest manufacturing investment the 118-year-old company has ever made and are among the largest factory outlays in the world.

Notably, the new factories will provide a vast new supply of jobs that will likely pay solid wages. Most of the new jobs will be full time, with a relatively small percentage having temporary status to fill in for vacations and absent workers.

Together with its battery partner, SK Innovation of South Korea, Ford says it will spend $5.6 billion in rural Stanton, Tennessee, where it will build a factory to produce electric F-Series pickups. A joint venture called BlueOvalSK will construct a battery factory on the same site near Memphis, plus twin battery plants in Glendale, Kentucky, near Louisville. Ford estimated the Kentucky investment at $5.8 billion and that the company’s share of the total would be $7 billion.

With the new spending, Ford is making a significant bet on a future that envisions most drivers eventually making the shift to battery power from internal combustion engines, which have powered vehicles in the United States for more than a century. Should that transition run into disruptions or delays, the gamble could hit the company’s bottom line. Ford predicts 40% to 50% of its U.S. sales will be electric by 2030. For now, only about 1% of vehicles on America’s roads are powered by electricity.

In an interview Monday, CEO Jim Farley said it would be up to the workers at the new plants to decide whether to be represented by the United Auto Workers union. That question could set up an epic battle with union leaders, who want employees of the future to join the union and earn top UAW production wages of around $32 per hour. It represents a high-stakes test for the UAW, which will need jobs for thousands of members who will lose work in the transition away engines and transmissions for petroleum-powered vehicles.

Ford’s move also could put the company at odds with President Joe Biden’s quest to create “good-paying union jobs” in a new, greener economy.

Farley said it’s too early to talk about pay or unionization at the new factories. He stressed that Ford will maintain a geographic manufacturing balance when the company’s investments in Ohio and Michigan are included. Ford and General Motors have UAW-represented plants in Kentucky and Tennessee, states where it is common for political leaders to actively campaign against unionization.

“We love our UAW partners,” Farley said. “They’ve been incredible on this journey of electrification so far. But it’s up to the employees to decide.”

Just four months ago, Ford said it would build two new battery plants in North America. But Farley said demand for the electric Mustang Mach E SUV and over 150,000 orders for the F-150 electric pickup convinced the company to increase battery output.

Farley said Ford intends to lead the world in electric vehicles, a title now held by upstart Tesla Inc., which is adding jobs at a third factory now under construction near Austin, Texas.

Ford picked the Kentucky and Tennessee sites in part because of lower electricity costs, Farley said, as well being less exposed to flooding and hurricanes than other states. Battery factories use five times the electricity of a typical assembly plant to make cells and assemble them into packs, so energy costs were a big factor, Farley said.

The company also needed huge tracts of land for the plants that weren’t available in other states, Farley said.

Both Southern states also have skilled labor forces and are willing to train workers for the new jobs, he said.

“These jobs are very different than the jobs we’ve had in the past,” Farley said. “We want to work with states who are really excited about doing that training and giving you access to that low energy cost.”

The Tennessee Valley Authority, which serves the Memphis-area site, sells industrial electricity at a price that’s lower than 93% of competitors nationwide, said CEO Jeff Lyash. Rates have stayed flat for the past decade and are planned to stay flat for the next 10 years, he said.

Combined, the three new battery plants will be able to supply enough batteries to power 1 million vehicles per year, about 129 gigawatts of power, Ford Chief Operating Officer Lisa Drake said.

Shares of Ford Motor Co., which is based in Dearborn, Michigan, rose more than 4% in extended trading after the new factories were announced late Monday.

Reaction from the union was tempered Monday, with officials seemingly optimistic about organizing the factories.

“We look forward to reaching out and helping develop this new workforce to build these world-class vehicles and battery components,” union President Ray Curry said in a statement.

Kristin Dziczek, a senior vice president at the Center for Automotive Research who follows labor issues, said the union’s future depends largely on organizing the new plants.

“It’s imperative that the UAW organize these if they’re going to have a stake in the electrification of this industry,” she said.

Union representation of the plants could become a contentious issue in the next round of national contract talks with the union in two years.

When General Motors first announced joint venture battery factories over the past few years, its executives said workers would decide on unionization. UAW officials howled in protest. In May, GM said it would support union organizing at the plants.

The Kentucky site is only about 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Louisville, where Ford has plants that make SUVs and trucks now powered by internal combustion engines. Ford wouldn’t comment on whether those plants eventually would make electric vehicles, but Dziczek said converting at least one would make sense. One plant makes the Ford Escape small SUV, in the most popular segment of the U.S market, she said.

Kentucky Gov. Andy Beshear said in an interview that Ford’s 5,000 jobs at the Glendale battery plants is the largest single employment announcement in state history. And he said it will also bring jobs with suppliers that make components for the plants. Earlier this month state legislators approved $410 million worth of economic development incentives.

Beshear said Ford would get a loan of up to $250 million to draw on through construction. It’s forgivable if the company hits completion milestones. The package also includes the cost of the Glendale land, plus up to $36 million in training incentives, he said.

Ford will formally announce the plants with ceremonies on Tuesday at both sites. In Glendale’s one-block downtown on Monday evening, there were no signs of pending dramatic changes in the economy from the new jobs. All was quiet in the town where the primary businesses are antique shops and corn and soybean fields that stretch in all directions.

The Tennessee assembly plant is to be built on a site about 50 miles (80 kilometers) east of Memphis that’s almost six square miles (15.5 square kilometers). Combined, the assembly plant, to be run by Ford, and the battery factory, would employ about 5,800 workers.

State officials have been trying to develop the site for years without success. Gov. Bill Lee said Tennessee offered Ford $500 million in incentives to win a contest with 15 other states. Lee said he is confident legislators will approve the spending.

____

Krisher reported from Detroit. Associated Press Writer Kimberlee Kruesi contributed from Nashville, Tennessee.

Green energy takes hold in unlikely places with Ford project

by Bruce Schreiner, Tom Krisher and Adrian Sainz
Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, center left, along with Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee, center right, answers questions along with after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey

When Ford revealed plans to ramp up its commitment to the fledgling electric vehicle sector, the automaker chose to create thousands of jobs and pump billions in investments into two states where Republican leaders have vilified the push for green energy and defended fossil fuels.


Teaming with its battery partner, SK Innovation of South Korea, Ford said Monday it will spend $5.6 billion in Stanton, Tennessee, where it will build a factory to produce electric F-Series pickups. A joint venture called BlueOvalSK will construct a battery factory on the same site near Memphis, plus twin battery plants in Glendale, Kentucky. Ford estimated the Kentucky investment at $5.8 billion. The single largest manufacturing venture in the iconic company's history will create an estimated 10,800 jobs.

Choosing Tennessee and Kentucky for the coveted mega-projects created an ironic disconnect between the automaker's high-stakes bet on the future of battery-powered vehicles and the rhetoric from many Republican leaders who have railed against a shift toward green energy and away from fossil fuels.

On Monday, Senate Republican leader Mitch McConnell applauded Ford for giving an economic boost to Kentucky, saying it solidified his home state's position "as a world-class automotive state on the cutting edge of research and development." McConnell sounded a different theme two months earlier, when he took to the Senate floor to blast Democrats for wanting to "wage war on fossil fuels" and tried to turn their efforts to promote electric vehicles into a wedge issue.
Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee speaks during a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey

"They want to further expand giant tax credit giveaways for costly electric cars—when 80% of it is going to households earning six figures and up," McConnell said in July. "They also want money and mandates to push the entire federal government fleet toward electric cars, too. Wouldn't you just love to see an IRS auditor pull up to your tax audit in a $97,000 Tesla?"

In Kentucky, where Republican state lawmakers recently joined Democratic Gov. Andy Beshear in approving an incentives package credited with helping lure the battery project to Glendale, hostility toward green energy has focused on the decline of coal production and the erosion of good-paying mining jobs in regions that depended on them. The battery plants will be built in central Kentucky, a lengthy drive from the coalfields of eastern and western Kentucky.

Kentucky Republican Sen. Rand Paul, who tweeted out his thanks to Ford for its latest investment in the state, routinely lambastes the Green New Deal. In 2019, he condemned it as an "industry-killing, all-out assault on our way of life in Kentucky" and an attack on automobile makers.
This Monday, Sept. 27, 2021, photo, shows a 1,551-acre field which will become the site of of a joint venture with Ford Motor Company and SK Innovation to create the $5.8 billion BlueOvalSK Battery Park in Glendale, Ky. The dedicated battery manufacturing complex is intended to supply Ford's North American assembly plants with locally assembled batteries. Credit: AP Photo/Timothy D. Easley

Tennessee GOP Sen. Marsha Blackburn said the project "will transform the landscape of West Tennessee." Last month, in explaining her vote against a $1 trillion infrastructure plan, she said much of the legislation amounted to a "gateway to socialism—a lot of Green New Deal in there." She said that Tennesseans "don't want the Green New Deal."


Scott Jennings, a Kentuckian and former adviser to Republican President George W. Bush, said Tuesday that politicians generally support economic development "however they can get it."

"And as for Republicans, at least most of us, we support markets," he said. "And if the market bears the production of electric vehicles then I don't think anyone will see this as an affront to their culture or energy heritage. There's still a role for coal and other fossil fuels in this world ... and this plant won't change that. I've always viewed conservatives as being for 'all of the above' energy strategies and this certainly fits that slogan."
United Auto Workers President Ray Curry, right, bumps fists with Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, left, after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey

Beshear, who led the push that landed the state's single largest economic development project ever with the Glendale battery production project, said the private sector is leading the conversion toward green jobs.

"And so everybody else is going to have to get on board," Beshear told The Associated Press in an interview Monday. "But let me say, there's a big difference between theoretical arguments that go on in Washington, D.C., and the prospect of thousands of jobs here at home."

Ford picked the Kentucky and Tennessee sites in part because of lower electricity costs, CEO Jim Farley said, as well as being less exposed to flooding and hurricanes than other states. Battery factories use five times the electricity of a typical assembly plant to make cells and assemble them into packs, so energy costs were a big factor, Farley said.
A sign welcomes visitors to the tiny town of Glendale, Ky., the site of a joint venture with Ford Motor Company and SK Innovation to create the $5.8 billion BlueOvalSK Battery Park in Glendale, Ky., Monday, Sept. 27, 2021. The dedicated battery manufacturing complex will be creating 5000 jobs, and is intended to supply Ford's North American assembly plants with locally assembled batteries. Credit: AP Photo/Timothy D. Easley

In an interview Monday, Farley said workers at the Tennessee and Kentucky plants will decide whether they want to be represented by the United Auto Workers union. It's common for political leaders in both states to actively campaign against unionization.

At the Tennessee news conference Tuesday, UAW President Ray Curry told The Associated Press that the union has a long history with Ford and he's optimistic about organizing the battery factories and assembly plant.

He conceded that there's no agreement at present between the union and Ford for the Tennessee site.

Both Kentucky and Tennessee have "right to work" laws, which stop companies and unions from signing contracts that require workers to pay union dues. Tennessee voters will decide next year on a constitutional amendment enshrining right to work and making it harder to repeal. Curry said the amendment doesn't complicate matters with Ford.
Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, left, and Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford, right, talk before a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey

Asked if he thought Ford located plants in Tennessee to avoid the union, Curry replied: "absolutely not."

In Glendale, a tiny community ringed by corn and soybean fields about 50 miles (80 kilometers) south of Louisville, residents seemed ready to embrace the newfound ties to the green energy movement and the fight against climate change.

"That's good for my grandkids," said Wayne Noe, a farmer and retired union carpenter.

Laura Tabb said it's "fantastic" that Ford's arrival will hoist Glendale onto the "cutting edge of a green technology." She said the fight against climate change shouldn't be a political issue.

"Everyone should be on board with trying to save the planet," she said. "Who doesn't want to save the planet? If you're opposed to measures that will help make things greener, you're on the wrong side of history."

Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee, center, talks with Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford, left, and Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, right, after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
This Monday, Sept. 27, 2021, photo shows a 1,551-acre field which will become the site of of a joint venture with Ford Motor Company and SK Innovation to create the $5.8 billion BlueOvalSK Battery Park in Glendale, Ky. The dedicated battery manufacturing complex is intended to supply Ford's North American assembly plants with locally assembled batteries. Credit: AP Photo/Timothy D. Easley
A 1,551-acre field, seen Monday, Sept. 27, 2021, will become the site of of a joint venture with Ford Motor Company and SK Innovation to create the $5.8 billion BlueOvalSK Battery Park in Glendale, Ky. The dedicated battery manufacturing complex will be creating 5,000 jobs, and is intended to supply Ford's North American assembly plants with locally assembled batteries. Credit: AP Photo/Timothy D. Easley
Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee, center right, answers questions along with Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, center left, after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
United Auto Workers President Ray Curry, seated at left, listens as Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, speaks during a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford, left, and Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, right, talk with Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee, center, after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Tennessee Economic and Community Development Commissioner Bob Rolfe, left; Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford, second from left; Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee, second from right; and Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, right; pose together for pictures after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, speaks during a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, speaks during a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Blue Oval City is the name given to the facility's campus. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford speaks during a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The Tennessee plant is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford speaks during a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The Tennessee plant is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
Tennessee Gov. Bill Lee, center, talks with Ford Executive Chairman Bill Ford, left, and Jim Farley, Ford president and CEO, right, after a presentation on the planned factory to build electric F-Series trucks and the batteries to power future electric Ford and Lincoln vehicles Tuesday, Sept. 28, 2021, in Memphis, Tenn. The plant in Tennessee is to be built near Stanton, Tenn. Credit: AP Photo/Mark Humphrey
This Monday, Sept. 27, 2021, photo shows a 1,551-acre field which will become the site of of a joint venture with Ford Motor Company and SK Innovation to create the $5.8 billion BlueOvalSK Battery Park in Glendale, Ky. The dedicated battery manufacturing complex is intended to supply Ford's North American assembly plants with locally assembled batteries. Credit: AP Photo/Timothy D. Easley


Adam Lobert, who was in Glendale at the end of a biking excursion and who lives in nearby Elizabethtown, said he could get behind battery-powered vehicles, but objected to the government boosting EVs by dangling tax credits.

As a self-professed "small government guy," he said: "I think battery-powered cars are a wonderful idea. ... But they've got to stand on their own."
Ford to add 10,800 jobs making electric vehicles, batteries

© 2021 The Associated Press. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed without permission.

 

Engineered cyanobacteria uses electricity to turn carbon dioxide into fuel

Engineered cyanobacteria uses electricity to turn carbon dioxide into fuel
Graphical abstract. Credit: DOI: 10.1039/D1EE01526E

A combined team of researchers from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory and Miami University, has developed an engineering process that allows cyanobacteria to use electricity to turn carbon dioxide into ethylene or acetate. In their paper published in the journal Energy & Environmental Science, the group describes their technique and its possible use as an energy storage system.

As the researchers note,  is an inefficient means for converting  to useful compounds for human purposes. In this new effort, the researchers have engineered part of the process to make it more efficient, and in so doing have developed a new way to store energy.

Scientists have divided natural photosynthesis into two main systems, photosystem I and photosystem II. Photosystem I involves the use of light to allow the transfer of electrons across a membrane. With photosystem II, enzymes capture photons that in turn energize electrons. The researchers noted that this system suffers from three main inefficiencies. The first is that the photosystems have overlapping absorption spectra. The second is that the oxygen produced by photosystem II has to compete with carbon dioxide for the enzyme that fixes the carbon pathway. And finally, natural photosynthesis can only use light in a limited part of the solar spectrum.

To overcome these inefficiencies, the researchers engineered cyanobacteria (a type of bacteria that obtain energy via photosynthesis, aka ) in a way that allowed them to use sunlight and a stream of electrons to drive carbon dioxide fixation. More specifically, they removed all of photosystem II and replaced it with an artificial system that worked by attaching the modified cells to an electrical circuit. They found that when the cells were exposed to light, the cyanobacteria were able to deliver electrons to photosystem I, which allowed for converting carbon dioxide to useful fuels such as ethylene or acetate.

The researchers note that if a renewable resource was used as the source of the electricity, the system could be used as a means of energy storage. And, the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide could be used to produce greener fuels. More work is required, however, to find out how well the system could be scaled up to useful levels.

New energy conversion layer for biosolar cells
More information: Zhaodong Li et al, Exogenous electricity flowing through cyanobacterial photosystem I drives CO2 valorization with high energy efficiency, Energy & Environmental Science (2021). DOI: 10.1039/D1EE01526E
Journal information: Energy & Environmental Science 
© 2021 Science X Network

 

Vaccination guards against certain bacterial infections and slows the spread of superbugs in populations

Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus pneumoniae. Credit: CDC/Dr. M.S. Mitchell

Vaccines that boost immunity against bacteria can protect the immunized from contracting drug-resistant infections, according to a team of scientists in the U.K. who also underscore that the shots can slow the spread of resistant strains in populations.

Scientists who developed a four-pronged mathematical model to better understand the impact of vaccination on antimicrobial resistance also found that while vaccination can prevent drug resistance, ironically, it also can help promote it in populations. What's needed is the right kind of vaccination strategy to keep resistant strains at bay, the scientists say.

The British team modeled the dynamics of vaccination and drug resistance across 27 European countries to draw a series of new conclusions about vaccination and its relationship on the control and spread of superbugs.

This startling way of understanding the drivers of drug resistance hails from the research of Dr. Nicholas Davies of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He and co-author, Dr. Katherine Atkins and a team of scientists, developed a modeling system that takes into account the diversity of bacterial species and competition among them as reasons for the evolution of drug resistant strains.

Writing in Science Translational Medicine Davies, Atkins and collaborators examined penicillin consumption and penicillin "nonsusceptibility"—resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae—across the 27 countries. Their mathematical modeling shows how antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae—also known as —frequently co-exist in populations. Vaccination strategies have to be undertaken carefully to avoid tipping the balance in favor of superbug spread, they say.

"Competition and diversity are key to antibiotic resistance evolution and determine whether vaccines will prevent or increase resistant infections," Davies and colleagues assert.

Strep pneumoniae is a common and pervasive microbe that can invade many parts of the body causing serious, sometimes life-threatening infections. It can infiltrate the lungs, where it causes pneumococcal pneumonia; the ears, where it manifests as otitis media, the cause of infectious earaches; the nasal passages, where it gives rise to sinusitis; the blood, where the dangerous infection known as bacteremia can occur. Pneumococcus also can cause brain and spinal cord infections, diagnosed as bacterial meningitis.

Like Davies and his research group, teams of scientists worldwide have tackled the impact of pneumococcal vaccines on drug-resistant pneumococcal strains. A key to understanding many of these studies has been grasping this point: Having only limited pneumococcal vaccinations within a population can tip the balance in favor of increased pneumococcal infections among both children and adults and excessive use of . This, in turn, gives rise to enhanced opportunities for the evolution—and spread—of tough-to-fight drug resistant strains. In short, more people wind up being treated with antibiotics rather than avoiding them. Excessive use of antibiotics is a driver of drug resistance.

"Vaccines against bacterial pathogens can protect recipients from becoming infected with potentially antibiotic-resistant pathogens. However, by altering the selective balance between antibiotic-sensitive and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains, vaccines may also suppress—or promote the spread of antibiotic resistance—among unvaccinated individuals," the Davies team wrote.

Atkins said the research lays the groundwork for a better understanding of the dynamics between vaccines and drug resistance.

"Our study does not look at the currently licensed pneumococcal vaccines that are both safe and effective and reduce life threatening disease globally," said co-author Atkins. "Instead we looked at the impact of the new generation of pneumococcal vaccines," she said, noting "our results underscore the need for a highly effective [universal] vaccine because it would reduce the burden of both drug sensitive and drug resistant infections."

The analysis by Davies and colleagues arrives as the World Health Organization has stepped up its campaign dissuading the abuse, misuse and overuse of all antimicrobials, including antibiotics. Global antibiotic use increased 65% between 2000 and 2015, according to WHO, despite highly publicized efforts to halt unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions for humans and the use of antibiotics in feed products given to animals farmed for their meat.

WHO predicts drug resistance could kill more people worldwide than cancer by 2050 unless steps are taken now to reverse course on driving the global incidence of antimicrobial resistance. As it now stands, overexposure to the medications continues to give rise to untreatable superbugs. One solution, at least with respect to pneumococcal infections, some scientists say, is the development of vaccines that boost immunity against a wider variety of pneumococcal serotypes.

Currently, pneumococcal vaccines target only a portion of the known 100-plus pneumococcal serotypes. One commonly prescribed pneumococcal vaccine, PCV13, also known as Prevnar, targets 13 serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae: serotypes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6A, 6B, 7F, 9V, 14, 19A, 19F, 18C, and 23F. The vaccine known as PPSV23 targets more—23 serotypes of the bacteria, including the 13 in Prevnar. There are, however, dozens of other pneumococcal serotypes for which there is no vaccine.

Davies, Atkins and colleagues contend that the "intersection of bacterial vaccines and antibiotic resistance needs more study." Their four mathematical models, for instance, capture potential patterns in antibiotic resistance. The models also reveal country-specific factors, such as differences in competition between drug-resistant and drug-sensitive bacteria. The scientists discovered that the type of pneumococcal vaccine deployed determined much of any given 's impact on the evolution of antibiotic resistance. For example, the researchers predicted that universal, non-serotype-specific vaccines that accelerate clearance of bacteria may be better at preventing the spread of antibiotic resistant serotypes than vaccines that simply block acquisition of infection.

But while the British team examined patterns of , other research groups have explored how vaccination saves money while preventing the emergence of drug resistant bacteria.

In the United States, scientists at North Carolina State University, and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, found broad economic savings when vaccines are used to mitigate the development of antimicrobial resistance.

Focusing on pneumococcal infections in Ethiopia, Drs. Andrew Stringer and Sachiko Ozawa using their own , found that vaccinating against pneumococcus helped slow the emergence of bacteria resistant to amoxicillin by nearly 15%. Vaccination slowed the emergence of bacteria resistant to ceftriaxone less significantly—only 0.59%—but the trend was in the right direction, findings showed.

Maintaining pneumococcal vaccination at the level identified in the model, the U.S. researchers estimated that would contribute an additional $7.67 million in annual savings for Ethiopia. Moreover, the money would not be lost to treating illnesses caused by drug-resistant pneumococcal infections.

"We wanted to model the value of vaccinating—not only to show that vaccination reduces death or disability from these diseases, but also to quantify whether vaccination can slow ," Stringer, an assistant professor of veterinary and global health at North Carolina State, said in a statement.

In the U.K., Davies and colleagues' four models capture potential patterns in antibiotic resistance. For example, vaccines with a high level of effectiveness are needed to reduce resistance in their model of a high-burden region where pneumococcal infections and antibiotic resistance are high. These findings "[highlight] that policies for managing antibiotic resistance with vaccines must be tailored to a specific pathogen and setting," the authors concluded.

Vaccination slows antimicrobial resistance

More information: Nicholas G. Davies et al, Modeling the effect of vaccination on selection for antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, Science Translational Medicine (2021). DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz8690

Journal information: Science Translational Medicine 

© 2021 Science X Network

 

Study of great tits, oak trees and caterpillars reveals complexity of climate change

great tit
Credit: Pixabay/CC0 Public Domain

A trio of researchers at the University of Oxford has found that studying the interrelationships between great tits, oak trees and caterpillars in Wytham Woods, in Oxfordshire, England, near Oxford, has revealed some of the complexities involved in studying changes wrought by global warming. In their paper published in the journal Nature Climate Change, Ella Cole, Charlotte Regan and Ben Sheldon describe their analysis of data obtained from 60 years of study focused on great tits in Britain.

Great tits are a type of songbird found in western Europe and parts of eastern Asia. They are also a type of passenger bird and have a distinctive look with black heads and necks, white cheeks, olive upper parts and yellow underparts. The popular species has been the focus of study by groups in Britain for approximately 60 years. In this new effort, the researchers sought to learn more about how the  are faring as the planet heats up due to global warming. To that end, they obtained data from multiple studies of the birds and discovered that temperatures in the area have increased by 2.6 degrees Celsius over the past 60 years and that has led to the great tits moving their mating and egg laying to earlier in the spring each year. The data showed that on average, the birds are currently laying their eggs approximately 16.2 days earlier than they did 60 years ago. But they also found that there was much more to the story.

Great tits feed their nestlings, , which they find living on oak tree leaves. Thus, their very existence depends on how the caterpillars and  are faring as the planet warms. To learn more about the relationship between all three, the researchers looked deeper into the data from prior research efforts. They found that oak leaves in the area have been appearing earlier as spring has come earlier each year, and that caterpillars have begun appearing on the leaves earlier each year, as well. But they also found that the caterpillars and leaves were arriving slightly earlier than the tit nestlings, which suggested that they could soon be out of sync with them. Further study also showed that larvae populations were higher in areas where there was a healthier oak tree canopy, which led to more caterpillars on their leaves. Thus, if  lead to thinner canopies, there could be fewer caterpillars, and because of that, fewer .

The researchers suggest their study shows how delicate the balance can be in certain ecosystems, and how difficult it is to predict what impact global warming will have on any given system due to the number of variables involved.

Birds time breeding to hit 'peak caterpillar'
More information: Ella F. Cole et al, Spatial variation in avian phenological response to climate change linked to tree health, Nature Climate Change (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-01140-4
Journal information: Nature Climate Change 
© 2021 Science X Network

New action plan for business schools focuses on research to benefit society


Sponsored by SAGE Publishing, AACSB Report Presents a Roadmap for Impactful Research

Reports and Proceedings

SAGE

AACSB International (the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business, or AACSB) has released, “Research That Matters: An Action Plan for Creating Business School Research That Positively Impacts Society”. Sponsored by SAGE Publishing, the thought paper includes three common components of impactful research and a five-part plan that business schools can use to produce research that leads to a positive societal impact.

The thought paper includes:

  • An examination of the increasing importance of societal impact as a research priority across business and management and AACSB’s role in guiding societal impact in research.
  • The three common components of research that creates societal impact: research that is cross-disciplinary, at the intersection of academia and practice, and that creates real change useful to stakeholders.
  • five-step roadmap business schools can use to develop and refine plans that cultivate research with positive societal impact.

“We’re proud to have worked with AACSB on this thought paper, which mirrors SAGE Business & Management’s own mission-driven approach in developing a wide range of resources that empower students and researchers to affect positive change in society,” says Kristi Ward, Senior Director for SAGE Library Editorial. “Our team is committed to responding to the evolving needs of the business school and working with scholars across the discipline to facilitate how research and its outputs can lead to real-world innovation.”

AACSB’s 2020 business accreditation standards require business schools to demonstrate their positive impact on society. This thought paper continues AACSB’s role in driving business schools to place societal impact at the center of their missions and activities.

“AACSB is thrilled to collaborate with SAGE Publishing on creating such an insightful and thought-provoking paper,” said Caryn Beck-Dudley, President and CEO of AACSB International. “Creating thought leadership like this demonstrates how business education continues to lead by example and illustrates the many ways business can make a positive impact on society.”

SAGE and AACSB are holding a joint webinar, “Enriching the B-School Classroom by Partnering with Socially Innovative Enterprises,” on October 13 (9AM PT / 12PM ET). The session will focus on the growing importance of social enterprises of all sizes—from certified B Corps to socially responsible investing and more—and how educators can build connections with these companies to enrich the business curriculum for their students.

 # # #

About SAGE Publishing 

SAGE is a global academic publisher of books, journals, and a growing suite of library products and services.  

Driven by the belief that social and behavioral science has the power to improve society, we focus on publishing impactful research and enabling robust research methodology. We produce high quality educational resources that support instructors to prepare the citizens, policymakers, educators, and researchers of the future. We publish more than 1,000 journals and 900 new books globally each year, as well as library products and services that include archives, data, case studies, and video. SAGE is majority owned by our founder, Sara Miller McCune, and after her lifetime will become owned by a charitable trust that secures the company’s continued independence. 

About AACSB International

Established in 1916, AACSB International (AACSB) is the world’s largest business education alliance, connecting educators, learners, and business to create the next generation of great leaders. With a presence in more than 100 countries and territories, AACSB fosters engagement, accelerates innovation, and amplifies impact in business education. Learn how AACSB is transforming business education for a better society at aacsb.edu.

When it comes to reporting on sexual assault in media, words matter

Language in news reports on sexual assaults can lead to toxic responses in online posts, research suggests

Peer-Reviewed Publication

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA - DAVIS

Someone on your favorite sports team is accused of date rape. A local city council candidate is charged in the sexual assault of a co-worker. Accusations surface about coaches of a gymnastics team.

These stories appear in traditional media every day.

Language can contribute to uncivility

But rather than wait for some resolution or facts of these accusations to play out in news coverage of arrests, investigations or a trial by jury, readers take to social media, spouting their own beliefs of what has happened. They feed the frenzy in arguments and uncivil posts resulting in toxic remarks, insults and even threats, University of California, Davis, researchers observed in a five-year study. They analyzed hundreds of exchanges on Twitter and Reddit, finding that the framing of sexual assaults — and the use of some linguistic features in news reports — can contribute to uncivil social media posts.

In social media posts, and subsequent online reactions to them, people often blame victims and defend accused rapists or attackers, the research suggests. They also engage in biased beliefs about which victims are more worthy of empathy — namely blameless victims assaulted by deviant perpetrators, researchers said.

“Despite the internet’s potential to raise awareness around sexual assault and rape culture, people often trivialize rape and sexual assault in online forums,” said Hannah Stevens, a UC Davis doctoral student in communication and lead author of the paper published earlier this month.

The paper, “Uncivil Reactions to Sexual Assault Online: Linguistic Features of News Reports Predict Discourse Incivility,” was published in the journal Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking.

The authors observed that certain features of news reports on sexual assault prompted some people to become defensive about their pre-existing stereotypes and beliefs. For example, in reading both sides of a story that is reported — a typical journalistic device to enable fair coverage — readers may feel uncertain about which person (usually victim or perpetrator) is telling the truth. They take sides or assign blame on social media, researchers said.

Additionally, people may read a story and then reinforce their own stereotypes on social media posts.  Examples in the research include media reports of sorority girls raped by a football team with corresponding social media posts voicing that the victims “asked for it,” researchers found. Additionally, race of a perpetrator was often mentioned in derogatory ways in social posts.

Researchers used technological tools

Using a computerized coding tool, researchers measured three specific aspects of news reports that they predicted would elicit uncivil reactions online in about 500 posts from 2014-2019. Articles and posts included allegations of sexual abuse that surfaced in stories about the #MeToo movement, teachers in elementary and high schools, and leadership in various churches.

They then correlated these features of news articles with incivility in corresponding user posts using an advanced AI tool designed by Google’s Counter-Abuse Technology team. Researchers looked at issues including comment toxicity, insults, profanity and threats. 

The linguistic features of news articles measured were:

  • Disagreement: Language used to describe opposite sides of a story in an article (usually the victim and the perpetrator) can cause readers to feel uncertain about what really happened. Readers opt to reduce uncertainty by taking sides and assigning blame. Results suggested that linguistic disagreement in articles shared to Twitter caused more profanity and toxicity than on Reddit. Disagreement terms used in stories included “but” or “hasn’t,” to name a few.
  • Negative emotion: Measuring the level of negative emotion language in a news report revealed that individuals have what’s called a “just-world bias” — or the belief that good things happen to good people and bad people deserve their adversity. This can then cause some readers to scrutinize the information in negative news more carefully in an effort to defend their belief in a “just world.” Results concluded that the relationship between the negative emotion in an article and the toxicity of reactions to the article was also greater on Twitter than on Reddit. Researchers measured negative emotion language to assess levels of anger, anxiety and sadness in articles, looking at the use of such words as “afraid” or “depressed.”
  • Group power dynamics: Measuring words in articles referencing power relations between groups (words such as “celebrity” or “bully” — typically that were in quotes or other attributions) revealed that discussion of power dynamics, such as the relationship of a coach to a gymnast, can prompt people to become defensive. That would then drive them to defend their core beliefs and pre-existing stereotypes on social media. News discussion of group power dynamics was found to produce greater amounts of toxicity, insults, threats and profanity on Reddit than Twitter, researchers said.

Stevens said the findings are important because they reveal that social media community norms matter — incivility looked different on Reddit than Twitter. “Ultimately, this raises ethical implications for social media community guidelines and moderation policies,” she said.

“Our study shows a need to further research how journalists may be able to change the way they write to minimize toxic and uncivil reactions to reports of sexual assault.”

Co-authors of the paper are Laramie D. Taylor, department chair and professor, and Irena Acic, doctoral candidate, both in the Department of Communication at UC Davis.

 

Elephants strive to cooperate with allies, until the stakes get too high

In a two-elephant rope-pulling task, cooperation broke down if one partner could monopolize the food

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

Elephants strive to cooperate with allies, until the stakes get too high 

IMAGE: ELEPHANTS IN THE MYAING HAY WUN ELEPHANT CAMP, MYANMAR view more 

CREDIT: LI-LI LI, LI L-L ET AL., PLOS BIOLOGY, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

Asian elephants are keen to cooperate with friends and have evolved strategies to mitigate competition in their social groups, but cooperation breaks down when food resources are limited, according to a study publishing September 28th in the open-access journal PLOS Biology by Li-Li Li at the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Yunnan, China, and colleagues. The study sheds light on the evolution of cooperative behavior in mammals.

The researchers tested nine semi-wild Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) at the Myaing Hay Wun Elephant Camp in Yangon, Myanmar with a simple, open access cooperative task. The elephants were offered two trays of food, which could only be accessed by pulling two ropes simultaneously – a task requiring two trunks.

They found that pairs of elephants successfully cooperated in 80% of trials. Some elephants tried to cheat, for example by “freeloading” and stealing part of the reward from another cooperating pair. While competitive behaviours were common, elephants used mitigation strategies — such as fighting back or moving sides — to prevent cheating and maintain cooperation.

Next, the researchers repeated the trials with a single food tray, meaning that one partner could dominate the reward, leaving the other with no food. In this more competitive scenario, elephants showed more costly competitive behaviors, like fighting, to gain access to the reward, and cooperation quickly broke down.

This the first experiment to test elephants in a rope-pulling cooperative task, but similar results have been found for non-human primates, suggesting that distantly related species have convergently evolved similar strategies to maintain cooperation in their social groups, the authors say. Unlike many primates, elephants are generalist browsers and grazers that are unlikely to encounter monopolizable food resources in the wild, which may explain why cooperation broke down in the more competitive scenario.

“We found that Asian elephants have a diverse repertoire of behaviors to use when cooperating with others, and are careful about how to mitigate competition based on their relationships,” adds Li. “This is an exciting demonstration of how flexible and socially intelligent elephants are!”

 

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In your coverage please use these URLs to provide access to the freely available articles in PLOS Biology http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001391

Citation: Li L-L, Plotnik JM, Xia S-W, Meaux E, Quan R-C (2021) Cooperating elephants mitigate competition until the stakes get too high. PLoS Biol 19(9): e3001391. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001391

Funding: This project was funded by the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation Special Fund (Biodiversity Monitoring and Network Construction along Lancang-Mekong River Basin project; Y8GK041B01) - R-C.Q., CAS-SEABRI (Y4ZK111B01) - R-C.Q., and the CAS 135 program (grant number: No. 2017 XTBG-F03) - R-C.Q. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Overcoming challenges to global child and adolescent health


Special issue from PLOS Medicine also highlights progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

Overcoming Challenges to Global Child and Adolescent Health 

IMAGE: CHILDREN, KIDS, CHILDHOOD, GAMES, PLAY, FUN, PLAYFUL, SILHOUETTES, SUNSET, VIETNAM view more 

CREDIT: TRILEMEDIA, PIXABAY, CC BY PUBLIC DOMAIN (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/PUBLICDOMAIN/MARK/1.0/)

The latest special issue of PLOS Medicine outlines different aspects of child and adolescent health and development, and the social determinants of health. The studies within the collection were selected by PLOS Medicine’s editorial team and guest editors Zulfiqar A. Bhutta, Kathryn M. Yount, and Quique Bassat. The accompanying Editorial publishing on September 28th is cowritten by the guest editors and Caitlin Moyer, and focuses specifically on the health of infants, children, and adolescents in the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

The guest editors stress the relevance of the special issue in light of the ongoing pandemic. They point out that “there are legitimate concerns that COVID-19 has negatively impacted progress in achieving the SDGs globally, and that urgent redirective strategies are needed before hard-earned gains from the 2000-2015 MDG [Millennium Development Goal] period are reversed.”

The research studies publishing in the issue include papers examining the drivers and determinants of child and adolescent health in diverse and challenging contexts. Adversity brought by poverty, pollution, worsening climate, and by experiencing violence and conflict can impact child health. Reports on key health issues and interventions across childhood and adolescence include severe bacterial infections among neonates, anti-infection measures and nutritional supplementation to improve neonatal and child outcomes, cash transfers combined with additional interventions to improve child health in low- and middle-income countries, and sexual and reproductive health factors among adolescent girls.

Further studies focus on the intersection of child health and existing and challenging environments, including pre- and post-natal care for women in conflict settings, air pollution and neonatal outcomes, vaccination coverage in drought conditions in sub-Saharan Africa, and psychosocial circumstances relating to injuries in adolescents. Additional PLOS Medicine papers will continue to be added to the special issue over the coming weeks.

The guest editors note that to maintain the focus on child and adolescent health with reference to the SDGs: “…it is necessary to recognize and attend to the health inequities among children and adolescents arising from differentiated exposures to dynamic social contexts around the globe, including urban poverty, environmental degradation and extreme climates, violence and conflict, and unsafe school, family, and social environments”.

The guest editors add, “This collection of studies from across the world underscores the importance of the social and contextual determinants of child and adolescent health and development, as well as promising innovations to improve survival, health, and well-being.”

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In your coverage please use this URL to provide access to the freely available papers:

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003802

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003722

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003744

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003678

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003509

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003617

http://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003618
 

Editorial manuscript information:

Citation: Bhutta ZA, Yount KM, Bassat Q, Moyer CE (2021) Sustainable Developmental Goals interrupted: Overcoming challenges to global child and adolescent health. PLoS Med 18(9): e1003802. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003802

Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work.

 

AI may predict the next virus to jump from animals to humans

Peer-Reviewed Publication

PLOS

AI may predict the next virus to jump from animals to humans 

IMAGE: BATS CAUGHT DURING ZOONOTIC VIRUS SURVEILLANCE EFFORTS (MADRE DE DIOS, PERU) view more 

CREDIT: DANIEL STREICKER, MOLLENTZE N, ET AL., PLOS BIOLOGY, CC-BY 4.0 (HTTPS://CREATIVECOMMONS.ORG/LICENSES/BY/4.0/)

Most emerging infectious diseases of humans (like COVID-19) are zoonotic – caused by viruses originating from other animal species. Identifying high-risk viruses earlier can improve research and surveillance priorities. A study publishing in PLOS Biology on September 28th by Nardus Mollentze, Simon Babayan, and Daniel Streicker at University of Glasgow, United Kingdom suggests that machine learning (a type of artifical intelligence) using viral genomes may predict the likelihood that any animal-infecting virus will infect humans, given biologically relevant exposure.

Identifying zoonotic diseases prior to emergence is a major challenge because only a small minority of the estimated 1.67 million animal viruses are able to infect humans. To develop machine learning models using viral genome sequences, the researchers first compiled a dataset of 861 virus species from 36 families. They then built machine learning models, which assigned a probability of human infection based on patterns in virus genomes. The authors then applied the best-performing model to analyze patterns in the predicted zoonotic potential of additional virus genomes sampled from a range of species.

The researchers found that viral genomes may have generalizable features that are independent of virus taxonomic relationships and may preadapt viruses to infect humans. They were able to develop machine learning models capable of identifying candidate zoonoses using viral genomes. These models have limitations, as computer models are only a preliminary step of identifying zoonotic viruses with potential to infect humans. Viruses flagged by the models will require confirmatory laboratory testing before pursuing major additional research investments. Further, while these models predict whether viruses might be able to infect humans, the ability to infect is just one part of broader zoonotic risk, which is also influenced by the virus’ virulence in humans, ability to transmit between humans, and the ecological conditions at the time of human exposure.

According to the authors, “Our findings show that the zoonotic potential of viruses can be inferred to a surprisingly large extent from their genome sequence. By highlighting viruses with the greatest potential to become zoonotic, genome-based ranking allows further ecological and virological characterisation to be targeted more effectively.”

“These findings add a crucial piece to the already surprising amount of information that we can extract from the genetic sequence of viruses using AI techniques,” Babayan adds. “A genomic sequence is typically the first, and often only, information we have on newly-discovered viruses, and the more information we can extract from it, the sooner we might identify the virus’ origins and the zoonotic risk it may pose. As more viruses are characterized, the more effective our machine learning models will become at identifying the rare viruses that ought to be closely monitored and prioritized for preemptive vaccine development.”

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In your coverage please use these URLs to provide access to the freely available article in PLOS Biology http://journals.plos.org/plosbiology/article?id=10.1371/journal.pbio.3001390

Citation: Mollentze N, Babayan SA, Streicker DG (2021) Identifying and prioritizing potential human-infecting viruses from their genome sequences. PLoS Biol 19(9): e3001390. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001390

Funding: D.G.S. and N.M. were supported by a Wellcome Senior Research Fellowship (217221/Z/19/Z). Additional funding was provided by the Medical Research Council through program grants MC_UU_12014/8 and MC_UU_12014/12. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.