Tuesday, January 27, 2026


ICE is Out of Control

January 26, 2026

ICE is out of control, ignoring the law and our Constitution. Congress must vote NO on any additional funding for DHS.

Further, here is SOME of what else we must do:

+ Get ICE, CBP and the rest of Trump’s domestic army out of Minnesota and Maine NOW

+ No more warrantless arrests, no more stopping people based on race or because of the languages they speak

+ End qualified immunity for ICE and CBP agents to ensure Americans’ constitutional rights are protected

+ Unmask ICE and CBP agents and require clear identification

+ End detentions and deportations of U.S. Citizens

+ Investigate and prosecute every single DHS officer who broke the law and require DOJ and DHS to cooperate with states and cities investigating immigration agents who broke the law

+ Repeal the $75 billion for ICE and the nearly $65 billion for CBP in Trump’s One Big Beautiful Bill and restore funding to health care

+ Impose strict standards on all detention centers and hold them accountable for their human rights abuses

Bernie Sanders is a US Senator, and the ranking member of the Senate budget committee. He represents the state of Vermont, and is the longest-serving independent in the history of Congress.

Will D.H.S. Destroy Free Speech In Minnesota?



 January 26, 2026

ICE and Border Patrol agents on Nicollet Avenue on January 24, 2026. This follows the shooting death of Minneapolis resident Alex Pretti. Photograph Source: Chad Davis – CC BY 4.0

DHS Secretary Kristi Noem calls for Minneapolis to  “set up a peaceful protest zone so that these individuals can exercise their First Amendment rights and do so peacefully.” Since 9/11, “free speech zones” have been one of the biggest constitutional shams around.

Both major political parties have used “free speech zone” restrictions to seek to totally silence dissent.  As I wrote in 2004 in the Baltimore Sun, the Democratic National Convention that year was downright bizarre:

In Boston, police and convention organizers aimed to restrict protesters to a large patch of asphalt in a dank and dark area below an elevated subway line, nearby highways overhead. Internet blogger Gan Golan described the area: “It’s like a scene from some post-apocalyptic movie — a futuristic, industrial detention area from a Mad Max film. You are surrounded on all sides by concrete blocks and steel fencing, with razor wire lining the perimeter. Then, there is a giant black net over the entire space.”

Federal judge Douglas Woodlock declared that the designated protest area looked like “an internment camp.” Convention organizers justified covering the area with netting because of the danger that protesters might throw something at convention delegates. The possibility that one demonstrator might throw one apple at one delegate justified preemptive caging of all demonstrators. Unfortunately, the U.S. government does not use the same stringent standard when bombing foreign countries.

The Boston “free speech zone” illustrated how Democrats adopted one of Mr. Bush’s most repressive trademarks. At a 2003 speech by Bush in St. Louis, the ACLU’s Denise Lieberman complained: “No one could see [the protestors] from the street. In addition, the media were not allowed to talk to them. The police would not allow any media inside the protest area and wouldn’t allow any of the protesters out of the protest zone to talk to the media.” Protestors were also severely restricted at the 2004 Republican convention in New York City.

Congressman Ron Paul and 11 House colleagues sent a letter to President Bush in 2003 condemning the administration’s crackdowns on demonstrators:

As we read the First Amendment to the Constitution, the United States is a “free speech zone.” In the United States, free speech is the rule, not the exception, and citizens’ rights to express it do not depend on their doing it in a way that the president finds politically amenable. . . . We ask that you make it clear that we have no interest as a government in “zoning” constitutional freedoms, and that being politically annoying to the president of the United States is not a criminal offense.

Back in Minneapolis, Mayor Jacob Frey responded to Noem: “First Amendment speech is not limited to one park or one section of the city. You are allowed to protest, so long as you’re doing it peacefully. And by the way, we’ve got tens of thousands of people in Minneapolis… peacefully expressing their First Amendment rights.”

DHS is seeking to enforce a “cone of silence” over all its operations – including information that has already been publicly disclosed. On Face the Nation, host Margaret Brennan asked Noem: “Tell me about the officer, Jonathan Ross.”  Noem was outraged at the question: “Don’t say his name! I mean, for heaven’s sake, we shouldn’t have people continue to dox law enforcement.”

When did the names of federal agents reach holy par with the name Jehovah in the Monty Python “Life of Brian” movie?

It would be absurd to expect DHS to show good faith on “free speech zones” when the feds have already proclaimed that it is a crime for citizens to videotape ICE officers in public. As Fox News’ Minneapolis reported, “A DHS bulletin issued last June identified the use of cameras, live-streaming interactions with officers, and video recording at protests as ‘unlawful civil unrest’ tactics and ‘threats.’” DHS’s Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs asserted last summer that “videotaping ICE law enforcement and posting photos and videos of them online is doxing our agents… [We] will prosecute those who illegally harass ICE agents to the fullest extent of the law.”  An ongoing lawsuit claims that Noem “established, sanctioned, and ratified an agency policy of treating video recording of DHS agents in public as a threat that may be responded to with force and addressed as a crime.”  Going back almost a decade, federal appeals courts have unanimously ruled that “there is a First Amendment right to record police activity in public.”

Protesting federal abuses doesn’t entitle angry citizens to commit violence or trespass. Some Minnesota protestors deserve to be arrested—the same way that a smattering of the protestors who destroyed property or assailed police on January 6, 2021 at the U.S. Capitol deserved arrest. Simply because some protesters are assholes doesn’t mean everyone else within city limits loses their constitutional rights.

Free speech zones are a pre-emptive strike against American freedom. To designate a free speech zone is to delegitimize free speech everywhere outside the pen. It is absurd to presume that no one has the right to get close enough to holler at a politician.  If federal policymakers cannot stand to hear angry protests, they should commit fewer outrages.

An earlier version of this piece was published by the Libertarian Institute.

James Bovard is the author of Attention Deficit DemocracyThe Bush Betrayal, and Terrorism and Tyranny. His latest book is Last Rights: the Death of American Liberty. Bovard is on the USA Today Board of Contributors. He is on Twitter at @jimbovard. His website is at www.jimbovard.com

Democrats Must Stop Enabling ICE

Source: The Lever

As Immigration and Customs Enforcement terrorizes cities and literally murders people, a tycoon-funded Democratic think tank is criticizing those saying lawmakers should reduce the agency’s funding — all while Democrats provide enough congressional votes to keep ICE flush with cash.

This may seem like an exaggeration — but that’s what’s happened in the last two weeks:

  • ICE murdered a Minneapolis woman and then murdered another person in the same city yesterday morning.
  • Meanwhile, the Searchlight Institute — bankrolled by real estate moguls and run by former John Fetterman staffers — pumped out a memo criticizing those calling for abolishing ICE. The memo declares that the past “furor over ‘defund’ diverted attention from other reforms . . . sucked all the oxygen out of efforts at reform” and then concludes that “Democrats should embrace an aggressive plan to rebuild ICE.” As polling data show a plurality of Americans now want ICE abolished, Searchlight insists that cause is “at odds with the American public.”
  • Days later, congressional Democrats provided enough votes to continue funding ICE. House Democratic Leader Hakeem Jeffries refused to whip votes against the measure.

It’s difficult to come up with the right metaphor to describe this dynamic. I usually revert to the Cheeto lock: authoritarianism is at the door, Democrats should be a thick Kryptonite Lock keeping it closed, but are instead a flimsy Cheeto.

But at this point, that metaphor understates what’s happening. The Harlem Globetrotters-Washington Generals comparison is more apt.

MAGA are the high-flying Globetrotters posterizing everyone on the court. The Democratic professional class — politicians, pundits, think tankers, and operatives — are the Washington Generals, paid a lot of money to be pantsed.

And somehow — even as this all reeks of staged kayfabe — many rank-and-file liberals lobotomized by social media and cable TV remain card-carrying members of the Washington Generals Fan Club, rather than angry sports fans demanding that their team make wholesale ownership and roster changes.

To know that it doesn’t have to be this way, just consider how Republicans would be acting in the counterfactual. As Matt Stoller reminds us:

If a Democratic president were occupying and harassing red states as Trump is doing, Republican governors would put up bitter, fierce resistance. They’d investigate the Feds. They file lawsuits. They’d threaten jail. Greg Abbott fought with Biden over shutting the border!

Instead, a powerful Democratic faction is still working hard to prevent a unified opposition. Take a look at this Politico story detailing what Democratic US Rep. Haley Stevens (D-MI) and Michigan Rep. Mallory McMorrow (D-Royal Oak) are throwing at Democratic US Senate candidate Abdul El-Sayed after he called to abolish ICE:

El-Sayed said in an interview that calling to abolish ICE is “not saying there is not a responsibility to secure our border and even to undergo certain kinds of immigration enforcement — but this ain’t it.”

Stevens hit back in a brief interview Thursday, saying Trump’s immigration tactics are “clearly an abuse of power. ICE is out of control, and we need to get answers and rein it in.” But as for abolishing the agency, she said, “I don’t believe that.” McMorrow, meanwhile, told Politico that Congress should use its budgetary powers to “reform the agency.”

Even if you perceive yourself as a “moderate” Democrat, you should at this point be able to imagine a different, better reality than this dystopia.

Even if you don’t support abolishing ICE, you should be able to admit that it’s not great that a well-funded Democratic think tank is spending its time sh–tting on those trying to create a vanguard against the agency. You should be able to admit it would be better for those resources to be spent on fortifying a real opposition.

Similarly, even if you believe in “law and order,” you should be able to admit that it’s pretty bad that Democratic lawmakers are providing votes to help fund Donald Trump’s chaotic and lawless assault on American cities. You should be able to admit it would be better for there to be a truly unified opposition to what’s happening.

But that better reality will not happen until rank-and-file Democratic voters relinquish their membership in the Washington Generals Fan Club, start holding their team accountable, and force them to be a real opposition.

Source: Jacobin

Alex Pretti was an intensive care unit nurse at a Veterans’ Affairs hospital in Minneapolis. One of his colleagues there told the New York Times that the “default look on his face was a smile.”

Now he’s dead at the age of thirty-seven — the same age as Renee Good, who was murdered a little over two weeks earlier in the same city. Both were American citizens. Both were shot to death by federal agents in the streets of Minneapolis while they were unarmed.

Subsequent statements by the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), which includes ICE and the Border Patrol, have emphasized that Pretti had a gun on him at the beginning of the altercation. But Minneapolis police chief Brian O’Hara has said that Pretti, who had no criminal record, had a valid permit to carry the gun. And the video evidence is decisive. He never tried to pull it, and it had already been confiscated before they killed him.

Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem said, “I don’t know of any peaceful protester that shows up with a gun and ammunition rather than a sign.” But this is extraordinarily disingenuous, and not just because openly brandishing guns is very common in protests held by the American right. And even if it had still been on his person when he was shot, it would have been entirely irrelevant. We haven’t repealed the Second Amendment and passed a law mandating that anyone caught with a handgun can be executed on the spot, even if they never draw it.

He was holding neither a gun nor a protest sign but a phone. He was there as a legal observer, using his phone to record what the agents were doing and deter them from committing abuses — a form of civic engagement that’s entirely legal under the First Amendment. The agents only found the gun after he’d been knocked to the ground and brutalized for the crime of trying to help a woman who’d been knocked over and pepper-sprayed near him moments before.

It’s worth emphasizing that we know all this because the murder occurred on a crowded street in broad daylight, filmed by multiple people. The DHS’s statement, never quite claiming he had drawn the gun but vaguely gesturing at a “violent” struggle and the officer who shot him supposedly fearing for “his life and the lives and safety of fellow officers,” is unlikely to be believed by anyone who watched any of those videos.

Indeed, one of the most striking parts of all this is that these particular lies don’t exactly seem to be intended to be believed. Instead, it feels like the point is just to give the hardcore supporters of the current administration something to hang their hat on when a “libtard” tries to give them a hard time about this. Better to say something anyone with access to the internet can see for themselves isn’t true than to be left with nothing to say at all. But this feels like a few steps from simply bragging about killing Pretti for being an annoying, disobedient thorn in the agents’ side.

After Renee Good was murdered, opinion polls showed that only about a third (and in some polls far less than a third) of the public believed the administration’s story. That didn’t stop Vice President J. D. Vance from relentlessly smearing Good, a mother who was shot while trying to drive herself and her wife and the family dog away from the scene, as a “domestic terrorist.” It didn’t stop several ICE agents in the ensuing weeks, some of whom seem to have known they were being filmed, from chiding protesters and observers for not learning their “lesson” after what happened to Good, clearly insinuating that it might be time for a repeat performance.

In any normal administration, the public relations catastrophe following Good’s murder would have led to some attempt to draw back and do damage control. The Trump administration had the opposite reaction, seemingly wanting to push the spiral of escalation further and further down the road to chaos.

Thus far, the restraint and unity shown by the overwhelming majority of the protesters in Minneapolis is remarkable. There have been mass demonstrations, an impromptu strike called by local organized labor, and an abundance of people filming ICE and the Border Patrol and letting them know that they aren’t welcome and that no one plans to make it easy for them to drag away their friends and neighbors. But there seems to be a widespread understanding that giving them an excuse for further mayhem would be a very bad idea.

Even so, the more lawless and violent the behavior of masked and therefore totally unaccountable ICE agents become, and the more the Trump administration pours gasoline on the fire by smearing anyone and everyone they victimize as a “terrorist,” the more likely it is that some misguided individuals will meet violence with violence. What comes next is anyone’s guess. Trump is already talking about the Insurrection Act. If we’ve learned anything from recent weeks, when the Trump administration has done everything from brazenly kidnapping a foreign head of state (and openly saying that they did it in part in order to gain control of his country’s oil) to threatening to seize territory from a NATO ally by force to calling a murdered mother a “domestic terrorist,” it should be the simple and frightening truth that no one knows what limits they are or aren’t willing to go to.

We know that the Trump administration is driving the country to the edge of a cliff. We know that they’ve pressed the gas pedal all the way to the floor of the car. We don’t know what’s waiting for us at the bottom of the cliff. But there’s every chance we’re going to find out.

ICE Is Not an Accident: What Would Martin Luther King Jr. Do Now


 January 26, 2026

Image by Bradley Andrews.

I was thirteen when I watched the Rodney King beating on the evening news with my father. The grainy footage was relentless and impossible. I credit that evening as my political awakening. I asked countless questions and received hours of patient answers. What has stayed with me is not only the horror of what was shown, but the collective astonishment that accompanies recurring episodes of graphic violence. The lesson in outrage is familiar: society confronts violence only when the public bears witness to its spectacular and undeniable reality.

In 1944, at age 15, returning by bus from an oratorical contest in Dublin, Georgia. King and his teacher, Mrs. Bradley, were seated when white passengers boarded. The bus driver enforced the cruelty of Jim Crow laws and ordered Black passengers—including King—to give up their seats. He stood up and obeyed the unjust law. He later described this moment as one of the angriest of his life, saying he was “the angriest I have ever been in my life,” and that the humiliation stayed with him for years. We all have memories that imprint into our souls.

Seeing ICE terrorize neighborhoods and detain innocent people—citizens and noncitizens alike—should be as morally jarring as “whites only” counters, hospitals, and water fountains once were. It is the kind of injustice that, when explained plainly, still shocks the conscience—especially of children, who have not yet learned to treat cruelty as normal. It will not be forgotten anytime soon.

Recent events make clear that this is not an aberration. In the past week alone, federal officials have doubled down on an enforcement strategy that prioritizes speed, visibility, and volume over preparation or restraint. The resulting violence is treated as unfortunate fallout rather than foreseeable consequence. That framing is not just misleading—it is false. What we are witnessing is not a failure of execution, but the execution of a plan.

I feel the cycle repeating. Shock, grief, and calls for accountability emerge immediately. One case involves police officers beating a limp body: another, a federal agent firing “defensive” shots through a driver’s-side window. King’s experience of racist America and our observations of 5-year-olds abducted in their driveways are the same; the state makes excuses, talks about the law, and blames victims. Coverage fixates on physical details, evidence, and personal histories.

Public violence demands resistance—it is part of our moral economy—but the selectivity of that attention is troubling. We are fluent in responding to abrupt emergencies and far less equipped to confront the slow boil of cultural and structural violence. King would praise the whistles in Minnesota while condemning the dog whistles from MAGA republicanism.

We should trust our eyes. There is nothing “self-defense” about the ICE shootings, and the administration’s claims that the victims are domestic terrorists (or anything else) are false. But the fatal shots were delivered months earlier, when the administration intentionally produced predictable suffering. Who did this? Why?

The answer is not found at the moment a trigger is pulled. It begins earlier, in offices where executive orders are drafted, training timelines shortened, and numerical targets elevated over human judgment. When preparation is compressed, oversight weakened, and escalation rewarded, violence is no longer accidental—it is structural. The question is not whether harm will occur, but who will be blamed when it does. When “defensive shots” were fired, again, in the morning hours of Jan. 24th Governor Walz responded: “Minnesota has had it. This is sickening. The President must end this operation. Pull the thousands of violent, untrained officers out of Minnesota. Now.”

Focus will be rightly placed on questions like, he was on the ground, how is that defensive? But how did thousands of agents of the state end up there? How is it that 85% of MAGA Republican and 64% of non-MAGA Republicans say ICE is “Just Right” or “Not Aggressive Enough?” Will there be another clear cover up?

Martin Luther King Jr. insisted that state violence must be judged by the conditions that make it normal, not merely by the individuals who carry it out. He resisted narrowing moral judgment to individual perpetrators because doing so allowed institutions to deflect responsibility onto “bad apples.” Decades of promises about body cameras and training have served as distractions from administrative recklessness and policy design. In what society, King would ask, is this behavior considered normal?

In Beyond Vietnam, King warned that a society reveals its moral commitments not through slogans, but through budgets and policy. A nation that “continues year after year to spend more money on military defense than on programs of social uplift,” he argued, “is approaching spiritual death.” The same logic applies here: priorities hardened into legislation produce predictable harm. As King put it, “We as a nation must undergo a radical revolution of values.”

This outcome was produced by an administration that turned neighborhoods into war zones for political purposes. Choosing escalation at every opportunity yields predictable results. Bureaucracy and executive orders kill far more effectively than individuals animated by avarice or malice. Valuing order over justice and privileging loyalty over morality is no longer an inflection point; it is openly rewarded.

This violence is bureaucratic before it is physical. Sending armed agents into neighborhoods without adequate training is not an accident—it is policy. Calling resulting deaths “failures” or “oversights” sanitizes decisions made in advance, for political gain, at the expense of human life. ICE in 2026 resembles the Birmingham Police Department in 1963. Kristi Noem and Bull Connor share the same playbook of state power suppressing dissent through intimidation and force. When 5,000 children walked out of school to protest segregation, Connor unleashed snarling dogs and fire hoses. Many children carried toothbrushes, knowing arrest was likely.

In the margins of a newspaper, King penned Letter from Birmingham Jail. Denied proper writing implements while held in solitary confinement, he wrote on scraps of paper—napkins and toilet paper among them. His message on the urgency of nonviolent direct action could not wait. “Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere,” he wrote, calling on people to break unjust laws and accept the consequences.

Donald Trump has not pulled the trigger, but his immigration policies cause needless pain, suffering, and death. They are grossly unpopular: a 2025 PRRI survey reports that only three in ten Americans support his immigration agenda. That unpopularity helps explain the strong reactions from neighbors, friends, and community members. Training adds another layer of risk. What once took roughly five months has been reduced to forty-seven days. Increased operational complexity paired with reduced preparation is a recipe for disaster. If a parent gives a four-year-old a gun, they are blamed. When an administration sends undertrained agents into the streets, it should be blamed as well.

All elected officials must be held to account. Softened language—“accidents happen” or “nothing we could do”—lets everyone off the hook. Minneapolis Mayor Jacob Frey did not mince words, telling ICE, “Get the F___ out!” Leaders can defund reckless operations, demand proper training, and insist on accountability. Citizens deserve competence, not excuses. Split-second decisions about detention and lethal force unfold in real time; adequate preparation is essential to protect both civilians and agents.

Cutting corners to staff the streets was a bureaucratic choice driven by headlines and numbers. Policies and procedures are violent in themselves, and they can be reversed—but that reality is missing from much of the coverage. Armed agents terrorizing neighborhoods is a serious problem, but focusing only on those who pull the trigger will not prevent future harm. Real change requires confronting the policies that put those agents and their weapons in neighborhoods in the first place.

King was a moral authority and a tactician, but above all, he was a man of action. In 2026, he would make clear that ICE is not part of the promise of any American Dream. The promise of opportunity revoked by a society that blocks justice while demanding law and order, King repeatedly warned, creates the conditions under which violence becomes more likely—not because people are impatient, but because justice has been systematically denied.

King did not respond to state violence by asking for better public relations or gentler rhetoric. He demanded disruption. He organized boycotts, marches, and mass refusal. He forced institutions to confront the cost of maintaining unjust systems. If he were alive today, he would not ask ICE to behave more humanely while carrying out inhumane policies. He would demand that those policies be stopped—and he would insist that elected officials choose between order and justice, knowing they cannot have both.

Structural violence is slow, often invisible, and lethal. Spectacle cannot be our measure of accountability. To prevent harm, we must confront not just bullets, but bureaucracy—the policies and political calculations that set violence in motion. Only then can outrage become action: defunding reckless operations, restoring meaningful training, and rejecting policies that treat communities as testing grounds for political theater.

Wim Laven has a PhD in International Conflict Management, he teaches courses in political science and conflict resolution, and is on the Executive Boards of the International Peace Research Association and the Peace and Justice Studies Association. 

Adamantios Koraes: The Second Aristotle of Freedom

 January 26, 2026

A statue of a person sitting on a chair AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Statue of Adamantios Koraes in front of the University of Athens. Photo: EV

Prologue

In the early 1970s, I wrote my Ph.D. thesis on Adamantios Koraes at the University of Wisconsin. I read his voluminous writings and hundreds of letters – mostly written in Greek and some in French. I tried to understand his philosophy, purpose, method and influence in the making of the Greek Revolution of 1821.

The second Aristotle

More than 50 years later, I see Adamantios Koraes, 1748-1833, like Plato and Aristotle in one. Like them, he was a polymath: philosopher, political thinker, superb linguist, scientist, lover of freedom and passionate patriot. He wrote dialogues like Plato. His dialogues were Platonic, addressing political and ethical ideals he tried instilling to the revolutionary Greeks fighting for freedom.

In 1827, Kores chose Arrianos for commentary. Arrianos, 86-160, was philosopher, historian and military commander whom the Roman Emperor Hadrian appointed to the Senate and governor of the province of Cappadocia in Asia. Arrianos was also a writer. He authored the Anabasis or Campaigns of Alexander the Great and wrote a handbook (Encheiridion) on the philosopher Epictetos. Koraes edited Arrianos’ work on the philosopher Epictetos, also of the second century. His introduction / prolegomena to this work took the form of a dialogue about the fate of the island of Chios in the Aegean, after the 1822 Moslem slaughter and enslavement of more than 30,000 Chian Greeks. The speakers of the dialogue, Demochares (joy of the people / citizens) and Philolaos (lover of the people), remembered and talked about Greek history, the ups and downs of democracy in ancient Greece, as well as its golden age, that gave birth to great scientists, philosophers and civilization. They agreed that eudaimonia (the ultimate happiness / flourishing) of people exists only among citizens who are blessed by the virtues of justice, phronesis / moderation, and politismos / civilization.

Koraes, however, wrote primarily scientific and protreptic texts like Aristotle. In fact, he became the second Aristotle. He invented the science of freedom. He studied and wrote about political theory, strategy, ethics, science, education, the Greek language, medicine, diplomacy, statecraft and freedom.

Where did Koraes come from?

Koraes was born in 1748 in Smyrna, a Greek affluent city on the southern coast of Asia Minor. Smyrna was occupied by the Mogol Moslem Turks, who also occupied most of Greece since 1453. His father was a merchant of silk clothes, which means he was relatively affluent. He inherited a library from his grandfather and attended the local “Evangelical” Greek school for basic learning. His Eros for paideia (outstanding education and civilization) led him to finding private tutors who taught him Dutch, Italian, German, French and English. He also mastered ancient Greek and Latin.

His father, however, thought his son should take over his business, so he sent him to Amsterdam in Holland to manage his store selling silk clothes. Adamantios obliged, but he did not find business exciting. Adamantios’ assistant wrote to the elderly Koraes in Smyrna that his son was interested in women and the classics. He urged him to send Adamantios to a foreign university. Adamantios’ father did exactly that.

At the University of Montpellier

Adamantios went to the University of Montpellier in France and studied medicine. At Montpellier and later in Paris his name became Coray. He excelled in his studies, especially in his examination of ancient Greek medicine and, in particular, his study of Hippocrates who, in the fifth century BCE, invented scientific medicine and healing. Koraes wrote two dissertations in Latin: (1) about the history of fevers: Pyretologiae Synopsis (Montpellier, 1786) and (2) the medical science and achievements of Hippocrates: Medicus Hippocraticus (Montpellier, 1787). He edited the Greek text of Hippocrates’ seminal work (Airs, Waters and Places) and translated it into French. One of his professors wrote a strong letter of recommendation for Koraes, which opened the doors to the scientific world of Paris. He arrived at the French capital in 1788, one year before the outbreak of the French Revolution.

The French Revolution

A painting of a person holding a flag AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Liberty Leading the Revolutionaries by Eugene Delacroix, 1830. Louvre. Public Domain.

The French Revolution was a cosmic upheaval and vicious class warfare. The revolutionaries cut off the heads of the king and queen and sent dozens and dozens of royal officials and members of the gentry to the guillotine. But behind the mayhem, the revolutionaries tried to restore some of the lessons of the Renaissance and Enlightenment, that healthy free democratic societies, republics, needed the virtues of fraternity, equality and freedom. They restored temporarily a crude version of the ancient Athenian democracy in Paris.

Koraes watched these unexpected bloody, though encouraging events with fear and trembling – and hidden hopes. The speeches of the revolutionaries reminded him of the fifth century BCE poet Aeschylos urging his fellow Athenians to put their struggle against the invading Persians, in 480 BCE, above everything else – Νῦν υπέρ πάντων αγών. He also remembered the great poets of the late fifth century BCE, Sophocles, Euripides and Aristophanes, denouncing the erosion of ancient traditions and the calamitous effects of the Peloponnesian War.

Eros for paideia and language

While Paris was torn apart, Koraes was almost without money. He barely made a living by translating German medical studies into French. But what saved him was his superb knowledge of ancient Greek. He was the philologist of philologists. He corrected errors in ancient Greek manuscripts. When the French Revolution gave birth to Napoleon, who made himself an emperor, Napoleon asked Koraes to translate Strabo, 64 BCE – 24 CE. Strabo was a famous Greek geographer. Napoleon was so pleased with the translation of Strabo’s Geography, he honored Koraes and offered him a life-long pension. Koraes hoped that Napoleon would destroy the Ottoman Muslim Turkish empire. He urged the Greeks to support him. However, Napoleon turned his military talents and might against European states, especially Rusia, which devoured his large army.

Koraes’ medical studies strengthened his knowledge for ancient Greek science, philosophy and civilization. He had studied and had deep knowledge of dozens of Greek intellectuals, including Homer, Plato, Aristotle, Xenophon, Plutarch and other Greek and Roman and modern thinkers. His scholarship enabled him to guide his compatriots, living under the terror of subjugation to Muslim enemy Turks, to break their chains and become free. In his prolegomena to Aristotle’s Politics, which he edited in 1821, he expressed his confidence in democracy, the constitution designed for freedom, where each citizen rules and is ruled, exactly the conclusion of Aristotle. Koraes recognized that democracy was by no means perfect, but that democracy was superior to monarchy, tyranny, aristocracy and oligarchy.

Koraes also admitted that despite the lengthy and savage occupation of Greece by the barbarian Turks, the Greeks had, to some degree, safeguarded their virtues for freedom and courage. Nevertheless, he warned the Greeks had to be careful in winning and safeguarding of freedom. He said:

“The winning and securing of freedom is definitely a great and praiseworthy virtue, though not rare. What is of the highest and most important achievement is the preservation of freedom. This demands more than short-lasting wars against tyrants but a permanent war against the more tyrannical passions of the soul, which must be subjected to the saintly virtues of justice and the rule of law.”

Koraes spent his life in Paris thinking and fighting for freedom. He made his books instruments of education and enlightenment as well as weapons of war against the Ottoman occupiers of Hellas. He kept reminding his readers they were descendants of the ancient Greeks. Some of the ancient Greek manuscripts he edited to inspire the Greeks to fight their enemies included works of Homer, Aesop, Hippocrates, Plato, Aristotle, Isocrates, Xenophon, Strabo, Plutarch and the Roman emperor, Marcus Aurelius. He published these and other works with lengthy introductions / prolegomena. Those books made it to Greek schools – and to the hands of prominent Greeks, including revolutionaries.

One of the books Koraes edited in 1822 was a manual of ancient military strategy for preparing and fighting successful wars. This was Onesander’s Strategikos (Ονήσανδρος, Στρατηγικός). Onesander was a Platonic philosopher who lived in the first century of our era when the Romans had annexed Greece. Koraes’ hope was, of course, that Onesander’s military guidebook might inspire and guide Greek generals fighting the European trained and armed Ottoman Turkish troops. It probably did because the Strategikos of Onesander had a good reputation for several centuries in both East and West. Koraes said his edition of Onesander’s Strategic guide was the third since it first appeared in mid first century of our era. Koraes was pleased that Greek generals fighting for freedom would benefit from the war insights of ancient Greek military strategists and strategies. Onesander’s Strategikos played that timely role perfectly.

The books of Koraes, including Onesander’s Strategic guide for generals, started a delayed Renaissance and Enlightenment, which sparked the Greek Revolution of 1821 and its successful outcome of political independence.

Yet Koraes miscalculated badly with the appointment of Ioannes Kapodistrias in 1828 to create and run the small and almost independent Greek state. Instead of continuing the friendship and sincere esteem he had for Kapodistrias, he issued broadsides against him, falsely accusing Kapodistrias of being a Cossack. The only explanation for such tragic error is that Koraes, isolated in Paris, was fed wrong information about Kapodistrias from the enemies of Kapodistrias in Greece and Paris.

Epilogue

Adamantios Koraes remains relevant for Greece, America and the world. Thomas Jefferson met Koraes in Paris. In one of his letters to Koraes, dated October 31, 1823, he admitted that the ancient Greeks, their ideas and science and political theory, were rightly the force behind the Greek Revolution of 1821, as much as they had their good work done in America, freeing Americans from “Gothic darkness.” Jefferson wrote to Koraes:

“Your favor of July 10. [1823] is lately received. I recollect with pleasure the short opportunity of acquaintance with you… and the fine editions of the classical writers of Greece, which have been announced by you from time to time, have never permitted me to lose the recollection. until those of Aristotle’s Ethics, and the Strategikos of Onesander, with which you have now favored me, and for which I pray you to accept my thanks, I had seen only your lives of Plutarch. these I had read, and profited much by your valuable Scholia, and the aid of a few words from a modern Greek Dictionary, would, I believe, have enabled me to read your patriotic addresses to your countrymen.

“You have certainly begun at the right end towards preparing them for the great object they are now contending for, by improving their minds and qualifying them for self-government. for this they will owe you lasting honors. nothing is more likely to forward this object than a study of the fine models of science left by their ancestors; to whom we also are all indebted for the lights which originally led ourselves out of Gothic darkness….

“I have thus, dear Sir… given you some thoughts, on the subject of national government. they are the result of the observations and reflections of an Octogenary who has passed fifty years of trial and trouble in the various grades of his country’s service. they are yet but outlines which you will better fill up, and accommodate to the habits and circumstances of your countrymen. should they furnish a single idea which may be useful to them, I shall fancy it a tribute rendered to the Manes of your Homer, your Demosthenes, and the splendid constellation of Sages and Heroes, whose blood is still flowing in your veins, and whose merits are still resting, as a heavy debt, on the shoulders of the living and the future races of men. while we offer to heaven the warmest supplications for the restoration of your countrymen to the freedom and science of their ancestors, permit me to assure yourself of the cordial esteem and high respect which I bear and cherish towards yourself personally.”

Koraes was delighted with the friendship and advice of Thomas Jefferson. He had a tremendous respect for him. But much more than any ancient and modern thinker, Koraes esteemed Aristotle. He grasped his political and scientific originality and genius. He embraced Aristotle and employed his ideas to work for the enlightenment and freedom of modern Greeks. He opened their minds and historical interests with his letters and books, all of them written carefully, with attention to truth based on experience, observation, study and passion for justice and the Hellenic virtues of sophrosyne (moderation) and phronesis (practical wisdom) and freedom.

Koraes corrected modern Greek from countless foreign words, thus setting the foundations of written and spoken Greek much closer to ancient Greek. However, even the corrupted Greek of his day, he kept saying, saved treasures of ancient Greek. He was confident that the Greek language was the beginning of paideia, namely, thorough education in the sciences and civilization. In his prolegomena, Plutarch said that language is the icon of the mind and the ethical standards of human beings. He emphasized that the meaning of the words matter. In fact, he put the wrong meaning of words often behind impoverishment, corruption and even wars. This convinced him that cleansing and defining correctly the meaning of the words was a top priority in rebuilding Greece. In his commentary on the edition of Plutarch, he said that “Paideia without philosophy is as impossible as a day is without Sun light.” He connected the external and internal worlds of humans. They ceaseless interact, enriching as well as impoverishing the soul. They create virtuous and unethical people. The spoken and written Greek of his time, its corruption, mirrored the political and civilizational corruption of the Greeks living under Islamic Mogol tyranny. Without freedom, few if any libraries, few schools, and a religion headed by Phanariot clergy obedient to the Sultan, Hellenic culture practically disappeared. The dreadful results of that lengthy occupation manifested themselves in hunger, homelessness, slavery and ceaseless upheavals and rebellions. The climax of that harsh foreign occupation was the kidnapping of the male children and their training to fight their parents as a personal army of the Sultan. The inability to express oneself freely and the reign of superstition sparked endless fear. These misfortunes all but destroyed mind and soul.

Koraes and his letters and books pushed back that enveloping darkness with the light of knowledge and the confidence that came with that knowledge. The outcome was the Revolution of 1821. That national fight for and winning of freedom merged ancient and modern Greece. The virtue of freedom triumphed at the battles of Marathon, 490 BCE, Salamis, 480 BCE, Plataea, 479 BCE, and the War of Greek Independence of 1821 – 1828. Eleutheria / freedom was the greatest of all virtues.

However, Koraes never ceased reminding the Greeks that freedom is not doing whatever one wished at any time convenient to him, but what the laws allowed.

Evaggelos Vallianatos, Ph.D., is a historian and ecological-political theorist. He studied zoology and history, Greek and European, at the University of Illinois and Wisconsin. He did postdoctoral studies in the history of science at Harvard. He worked on Capitol Hill and the US Environmental Protection Agency; taught at several universities, and authored hundreds of articles and several books, including Poison Spring (2014), The Antikythera Mechanism (2021), Freedom (2025) and Earth on Fire: Brewing Plagues and Climate Chaos in Our Backyards (World Scientific, 2026).