Tuesday, October 06, 2026


Student protests erupt at Cornell over mishandling of gang-rape allegations


Sam Levin, Keely Aouga and Edward Helmore
Mon, October 5, 2026 
THE GUARDIAN


Thousands of students and faculty gathered for a demonstration at Cornell.Photograph: Olga Fedorova/EPA

Mass protests erupted at Cornell University on Monday, with students criticizing officials' handling of gang-rape allegations, demanding the president's resignation and painting "SMASH THE PATRIARCHY" on an administration building.

Thousands of students and faculty gathered for a demonstration, sparked by the high-profile case of a former student known as Jane Doe, who said in a recent lawsuit that she was plied with drugs and raped at a fraternity house in 2024. The case has prompted international outrage and intense scrutiny of college fraternities and sexual violence on US campuses.

Protesters shouted, "Ban the frats" and held signs saying, "At Cornell, rapists are safer than women" and "Stop rape culture." Some demonstrators directed their anger at Michael Kotlikoff, Cornell's president, arguing he had failed to keep students safe and chanting, "Kotlikoff, resign!"

The demonstration took place after some students had smashed a glass door at the entrance of Day Hall, a building that houses the president's office, and painted messages on the facade at approximately 3am on Monday, the Cornell Daily Sun reported.

The messages in red paint read "SMASH THE PATRIARCHY" and "AT CORNELL RAPISTS ARE PROTECTED PROTESTORS ARE EXPELLED". The security camera above one of the messages was also painted over.

The students who graffitied the building said in a statement to the student newspaper that they were protesting "the global systems of power that allowed this to happen in the first place".

Related: Before Cornell turmoil, successive US administrations seesawed in attitudes towards campus assaults

"We wanted to ensure that Day Hall, the center of Cornell's administrative function, was not able to continue business as usual," the statement added. The students' painted message was a reference to arguments that campus officials had treated pro-Palestine protesters more harshly than students accused of sexual misconduct, with four student demonstrators suspended in 2024, according to the Cornell Daily Sun.

Kyle Kimball, a Cornell spokesperson, condemned vandalism in a statement on Monday.

"We understand the frustration and strong emotions being expressed across our community. Those concerns deserve to be heard, but damaging property is not the answer," Kimball said. "We are investigating the vandalism at Day Hall and will address it in accordance with University policy and applicable law."

The student activists defended their actions in a manifesto obtained by the student publication. "We reject the dogma that would condemn our actions this morning as violent while excusing rape," they wrote. "Property damage is not violent; condoning rape is."

The demonstrations escalated as Cornell faces widespread backlash for its handling of Jane Doe's case, with critics saying the university had been too lenient with the accused men and had failed the victim.

According to lawyers for Jane Doe, who filed a civil lawsuit against the university and her alleged attackers earlier in September, only two members of the Chi Phi fraternity were expelled after the October 2024 incident, in which she said she was repeatedly raped over the course of seven hours. Jane Doe dropped out of Cornell after the incident.

A third fraternity member, who had already graduated, was barred from the Cornell campus, the New York Times reported on Saturday. Two more were reportedly given suspensions and disciplinary probation.

Two other men, the outlet said, were ordered not to contact the sophomore and required to study sexual harassment, social media use and bystander intervention, and to write "reflection papers".

The lawsuit claimed that the seven fraternity members allegedly involved in the incident were "afforded the opportunity to mitigate their conduct by submitting essays to Cornell".

Related: Cornell University to take 'serious look' at fraternities after rape allegations

The university has said that claim does not accurately reflect what occurred. The accused men have denied all wrongdoing.

One student protester who addressed the crowd on Monday said: "Too often, we are met with silence, we are met with statements, we are met with procedures, but not enough support. How much does it take for our university to stand with survivors?"

And a professor, according to the AP, said to applause: "Rape should not be inevitable."

Matthew Van Houten, the Tompkins county district attorney, who is also under fire for his office's handling of the original allegations, announced last week he was reopening the case. Van Houten said Jane Doe, who was 20 at the time of the alleged assault, presented allegations in her lawsuit that were "dramatically different" from the statement she gave to police two years ago. Jane Doe's attorney has pushed back on those claims and accused the DA of failing to do a thorough investigation after the incident.

Kathy Hochul, the New York governor, said on Thursday she was appointing Letitia James, the state's attorney general, as special prosecutor to investigate the alleged gang rape at Cornell University.

Kotlikoff, the university president under fire, addressed the case in a video message on Saturday, saying the school would take steps to prevent a similar situation in the ⁠future. That included "a serious look at the role of fraternities and sororities in campus life", Kotlikoff said.

The Associated Press contributed reporting

• Information and support for anyone affected by rape or sexual abuse issues is available from the following organizations. In the US, Rainn offers support on 800-656-4673. In the UK, Rape Crisis offers support on 0808 500 2222. In Australia, support is available at 1800Respect (1800 737 732). Other international helplines can be found at ibiblio.org/rcip/internl.html


A crowd of students protests Cornell’s response to gang rape complaint


BY LEAH WILLINGHAM AND TASSANEE VEJPONGSA
AP
October 5, 2026

ITHACA, New York (AP) — Cornell students thronged a campus plaza to protest the university’s response to allegations of sexual assault at a fraternity house, and the school’s main administration building was splashed with graffiti and damaged overnight.

At a demonstration that overflowed the large space in front of the school’s student center, students, faculty members and others wore purple ribbons and held signs with such messages as “support survivors, expel rapists” and “Justice 4 every Jane Doe” — the name by which the woman who reported the assault is known in court papers. Other people watched from pathways, windows and a nearby hill.

“Too often, we are met with silence, we are met with statements, we are met with procedures, but not enough support,” student Athena Holloway told the crowd. “How much does it take for our university to stand with survivors?”

Hispanic studies professor Julia Chang added to applause: “Rape should not be inevitable.”

Calls for Cornell president’s resignation

Speakers faulted fraternities, the university trustees and Cornell President Michael Kotlikoff, saying he and his administration have prioritized protecting the university’s reputation over students’ safety.

“Kotlikoff, resign!” demonstrators chanted, among other slogans, as they marched to the damaged administration building to present a list of demands. They included changes to how the student code of conduct defines sexual consent, an overhaul of the student discipline system and expulsions or degree revocations for all students involved in the alleged 2024 assault of the woman known as Jane Doe, among other things.

The woman’s account of being sexually assaulted by several fraternity brothers has made clear, on and beyond campus, that “for all the strong feelings about sexual assault, .... we do not do enough to prevent it, nor to support survivors after it happens,” student Madeline Gage said.

The group began disbanding with chants including “ban the frats!”


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Graffiti and broken glass at an administration building

The Ivy League school has been trying to quell a firestorm over its handling of the alleged 2024 gang rape. Early Monday, the university found signs of the anger on the very walls of its administrative headquarters.

Holes were knocked into one of the building’s glass doors, and the walls beside them were marked with red-painted messages condemning patriarchy and the Ivy League school’s handling of sexual assaults, news media photos showed. Later Monday, the graffiti was removed and the door was boarded up.

Cornell spokesperson Kyle Kimball said in a statement that the university was investigating and that “damaging property is not the answer” to Cornellians’ “frustration and strong emotions.” Campus police referred questions to his office, which declined to provide more detail on the incident.

Jane Doe alleges that she was sexually assaulted by multiple Chi Phi fraternity members in October 2024 after being pressured into drinking and taking drugs. She was a Cornell student at the time.

The woman recently sued the university, seven former students, the fraternity and others. Her lawsuit said that she became fully incapacitated as fraternity members assaulted her, and that one man sent others a message inviting them to participate

“I felt like bait. I felt like lions around me. It just was a totally debilitating place to be in,” she told Cornell investigators last year, according to records reviewed by The Associated Press.

Lawyers for two of the former students denied they participated in a sexual assault. Attempts by The Associated Press to reach the other men or their representatives have been unsuccessful. Court records show that some of the accused students, when interviewed by Cornell investigators, described the sexual activity as consensual.

Shortly before she went to Cornell police in November 2024, Jane Doe recorded a phone call with one of the men she says raped her. ABC News broadcast portions of that call Monday, containing only what it said was his voice, and recounted other parts of the conversation in writing.

“What y’all did would be classified as gang rape,” she told him at one point, according to the network, which said she had provided the recording to the university.

Students are demanding transparency, accountability

The suit has drawn national attention to what Cornell, its police force and the local district attorney did after she told the campus police in November 2024 she “can say with 100% confidence I was raped.”

No criminal charges have been filed. The Chi Phi chapter at Cornell was shut down, and the Ivy League university has said it expelled some students and suspended others. In a statement last week, the administration bristled about the “false narrative that there were minimal consequences in this case.”

Students, however, have demanded more accountability and transparency, and New York Gov. Kathy Hochul has said Jane Doe was “failed by people and institutions” including the Cornell police and local District Attorney Matthew Van Houten.

Hochul appointed the state attorney general last week to take over a criminal investigation that Van Houten had reopened days earlier, and the governor called for an independent review of Cornell’s handling of the matter.

After the week’s developments, Kotlikoff released an apologetic video Saturday, saying that Jane Doe’s account “raises heartbreaking and troubling issues about sexual assault, dehumanization and aspects of party culture, alcohol and drug use.”

Kotlikoff reaffirmed his support for an independent review of the university’s actions and vowed more transparency and a commitment to “finding the answers our community deserves.”

___

Associated Press writer Jennifer Peltz contributed from New York.

TASSANEE VEJPONGSA
Vejpongsa is a video journalist for The Associated Press in Philadelphia. She was previously based in Taipei and Bangkok.


Cornell Frat Brothers Reportedly Did ‘Damage Control’ After Gang Rape Allegations


Katherine Schaffstall
Mon, October 5, 2026 
USWEEKLY


Spencer Platt/Getty Images

Key takeaways

Chi Phi fraternity brothers at Cornell University allegedly tried to contain gang rape allegations made against them by the victim, who went from believing the encounters were consensual to describing them as a "gang rape" on a phone call.



Several of the Chi Phi fraternity brothers involved in the Cornell University scandal allegedly tried to contain the gang rape allegations made against them, according to new phone calls released from the investigation.

After a student went to campus police to report that she had been gang raped by seven members of Chi Phi in October 2024, several of the fraternity brothers allegedly tried to do "damage control" to make sure the victim was "not upset about the situation," according to school records reviewed by ABC News.

The fraternity brothers' efforts came as the victim – identified as Jane Doe to protect her privacy – went from believing the sexual encounters were consensual to describing the situation as a "gang rape" on a phone call.

"The only way for me to heal is to know what happened," the woman, who was a junior at the time of the incident, told one of her alleged attackers during a phone call that took place before she reported the incident to police on November 8, 2024. "That's why I'm trying to just piece it together, you know, like I'm just like confused."

Cornell University Insists There Were 'Consequential Punishments' After Alleged Gang Rape of Student

He then invited Doe to the fraternity house, according to the police report. (The fraternity brothers denied any wrongdoing and hve not been criminally charged in the case.)

After Doe reported the incident to Cornell police, he claimed he was too intoxicated to consent and suggested that Doe assaulted him, per school records.

Campus police spoke to many witnesses to piece together what happened, with one person stating that the fraternity brothers tried to ease Doe's concerns.

"They tried to contact [Jane] almost every day after it happened to, I guess, keep them on her good side and keep her happy and not upset about the situation," the victim's friend told campus authorities in May 2025, according to records viewed by ABC News.

Despite their efforts to deescalate Doe's concerns, she still went forward and reported the incident. The fraternity members then allegedly started working on their plan to cover up the incident, according to records.

"F***," one brother wrote in a group chat on November 8, 2024, after Doe went to campus police. "Should I call [Jane]?"

"Wait a bit for me and [Executive Board] to figure out what we're doing cuz there are a couple of other things going on," the fraternity's president responded, per the outlet. "When was the last time you spoke to [Jane]?"

The records also revealed that Doe stayed in touch with some of the men who allegedly assaulted her, and she even expressed concerns about her reputation and physical health in the aftermath of the attack.

"I will also say this is f***ing RUINING my life temporarily. My reputation is destroyed and I'm utterly ashamed. I'm f***ing pissed cause this many people shouldn't know and I feel like I know who some of the rats in the room were," she wrote to the alleged attacked after he invited her to the fraternity.

Two days after she reported the incident, Doe reportedly contacted three of the alleged attackers involved in the incident so they could discuss what had happened. She told them that she had gone to the emergency room and was going through therapy.

The View's Sunny Hostin Defends DA for Not Prosecuting Alleged Cornell Gang Rapists: 'No Way'

"If I just know what happened, then I can feel a little bit better and move on and maybe be able to stay at this school," Doe told the alleged attacker in a phone call, which she recorded and gave to police.

Doe said she sustained physical harm during the incident, and said she was struggling to finish the semester and could not understand how the events transpired.

"You did tell me you were sober, by the way," he said, per the recording. "You did, you said you hadn't been anywhere."

However, Doe insisted that his claim was "not true" and she "never would have said that."

Doe then asked how so many people ended up in the bedroom, and he responded, "The door was just unlocked…the party was sort of like crowded…there was nowhere else to go."

The alleged attacker did not mention the Snapchat messages that were sent to the fraternity's group chat, in which the members advertised "free p***y" in the room. "Like you can walk in and whip it out," he wrote to the group, per ABC News. "Boys come whip it out."

Also during the phone call, Doe told the alleged attacker that what "y'all did would be classified as gang rape."

"It's possible that both of us like remember this and it's not true," he said later on in the call.

"I don't think that that's true. No, no, because I remember looking up and being like that is too many people," she responded.

Hours after Doe went to police, Cornell's Chi Phi fraternity was suspended and an investigation was launched. The school ultimately suspended two of the men that allegedly assaulted her. However, the five others that she claimed assaulted her were only suspended. No one has been pressed with criminal charges.

Nearly two years after the incident, Doe filed a civil complaint and Tompkins County District Attorney Matthew Van Houten announced his office was reopening an investigation into the allegations.

If you or someone you know has been sexually assaulted, contact the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 1-800-656-HOPE (4673).




Is it her plane? New Amelia Earhart expedition begins

Phaedra Trethan, USA TODAY
 Mon, October 5, 2026 



An expedition began on Oct. 2 as researchers left Purdue University on a mission that hopes to find the lost plane of aviator Amelia Earhart, who went missing along with her navigator Fred Noonan in 1937.

Three members of the Taraia Object expedition, a joint effort among the Indiana-based university, Purdue's Archaeological Legacy Institute and the Purdue Research Foundation, then traveled from Los Angeles to meet others in the 17-person team. Next, they'll travel to Fiji and Kiribati in the South Pacific in search of the Lockheed Electra 10-E flown by Earhart nearly 90 years ago.

On Oct. 7, the entire group will travel to Nikumaroro, a remote Pacific island between Australia and Hawaii, where a popular theory suggests Earhart and Noonan landed after failing to complete their journey to circle the globe at the equator.



Amelia Earhart stands June 14, 1928 in front of her bi-plane called "Friendship" in Newfoundland. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly the Atlantic as a passenger, in 1928, and followed this by a solo flight in 1932. In 1935 she flew solo from Hawaii to Califofrnia. In 1937, with Fred Noonan, they set out to fly round the world, but their plane was lost over the Pacific. (Getty Images, Getty Images)

The Lockheed Electra 'Flying Laboratory', piloted by American aviator Amelia Earhart and Fred Noonan flies over the Golden Gate bridge in Oakland, California, at the start of a planned round-the-world flight, 17th March 1937. The trip had to be abandoned after the plane crashed on take off in Hawaii. A subsequent attempt ended when the aviators went missing in the Pacific and the pair were eventually presumed dead. (Keystone, Getty Images)

US aviator Amelia Earhart speaks with her navigator, Fred Noonan (R, dark shirt) and technicians near her Lockheed L10 Electra aircraft in July 1937 in Singapore, before their last flight across the Pacific during which she disappeared. US Amelia Earhart was a aviation pioneer and writer, the first woman to fly the Atlantic as a passenger, in 1928, and the first female aviator to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in 1932. She disappeared over the Pacific on July 2, 1937 with Fred Noonan, while they were undertaking a world tour. (-, AFP via Getty Images)


"I am feeling very confident about this," lead archaeologist Richard Pettigrew previously told USA TODAY. "I'm pumped."

The search, one of countless efforts to locate the lost aviator since her disappearance, centers around the "Taraia object," a visual anomaly discovered through satellite imagery in the island's lagoon.


The search through the years: Amelia Earhart vanished in 1937. New evidence could find her plane.

The mission, originally set for October 2025, was delayed due to weather conditions. Permission from Kiribati's government was also a factor; Kiribati is the island nation that controls Nikumaroro, and has now allowed the mission to proceed.

"My conscious focus is on the execution of our fieldwork plan," Richard Pettigrew, executive director of the Purdue Archaeological Legacy Institute, said in a news release a few weeks before the expedition. "...I feel truly lucky to be in a position to possibly solve one of the greatest mysteries of all time, whether or not that happens."
What happened to Amelia Earhart?

Earhart was already a famed pilot when she and Noonan set out from Lae, Papua New Guinea, toward Howland Island, where a U.S. Coast Guard cutter waited to refuel the Lockheed Electra 10-E. They'd begun their around-the-world journey on May 21, 1937 in Oakland, California, but disappeared on July 2 as they neared the end of the trip, which would have been the first time anyone had flown around the world at the equator.



Photo of pilot Amelia Earhart standing by her plane circa 1935.

Earhart messaged the Coast Guard to say she was almost out of fuel, but neither she nor Noonan knew Morse code, so there was no two-way contact, according to the Smithsonian Institution's analysis of government records of the incident.

Nikumaroro is about 400 miles southeast of Howland Island, where Earhart and Noonan planned to land on the third-to-last leg of their attempt to circumnavigate the world around the equator. The U.S. government conducted what was at the time its largest-ever search for a lost aircraft, but after two weeks, with no trace of either Earhart, Noonan or their plane, the search ended. On Jan. 5, 1939, both were declared legally dead.


Steve Schultz, Purdue University senior vice president and general counsel, and Richard Pettigrew, archeologist and executive director of the Archeological Legacy Institute, pose for a photograph. The two are part of an expedition seeking to locate Amelia Earhart's long lost plane.


One current theory is that Earhart and Noonan landed on Nikumaroro, but later died there. That theory is based on satellite imagery of the unidentified object in a lagoon on the island that came into view in 2015, as well as radio bearings that converge there, human bones discovered on the island that resemble Earhart's measurements and artifacts including a woman's shoe, a jar of freckle cream and a medicine vial that date to the 1930s, according to the Purdue Research Foundation.


'The discovery of a lifetime'


The expedition will start with video and still images of the site before any work on the site begins, followed by remote magnetometer and sonar. The team will then use an underwater hydraulic dredge to expose the object so it can be identified, and a walk-over survey of nearby land surfaces to check for any debris that might be washed up onshore.

Pettigrew called the possibility of finding and identifying Earhart's lost aircraft "the discovery of a lifetime," and confirming the wreckage of a plane "the smoking-gun proof" of theories that placed her and Noonan on Nikumaroro.



Amelia Earhart stands June 14, 1928 in front of her bi-plane called "Friendship" in Newfoundland. Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly the Atlantic as a passenger, in 1928, and followed this by a solo flight in 1932. In 1935 she flew solo from Hawaii to Califofrnia. In 1937, with Fred Noonan, they set out to fly round the world, but their plane was lost over the Pacific.


What happens if Amelia Earhart's plane is found?

The Purdue Research Foundation originally funded the Lockheed Electra "Flying Laboratory" through the Amelia Earhart Fund for Aeronautical Research, so the institution hopes to return the plane or its remnants to Purdue, citing what it called "her intention to return it to the university."



The Purdue Archaeological Legacy Institute said in a news release that "additional work and further conversations with Kiribati would still be needed to make that a reality, but we feel we owe it to her legacy at Purdue to try to find a way to bring it home if we find it."


American pilot Amelia Earhart greeting the crowds after her solo Atlantic flight from the US to Londonderry, Hanworth Aerodrome, England, May 22, 1932.

In the same release, Purdue quoted a Kiribati official who said the island of Nikumaroro is "part of our heritage," and noted that nation's "responsibility to protect and better understand it."

"For Kiribati, Nikumaroro is much more than the possible setting for one of the world's great historical mysteries," said Mikarite Temari, head of Kiribati's Ministry of Line and Phoenix Islands Development. The nation is happy to work with Purdue, Temari added. "We also see this expedition as an opportunity to build a lasting partnership that can help support important priorities such as regenerative tourism, cultural preservation, education, advances in aviation technology and economic development for our people."

Contributing: Christopher Cann, USA TODAY

Phaedra Trethan is a national correspondent for USA TODAY, writing about history and Americana. Contact her by email at ptrethan@usatoday.com, on X @wordsbyphaedra, on BlueSky @byphaedra, or on Threads @by_phaedra.

This article originally appeared on USA TODAY


A hidden asteroid crater under Oklahoma could be connected to one of Earth's major mass extinctions

Keith Cooper
Mon, October 5, 2026 



Key takeaways

An ancient crater buried underneath the Oklahoma town of Ames has been discovered to be almost 100 million years younger than previously thought, connecting it to the Late Devonian mass extinction event instead of the Ordovician Meteor Event.



An illustration of an asteroid heading towards Earth. | Credit: Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

An ancient crater buried underneath the Oklahoma town of Ames has been discovered to be almost 100 million years younger than thought, consequently connecting it to one of the big five mass extinction events in Earth's history.

The crater, which spans about 10 miles (16 kilometers) in diameter, is buried under 9,000 feet (2.7 kilometers) of sedimentary rock and was not discovered until seismic readings revealed it in 1991.

Initial estimates of the crater's age came from the discovery of the tooth in a rock found within the impact site. It was identified as belonging to an ancient eel-like creature called a conodont, which existed during the middle of a geological period known as the Ordovician, in a rock found within the impact site. This period was marked by a dramatic bombardment of asteroids known as the Ordovician Meteor Event 467.5 million years ago, which left nearly two-dozen craters spread around the world, all within 30 degrees of the equator. This equatorial pattern suggests there may have been a ring of material from a broken-up asteroid encircling the Earth's equator.

However, a team led by Elizabeth Catlos of the University of Texas at Austin has arrived at a different conclusion, finding that the crater is 370 million years old instead. So rather than being part of the Ordovician Meteor Event, this new dating places it around the time of the Late Devonian mass extinction, also referred to as the Frasnian–Famennian boundary extinction.

"With this research, we're basically taking a major pawn out of the Ordovician Meteor Event and dumping it into the Frasnian–Famennian event and saying, 'this is where this impact belongs'," said Catlos in a statement.

The new evidence for the age of the Ames crater comes from zircon crystals. Zircon is a silicate mineral, and zircon crystals can be dated by analyzing the amount of uranium and lead contained within them. When zircon crystals form they contain uranium and thorium, but the formation process pushes out lead atoms. A newly formed zircon crystal therefore contains no lead, but over time uranium radioisotopes decay into lead atoms, so the more lead a zircon crystal contains, the older it is.

A geological map of the Ames crater, showing the different kinds of rock and the locations where fossil fuels are being mined. | Credit: Catlos et al

The pressure of the impact that gouged out the Ames crater would have formed new zircons. Working with a team at NASA's Johnson Space Center, Catlos' group were able to image the zircon crystals using cathodoluminescence and electron backscatter diffraction. Cathodoluminescence bombards materials with electrons, which causes materials to emit photons at different wavelengths depending upon the material's composition. Electron backscatter diffraction, on the other hand, is a technique that uses a scanning electron microscope to study how electrons are diffracted at different angles by different atoms.



"No matter what technique we used, it was coming back to this younger signal," said Catlos.

So what about the fossil conodont teeth? The teeth were probably in the rock a long time before the impact, and just got jumbled in the violence that formed the crater.

While the impact alone was not big enough to cause a mass extinction, it may have contributed. Other possible causes of the extinction include a reduction in oxygen, super-volcanism or a nearby supernova, or possibly all these events operating in tandem.

When the impact occurred 370 million years ago, what is now Oklahoma was submerged beneath a shallow sea, which is how the 1.6 miles (2.7 kilometers) of sedimentary rock that today covers the crater was laid down. The impact also fractured the Earth's crust beneath it, and these fractures have allowed oil and natural gas to seep up. Wells struck oil three kilometers down inside the crater and since 1991 it has produced 17.4 million barrels of oil and a volume of 79.5 billion cubic feet (2.25 billion cubic meters) of natural gas.

Danny Stockli, who is the Dean of the Jackson School of Geosciences at the University of Texas at Austin and a co-author of the research, is effusive in his praise of using zircon crystals to date the ages of craters.

"These small crystals allow us to go back in time and learn about the major changes to Earth's ancient landscapes," said Stockli. "It would be great to do this for more of the meteor impact sites across the continent so we could get a more accurate timeline for these major events."

The findings were published in July in the journal Meteoritics and Planetary Science.

Off the coast of Canada, you won't see coral reefs — you'll see reefs made of actual glass

You know coral reefs, but have you heard of glass reefs?


Jacqueline Kehoe Creator•Follow
Updated Mon, October 5, 2026


A digital reconstruction of the Anji Biota, a diverse glass sponge reef from the Ordovician of China (Wikimedia Commons)


When most of us picture a reef, we picture the tropics: bathtub-warm turquoise water, clownfish, and coral in every color of the crayon box.

But off the coast of British Columbia, hundreds of feet down in cold, dark water, there's another kind of reef entirely. It's built by animals with skeletons made of glass. For decades, scientists thought reefs like these had vanished from Earth tens of millions of years ago.

They were wrong. Welcome to what conservationists call the "Sea of Glass."



What are glass reefs?

Glass reefs, or glass sponge reefs to use their full name, are built by glass sponges. These are deep-sea animals whose skeletons are made of silica: silicon dioxide, essentially the same stuff as window glass. The difference is that the sponges make it themselves.

And yes, sponges are animals. Glass sponges are rigid, lacy, and startlingly delicate. They feed by pumping seawater through their bodies and filtering out bacteria, and they're very good at it. One University of British Columbia study found they remove nearly 80% of the microbes and particles from the water passing through them.

Only a few species build glass reefs, and they do it the same way corals do. New sponges grow on the skeletons of old ones, generation after generation, adding just a few centimeters a year.

Given enough time, that adds up. The biggest known reef complex, in B.C.'s Hecate Strait, has been growing for more than 9,000 years. Parts of it stand around 80 feet tall, roughly the height of an eight-story building. It covers an area about the size of Manhattan, some 650 feet below the surface.



The discovery of glass reefs stunned scientists


During the age of dinosaurs, glass sponge reefs were everywhere. They stretched across the Tethys, an ancient ocean, and may have been the largest reef systems in Earth's history. Their fossilized remains still form rock formations across Spain, France, Germany and Romania.

But living glass reefs seemed to have disappeared around 40 million years ago. As far as science knew, they existed only as fossils.

Then, in the mid-1980s, Geological Survey of Canada scientists were mapping the seafloor off northern B.C. and kept finding strange mounds and ridges. Kim Conway, one of the geologists on those expeditions, has said it took a couple of years to figure out what they were. Every one of those features turned out to be a reef built by the same group of sponges. The discovery was confirmed in 1987.

One researcher compared it to finding a herd of dinosaurs still roaming on land. (Wow.)
Why glass reefs are so rare, and how you can see one

Glass sponges live in oceans all over the world. But they build reefs almost exclusively in the Pacific Northwest, overwhelmingly off B.C.




Scientists think the recipe is very specific. The sponges need cold water, doing best at about 43 to 48 degrees Fahrenheit. They also need plenty of nutrients and lots of dissolved silica, which rivers wash down from the region's mountains into the sea.

The reefs are also heartbreakingly fragile. Bottom-trawling nets and prawn traps can shatter structures that took thousands of years to build. Stirred-up sediment can clog the sponges' filter-feeding systems. Warming, acidifying oceans are a growing worry, too: a UBC lab study found both conditions weakened the sponges' skeletons and their ability to feed.

Canada made the Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound reefs a marine protected area in 2017. It has also closed a number of smaller reefs to bottom-contact fishing, but many reefs still lack permanent protection.

The good news is you don't need a submarine to see one. Howe Sound, a fjord about an hour northwest of Vancouver, is believed to be the only place in the world where glass sponge reefs grow shallow enough for recreational scuba divers. The reef off Gambier Island's Halkett Point starts around 80 feet down; dive charters out of Horseshoe Bay take experienced divers there.

Not a diver? Same. The Canadian Parks and Wilderness Society's B.C. chapter has an online "Sea of Glass" story map. There's also a documentary, "Moonless Oasis," about Howe Sound's reefs.

However you see them, it's worth it. It isn't every day you get a glimpse of a world that was supposed to have ended 40 million years ago.

If you love nature as much as I do, I'd love if you could follow me on Yahoo Creators for more articles on our wild world. This shows the Yahoo team what their readers want — and the more brands that support the planet, the better.



Jacqueline Kehoe


Jacqueline Kehoe CreatorJacqueline is a travel, nature, and science writer based in Wisconsin. Follow her work on Yahoo Creators—or find it in the wild at publications like National Geographic, Smithsonian, Travel + Leisure, and more.



CRYPTOZOOLOGY
A Fish Hidden in a Museum Drawer for 150 Years Just Filled a 50-Million-Year Gap

Ashley Driggs
Mon, October 5, 2026


 Canva.com


Key takeaways

A fossil of a new coelacanth species, Macropoma gombessae, was discovered in a London museum drawer after being overlooked for over 150 years, filling a 50-million-year gap in the evolutionary history of coelacanths.

A single fossil, overlooked in a London museum for over a century, has upended what scientists thought they knew about an enduring creature of the deep. For more than 150 years, this specimen sat undisturbed amid countless other relics, its true value hidden until researchers took a closer look, armed with cutting-edge technology.

The fish in question is a coelacanth, a species so ancient and enigmatic that it earned the nickname "living fossil." Coelacanths are rare survivors, once believed wiped out alongside the dinosaurs. Yet the fossil in the Natural History Museum contained secrets that would illuminate a 50-million-year stretch of evolutionary history no one had expected to fill.


coelacanth


A Discovery Hiding in Plain Sight

The story began in the fossil halls of London, home to specimens collected before the light bulb was invented. When researchers revisited one coelacanth fossil from the Lower Cretaceous Gault Formation, using high-resolution scans and X-ray computed tomography, they found it wasn't just another ancient fish. The results revealed a new species: Macropoma gombessae.

This species is now the oldest known member of its genus. Its discovery addresses a crucial gap in the family tree of coelacanths, offering insight into how these prehistoric fish evolved into the creatures found near Africa's Comoros Islands today. For decades, evolutionary biologists puzzled over missing links in the coelacanth lineage. Here was one, hiding in a museum drawer all along.

The name "gombessae" reverberates with cultural memory. It pays tribute to the "Gombessa," which local Malagasy and Comorian communities have long used to describe coelacanths. The term means "inedible fish" or "worthless fish," a striking reminder that today's scientific treasures were once dismissed by those who lived alongside them.


Coelacanth on black background


Peering Inside with Modern Eyes

None of this would have come to light without the new imaging techniques now at paleontology's disposal. Instead of risking damage by cutting or drilling into the precious fossil, scientists used digital scans to reconstruct its bones down to the finest details.

X-ray computed tomography made it possible to see the inner structure of this ancient fish as never before, revealing features that connect it to both its Cretaceous relatives and modern coelacanths. For the researcher who first recognized the fossil's significance, the ability to digitally manipulate an object of such age and rarity was remarkable and transformative for the study of evolutionary history.

This approach is revolutionizing how museums operate. Once viewed as static storage rooms, natural history collections are being reimagined as research powerhouses, places where even centuries-old specimens can yield new discoveries as technology advances. Old fossils, it seems, still have new stories to tell.
Reshaping a Story of Survival

Perhaps no animal embodies resilience like the coelacanth. After disappearing from the fossil record more than 60 million years ago, its presumed extinction was upended in 1938, when a living specimen was hauled up off South Africa. The fish became a symbol of evolutionary stasis, seemingly unchanged by the passage of time and catastrophe



Latimeria or Coelacanth (Latimeria chalumnae Smith), A living fossil, the oldest known living lineage of Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish and tetrapods).

But the identification of Macropoma gombessae reshapes this narrative. Rather than a tale frozen in evolutionary amber, the coelacanth's story is richer and more complex. The new fossil reveals subtle shifts and adaptations that bridge ancient and extant forms, showing that even so-called "living fossils" defy our expectations of biological change, or the lack thereof.

For those maintaining museum collections, the find highlights the ongoing value of these institutions. Generations may pass before a specimen's true importance emerges. But as research tools evolve, so too does our understanding of the living world's history, waiting quietly in the dark, dusty drawers of the past.


Beyond the Fossil Cabinet

The rediscovery of a single coelacanth fossil, hidden for so long, demonstrates how much is left that we do not know. As scientists revisit collections with new eyes and new tools, the boundaries of evolutionary history shift. Each specimen, old or new, offers another opportunity to see the natural world in greater detail and to appreciate the winding, unexpected paths life takes across millions of years.

A-Z Animals.








Fishing for Dinosaurs: This Ancient Species Is One of Our Most Underrated Gamefish

Joe Cermele
Mon, October 5, 2026


Jimmy Fee with a bowfin that sucked up a fresh shad chunk.

Key takeaways

Bowfins, also known as choupique, mudfish, or grinnel, are gaining popularity among anglers due to their unique appearance and aggressive feeding behavior.



IF YOU DIDN'T know better, you may have assumed the fish was dead. You could have easily walked by it, a passing glance convincing you it was just a rotten log. Its dull gray back is the same color as the mud. It camouflages beautifully with the detritus on the bottom of a shallow swamp in early spring before the lilies bloom and inject it with fresh greenery. Look closer, though, and the fish takes shape. It's lying perfectly still save for the dorsal fin that runs nearly the length of its back. Like the lines on a heartbeat monitor, the fin ripples in undulating waves that start near the head and flow back to the tail. I cast a white tube a few feet past the fish and let it settle. The target doesn't flinch. I hop the lure a little closer. No movement. Closer still, but there's no reaction. The next hop will drop the tube right on its nose and I brace myself to swing. When it lands, the seemingly comatose fish erupts like a bullet, sucking up the bait with such force and violence that I swear you can hear the vacuum and snap of its jaws coming together on dry land. It's that reaction, that moment, that made me fall in love with bowfins, a historically maligned species that's creeping its way into the limelight.

Chasing Dino DNA


Bowfin are a fish of many names. In the deep South, they're called choupique (pronounced shoe pick). In Middle America, they're mudfish. In the North and into Canada, they're grinnel. Dogfish, mud pike, swamp trout: The list goes on and on, but while the names might vary by region, what these fish have always shared across their vast range is a lack of respect and general disinterest as a rod-and-reel target. If anything, they are merely by-catch to be tossed up on a bank and left to die. In many regions, in fact, it is widely believed and accepted that a bowfin's sole purpose is to kill mass quantities of more desirable species like bass and crappies.



Bowfin have a reputation for living in nasty water, but a healthy bowfin population actually points to a healthy ecosystem. Joe Cermele

Except within a few niche groups and cultures, bowfins have little value as table fare. Their flesh, so I've been told, turns mushy very quickly after the fish dies, and even when cooked quickly it often has an overwhelmingly muddy flavor. Still, anglers aren't inclined to dispose of other by-catch species, so why bowfins? It's difficult to deny that they have a reputation for being nasty. They evoke a bit of fear, much like spiders, which many people instinctually squish under their shoe without knowing what kind it is, or if it can cause any harm. The reality is that bowfins, like spiders, do more good than harm to an ecosystem. They may be a little mean. But they've had to be to survive this long, and it's their meanness that makes them such worthy opponents

In 2021, a research team from Harvard University made a fascinating discovery. By studying bowfins from around the country, they determined that there are actually two lineages of these fish swimming in our waters. Previously, scientists had believed that all bowfins were genetically identical and had remained relatively unchanged since they first appeared during the Triassic period nearly 250 million years ago. While the differences between the two species may not be easily recognizable to the untrained eye, the discovery of the two lines has been a catalyst for more research, which brings with it more protections for the fish. And make no mistake, that research is the equivalent of studying living dinosaurs à la Jurassic Park because bowfins are, indeed, dinosaurs.



The author with a native bowfin. Courtesy of Joe Cermele

They have immense jaw power, arguably making them stronger than all other freshwater fish in North America. Rows of conical teeth angle backward toward the throat to ensure nothing they clamp down on gets away. A bowfin's skull is as thick and hard as granite. They can extract oxygen from the water through their gills or let their tubular nostrils protrude above the surface and breathe air. Combine that ability with their tough exterior and tenacity and it helps explain why come hell, high water, drought, or even pollution, bowfins have endured. It's also that engineering and resilience that makes these fish more interesting to me than many other nonnative glam species. I'm certainly not the only one who feels this way.
Clever Girls

According to Drew Price, a veteran guide on Lake Champlain who specializes in targeting trophy bowfins, these fish have also survived for millions of years because they're smart—much smarter, in fact, than many fish we routinely put on a pedestal for their alleged brain power.

"I love brown trout," Price tells me. "I love to fish for them, but while they're selective and spooky, they're not smart. But bowfin have a natural curiosity, and animals that have that are exhibiting intelligence. A fish that will swim up to a boat to see what it is, or swim over when it hears something splashing, is intelligent. I've had bowfins look me straight in the eyes."


That curiosity is what led Price to develop what he calls his "splash-bang" technique. While plying Champlain's coves and shallows in his skiff or canoe, he'll splash the water with his pushpole and even tap the sides of the hull. Quite often the bowfins will swarm. Though Price will use conventional tackle on occasion, his true passion and specialty is fly fishing. He's even led clients to tippet-class record fish, since Champlain, because of its size, depth, and cold winters, grows bigger bowfin than many other waters.


Although bowfins are commonly mistaken for snakeheads by the uninitiated, there are several key differences. The lack of scales on this bowfin's head is one clue to its identify. Joe Cermele

Price has been singing the praises of bowfin for nearly 20 years, though it's been only within the last 10 that people have started to listen. His reputation as one of the leading bowfin advocates in the country was made when he guided Jeremy Wade on River Monsters in 2013. That led to a slew of other show appearances, including on the Orvis podcast, after famed fly angler and instructor Tom Rosenbauer developed a bowfin jones after hanging out with Price. Although Price has been a guide for hire since 2008, he's seen a noticeable uptick in bowfin bookings over the past few years.


Price attributes the spark in interest to several factors. We've seen that angler obsession with sight-fishing grows when social media is flooded with sexy drone shots of rising trout, pike trashing poppers, and giant trevallies charging across flats to smoke a streamer. Bowfin, however, provide that sight-fishing rush for far less money and a lot less time in the air. It also doesn't hurt that they're challenging. Sticking a hook in their rock-hard jaws takes skill. When you do stick it, buckle up, because bowfins don't quit. They will snap rods. They will bend hooks. And even in the net, a bowfin will look at you "with malice in its eyes," as Price puts it. Ultimately, though, Price believes it's the gradual reckoning with the importance of preserving heritage in nature that is flipping the tide in the bowfin's favor.

"Bowfins are probably the most American fish out there," he says. "They have been here longer than any other species. They have remained unchanged since the Cretaceous period. I think people are beginning to appreciate native species and what they have to offer."



I wholeheartedly agree with Price, but I believe it's only one aspect of the bowfin's unfolding success story. The other is rooted, for better or worse, in increased angling pressure.
Hidden in Plain View

The cover of the February-March 2021 issue of Fly Fisherman magazine featured a shot of renowned fly angler and tier Blane Chocklett lifting a massive bowfin out of the water. The main text on the cover read, "Exotic Species in Your Backyard." At a time when media seems to push us to drool over far-flung destinations we'll likely never visit, I found this sentiment poignant. I've always preached that you can't call yourself a true angler if you only travel to fish and snub your nose at what's right down the street. The angling opportunities in your backyard, whether they're world class or mediocre at best, should be what defines you, not the fancy places you've traveled to. The funny thing is, bowfin live in a lot of backyards, including my own, but it took me about 30 years to find them.


Although he's fished all his life, the author didn't truly discover bowfins until adulthood. Courtesy of Joe Cermele

As a kid growing up in the '80s and '90s, bowfins weren't on my radar. The only recollection I have of seeing any media devoted to them during those formative years was on a TNN fishing show shot on Lake Champlain. It didn't particularly resonate with me because I viewed them as something I couldn't catch. But they were. And they were right under my nose.

In many parts of the country, bowfins live on the fringes. To use my home water, the Delaware River, as an example, the state fishing compendium has always listed them as an available species, but in all my years wading for smallmouths with my dad and fishing for shad with my grandfather, we never saw or caught a bowfin. The listing seemed to me to be honorary, or historical—yes, bowfin were recorded here at some point, but there were probably only a few kicking around. The truth was there were plenty of them, but the odds of catching one in the main river were slim. They existed in pockets far up tributary arms and in vast tidally influenced swamps and floodplains that were difficult to access. Even if you could, why would you? Mucky, skinny, weed-choked water isn't exactly prime for bass, or catfish, or crappies. I had no reason to trudge around in the mire while I was growing up. Then along came the dreaded invasive snakehead and suddenly I did.
Snake Charmed

Steve Cahn is the owner of High Octane Custom Lures, a Maryland–based company that got off the ground in 2019. Recognizing a growing interest in snakeheads among anglers in the Delmarva region, Cahn decided the timing was right to launch a line of lures aimed specifically at this market. The overriding theme of his products is toughness. His version of the Chatterbait, as an example, features stronger hooks, thicker wire, and more durable skirt material than the Chatterbaits already hanging on pegs in tackle shops. Business was slow at first, and then along came the Covid pandemic and everything changed.



Male bowfins can be identified by a black spot at the base of the tail fin. During breeding season, a ring of bright-orange or yellow-green surrounds the spot. Joe Cermele

For the next two years government entities prodded people to get outside. Don't go to a party or social gathering, go out alone and explore nature. And explore they did. The bump in recreational fishing interest during that time was unprecedented, and many anglers living in the Mid-Atlantic and lower Northeast who previously may have been lukewarm to or uninterested in snakeheads saw the light. As pressure increased during the pandemic at local fishing holes, grabbing a kayak or trudging through the mud to get away from people suddenly became extremely appealing. The byproduct of this vigor for the swamp life was that more and more anglers were ending up in bowfin territory, and these fish were happy to hit the same frogs and spinnerbaits intended for snakeheads. Cahn's business spiked so quickly that at one point he had to shut down his website to catch up on orders.

"I have absolutely seen an increase in bowfin interest over the past few years," says Cahn. "I've personally developed a greater love for bowfins since I started seriously snakehead fishing. I'd even say they fight harder than snakeheads, and once people started to figure that out, bowfin just sort of went hand in hand with snakeheads. Anglers were equally happy to stick either one."

That's how it broke down for me, too—it's just that it happened years before the pandemic. I fell in love with snakeheads, and as soon as the first bowfin blasted my frog, I fell in love with them, too. At the time, chasing these fish felt very underground. It was almost too easy at times because pressure was minimal. The irony is that had I known about my local bowfin population as kid, I might have experienced near-zero pressure Shangri-La. Now, I can't help but notice that it's getting tougher and tougher to consistently catch bowfins in spots that were fire on the regular just four or five years ago. Such is the case up and down the East Coast, and it turned out that snakeheads were both a blessing and a curse for bowfins.

Identity Crisis

When snakeheads were first discovered in Maryland in the early 2000s, it created a media firestorm. The destructiveness of the fish was so overhyped, so much fear was created around them, that anglers felt they had to do their part in the snakehead war. The problem was that bowfins and snakeheads looked similar. In time, mistaken identity became a legitimate problem. It wasn't uncommon to see forum and social media posts of bowfins from captors who were looking to confirm if what they'd caught was a snakehead. In some cases, they cut the head off the fish first and asked questions later. For folks like me who went all-in on targeting snakeheads and bowfins, the idea of confusing the two species seemed ludicrous, because while their body types are similar, their fin structure, head shape, and coloration are very different. Still, to be blunt, there were enough anglers out there unwilling to educate themselves that over time, state wildlife agencies began posting signs at public accesses pointing out the differences between the two fish. The silver lining was that despite it taking an invasive species to cast some light on native bowfins, for the first time in many years they were creeping back into the conservation forefront.


As anglers began to confuse native bowfin with invasive snakeheads, state agencies posted signs like this one at boat ramps and other access points. Joe Cermele

The most critical conservation measure in the future of bowfin was already in place in most of the states posting the signs. In New Jersey and Pennsylvania specifically, it was illegal to shoot bowfins with arrows. They were afforded this protection prior to the snakehead influx because they were a native species. In the dark, however, in the heat of the moment, parsing out what's a bowfin and what's a snakehead when you've got an arrow nocked and a second to fire proved challenging for some shooters. Meanwhile, on Lake Champlain and elsewhere throughout the bowfin's range, they are fair game for bowfishermen.

Nothing worries Drew Price more about the future of Champlain's bowfin population than the local bowfishing community, which is why he and many other defenders of "trash fish" throughout the country share data, attend meetings, and do whatever they can to profess the importance of these fish within the ecosystem.

It's ironic that bowfins have come to be associated with dirty, mucky water, since it only fuels the notion that they're worthless fish living in squalor. The reality is that a healthy bowfin population points to a healthy ecosystem. These fish, like many gamefish we love, need fertile vegetation to spawn. They need an abundance of small prey to survive. They need weed cover to rear their young. Bowfins are so tough and can withstand so much that if a population naturally declines, a much worse picture for the watershed emerges than if they're thriving.


With a scaleless head, short anal fin, and small black eyespot near the top of the tail fin, this South Jersey fish is easily identifiable as a bowfin. Joe Cermele

Luckily, the champions for these fish continue to grow. Price, Cahn, and I are just a few. Dr. Solomon David, a biologist at Louisiana's Nicholls State University, has worked tirelessly for years to get a better understanding of the role these fish play in ecosystems in the Midwest. David Graham, host of the Boundless Pursuit podcast, has been chasing bowfins across the Carolinas and Florida for decades, penning countless articles on the species and sharing his knowledge of their behavior. Even YouTube, as much as we love to rag on it for spot burning and calling too much attention to certain fisheries, is generating positive vibes about a largely overlooked and underregulated species. Years ago, when largemouth bass ruled the television airwaves, an inadvertent bowfin catch likely wouldn't even make it on the show. Today, between dedicated backwater enthusiasts and even bass-focused content creators willing to break the mold, the bowfin is finally getting a lot more media respect.
The truth, however, is that you don't need to become enamored with targeting bowfins to help these fish thrive. More than anything, you just need to recognize that they've been here longer than any other fish, and that alone—that ability to survive—should garner enough reverence to at least not want to kill them for no reason.

But if you do want to challenge yourself against these dinosaurs, the beauty of them is you can make that pursuit as hardcore or relaxed as you like. A simple piece of shrimp or shad or even hotdog (I've been told) will be sniffed out in short order. I'd recommend a 30-pound leader and a saltwater-grade hook, though. Take the hardest fight you remember with a bass that ate your live shiner, or the toughest battle you ever had with a big channel catfish, and multiply it times five. That's the bowfin. And whether you become obsessed with catching them or just want to say you gave it a shot, you won't forget that first one.




The Real Reason Hydrogen Fuel Isn't More Popular


Talia Roepel
Mon, October 5, 2026 at 1:05 PM MDT
BGR


Travelstoxphoto/Getty Images

Key takeaways

Hydrogen is being considered as a promising clean fuel for the future due to its abundance and ability to emit only water when burned.

In the effort to reduce climate change and eliminate the abundance of fossil fuels, one particular element has been identified as so promising that it could be the future of clean fuels. That element is hydrogen. Earth has a massive supply of hydrogen. It can be burned in the same way we use oil or gas, but instead of polluting the air, it only emits water. So if there is plenty of it and it's so clean, why isn't it more popular?

There's no chemical element more abundant than hydrogen in the universe, but it's still difficult to obtain in a pure and ready-to-use form. To use it in the same way we use oil and gas, we must manufacture it. The problem is that the manufacturing process itself usually releases significant climate-warming emissions. There is little point in using clean hydrogen energy if the process to create it negates its benefits.

Read more: What's Happening To Earth Right Now Can't Be Explained By Climate Models
The problems with manufacturing hydrogen















Data from the International Energy Agency (IEA), shows that 96% of hydrogen fuel production around the world uses fossil fuels — releasing at least nine tons of carbon dioxide (CO₂) per ton of hydrogen, and even up to twelve tons. The various production processes used impact the levels of CO₂ emitted.

Most of the hydrogen used today — including around 95% of projects in the U.S. — is known as gray hydrogen; made by breaking down natural gas using high heat. While this process does produce hydrogen, it also releases about 12 kilograms of CO₂ for every single kilogram of hydrogen. A cleaner option is blue hydrogen, which uses the same method but adds carbon capture technology to trap some of the emissions. Even then, it still releases three to five kilograms of CO₂ per kilogram of hydrogen.

As part of a team researching new ways of creating hydrogen, without direct CO₂ emissions, Professor Graham Hutchings of Cardiff University stated, "Finding sustainable ways of creating the products we need for everyday life and to meet net zero ambitions for the future is a key challenge facing the chemical industry. Hydrogen is widely regarded as one way of achieving these ambitions because it is made from natural gas. However, it is extremely energy intensive and, of course, when created through traditional methods, it produces large amounts of carbon dioxide limiting its environmental benefits."
Research into cleaner ways to produce hydrogen



JHVEPhoto/Shutterstock

One potential process which would be safer for our climate, is an option referred to as green hydrogen. This utilizes clean and renewable energy, like wind or solar power, to manufacture the hydrogen. The process can emit one kilogram or less of harmful emissions, which is significantly less than the current processes in place for gray and blue hydrogen.

Researching the concept at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Energy Initiative, a key stumbling block is the cost of the electrolyzers that are used to split the hydrogen from water. Furthermore, wind and solar power aren't reliable enough for a continuous manufacturing process. That leaves the options of either stopping production when conditions are not ideal, or having to rely on more traditional methods of producing hydrogen, which is counterintuitive.

Principal research scientist at the MIT Energy Initiative, Emre Gençer, explained, "If we get cheaper electrolyzers, you will definitely see more green hydrogen coming online ... The reason we are talking about hydrogen today [is] because there are hard to abate sectors with electrification or other decarbonization options, and that's why we see hydrogen as a solution. But that completely depends on how clean our hydrogen production is."

Read the original article on BGR.
Fossils’ Fuel: How Dinosaurs Became Big Business

Norman Vanamee
September 24, 2026 

Above: Cassandra Hatton, head of Sotheby's Science & Natural History Department.

"Bones, bones, bones, my phone is full of pictures of bones." Cassandra Hatton is sitting at a table in the Breuer Building, Sotheby's new auction and gallery space in New York City, holding up her iPhone. The photos arrive at all hours, she says. At the other end of the exchange, inevitably, is a professional fossil hunter who has just come across a tooth or vertebra sticking out of the dirt somewhere in the American west. "Usually I reply, 'Let me know when you find two bones. Or three.' But sometimes I write, 'Okay, this would be something I'd be interested in selling for you. Strap on your GoPro.' "

Hatton is the head of Sotheby's Science & Natural History Department, and over the past few years she has been responsible for a series of record-breaking auctions of dinosaur fossils. In July it was a 67-million-year-old tyrannosaurus rex nicknamed Gus, which was sold to an anonymous buyer for $50.1 million, the most ever paid for dinosaur remains. Apex, a stegosaurus, set the previous world record when it went to Ken Griffin, the hedge fund manager, for $44.6 million in 2024. In 2022 it was Maximus, a T. rex skull, which sold for $6 million to an anonymous buyer.

The reply that Hatton's fossil hunters would like to receive: "I'll be on the next flight." That's because serious interest from Sotheby's, or any major auction house, means they can more easily secure funding for a dig, which can take years and cost hundreds of thousands of dollars. And, more important, it means they'll be able to start negotiating with the landowner to split the profits from a sale (commercial paleontologists can dig only on private property in the U.S.). "A lot of people know exactly what I need," Hatton says. "But if I haven't worked with them before, it's a master class in what I have to have to be able to sell things." That includes quarry maps: precise 3D renderings of the fossil in its surroundings. The more complete the documentation, she says, the more valuable the specimen.

A T. rex nicknamed Gus, which was discovered in Harding County, South Dakota, sold at auction in July for $50.1 million.Matthew Sherman/Courtesy Sotheby's · Matthew Sherman/Courtesy Sotheby's

Dinosaurs became big business for auction houses in the late 1990s, when Sotheby's sold Sue, a T. rex, for $8.5 million. That dinosaur had been at the center of a lengthy and public ownership battle that began when the FBI seized it from a commercial paleontologist who had dug it up from a privately owned cattle ranch on the Cheyenne River Indian Reservation near Faith, South Dakota. The feds claimed it was the property of the U.S. government; the paleontologist said they had paid the rancher $5,000 and therefore it was theirs; the rancher said he had never signed a contract to transfer ownership. Ultimately, a federal judge ruled that fossil remains are the property of whoever owns the land on which they are found. The rancher, who indeed had not signed a contract, called Sotheby's.


Sue was purchased by the Field Museum in Chicago, which solicited money from a consortium of donors to buy the fossil. Despite the generous gift, the spectacle around the sale and the high final price alarmed prominent scientists and museum heads. Having dinosaur skeletons become mere auction trophies for the ultrarich would be terrible for scientific research, they argued, especially if buyers locked them up in private collections. Commercial paleontologists and auctioneers countered that if it weren't for them, many dinosaurs would never be found or would be lost to erosion.

Hatton points out that many private buyers end up giving or lending their dinosaurs to museums, which is why, she says, it's so vital that anyone working in the field follow strict protocols. "I've been very lucky that there have been academics who have given me guidance. I ask them, 'What kind of restoration techniques do you not agree with? What kind of mounting techniques do you not like? What documentation do you need?' Because I want to make sure that whatever I'm selling could go into a museum."


Hatton is working on a potential auction for this fall, the details of which have not been made public. In recent years T. rexes have inspired the biggest bidding wars, but Hatton says she's interested in bringing other things to market. "The more I diversify the types of dinosaurs sold, the more data points we have. It's important to know what the best example of a species is worth." The way to do that is to have eight or so parties bid on it at auction. "And then you can kind of price things from there."

Photo credit: Getty Images

A bidding war broke out at Christie's in 2020 for Stan, a T. rex, which sold for a record $31.8 million to Abu Dhabi's natural history museum.

Photo credit: Getty Images

Hedge-funder Ken Griffin bought a nearly complete stegosaurus
(254 out of 319 bones) for $44.6 million at Sotheby's in 2024.


Photo credit: Courtesy Sotheby's

In July an anonymous buyer nabbed Gus, one of the largest T. rexes ever discovered, for a record-breaking $50.1 million at Sotheby's.

This story appears in the October 2026 issue of Town & Country.