January 29, 2023
The dramatic expansion of space capabilities has transformed space systems into critical infrastructure for many aspects of human society and for national security. With opportunities for global societal benefits come risks. The global governance framework remains weak and contested. Vulnerabilities now exist with space systems, and these are especially pronounced in the face of cyberthreats. We now confront a volatile “space-cyber nexus,” which the Cybersecurity and Outer Space essay series explores across a diverse and wide range of perspectives. The series is organized around three themes: space security and risk; international governance challenges; and global perspectives and the pursuit of inclusivity.
The dramatic expansion of space capabilities has transformed space systems into critical infrastructure for many aspects of human society and for national security. With opportunities for global societal benefits come risks. The global governance framework remains weak and contested. Vulnerabilities now exist with space systems, and these are especially pronounced in the face of cyberthreats. We now confront a volatile “space-cyber nexus,” which the Cybersecurity and Outer Space essay series explores across a diverse and wide range of perspectives. The series is organized around three themes: space security and risk; international governance challenges; and global perspectives and the pursuit of inclusivity.
Introduction
Foreword: Is the Earth’s Orbit Becoming a Lawless Frontier?
Paul Samson
Securing the New Space Domain: An Introduction
Aaron Shull, Wesley Wark and Jessica West
Space Security and Risk
Where Outer Space Meets Cyberspace: A Human-Centric Look at Space Security
Jessica West
The Five Eyes and Space: A New Frontier for an Old Intelligence Alliance
Wesley Wark
Responding to the Cybersecurity Challenges of the New Space Environment
Robert Mazzolin
The Growth of the Space Economy and New Cyber Vulnerabilities
Brian Gallant and Jordan Miller
The Cyber Counterspace Threat: Coming Out of the Shadows
Victoria Samson
Commercial Space Operators on the Digital Battlefield
Laetitia Cesari Zarkan
International Governance Challenges
Formulating, Interpreting and Applying International Law in Space
Aaron Shull and Timiebi Aganaba
Cyberproofing India’s Space Assets
Tobby Simon
International Humanitarian Law in the “Grey Zone” of Space and Cyber
Cassandra Steer
The Ungoverned Space of US Space-Cyber Governance
Gregory Falco
The Cyber Phantom Menace to Space Security
Almudena Azcárate Ortega
Global Perspectives and the Pursuit of Inclusivity
Cybersecurity of Space Infrastructure and Space Sustainability: Japan’s View
Aya Iwamoto and Quentin Verspieren
Space and Cyber Global Governance: A View from the Global South
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan
Chinese Thinking on the Space-Cyber Nexus
Yue Yuan
NATO versus Non-kinetic Threats: Implications and Opportunities
Giulia Pavesi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Aaron Shull
Aaron Shull is the managing director and general counsel at CIGI. He is a senior legal executive and is recognized as a leading expert on complex issues at the intersection of public policy, emerging technology, cybersecurity, privacy and data protection.
Wesley Wark
Wesley Wark is a CIGI senior fellow.
Jessica West
Jessica West is a CIGI senior fellow and a senior researcher at Project Ploughshares, a Canadian peace and security research institute, where she focuses on technology, security and governance in outer space.
Timiebi Aganaba
Timiebi Aganaba is a CIGI senior fellow and holds several positions, including assistant professor of space and society in the School for the Future of Innovation in Society, at Arizona State University.
Almudena Azcárate Ortega
Almudena Azcárate Ortega is an associate researcher in the Space Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction programs at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
Laetitia Cesari Zarkan
Laetitia Cesari Zarkan is a consultant at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
Gregory Falco
Gregory Falco has been at the forefront of space system and critical infrastructure security in both industry and academia for the past decade. He is an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University’s Institute for Assured Autonomy and the Department of Civil and Systems Engineering.
Aya Iwamoto
Aya Iwamoto is the director of Japan space policy at Astroscale Japan.
Jordan Miller
Jordan Miller is the Calian marketing lead for global defence and training solutions.
Giulia Pavesi
Giulia Pavesi is finishing her Ph.D. in space law at the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, Institute for International Law, KU Leuven.
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan
Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the director of the Centre for Security, Strategy & Technology at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi.
Paul Samson
Paul Samson is president of CIGI. He has 30 years of experience across a range of policy issues with partners from around the world. He is a former senior government official and also served for many years as co-chair of the principal G20 working group on the global economy.
Victoria Samson
Victoria Samson is the Washington, DC, office director for Secure World Foundation and has 20 years of experience in military space and security issues.
Tobby Simon
Tobby Simon is the president and founder of Synergia Foundation, an India-based think tank that works closely with academia, industry and government to establish impactful solutions in the areas of geoeconomics and geosecurity.
Cassandra Steer
Cassandra Steer is deputy director of the Australian National University Institute for Space, focusing on mission specialists.
Quentin Verspieren
Quentin Verspieren is assistant professor in the Science, Technology, and Innovation Governance program at the University of Tokyo’s Graduate School of Public Policy and associate research fellow at the European Space Policy Institute.
Yue Yuan
Yue Yuan is a Ph.D. candidate at China Foreign Affairs University and the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.
Foreword: Is the Earth’s Orbit Becoming a Lawless Frontier?
Paul Samson
Securing the New Space Domain: An Introduction
Aaron Shull, Wesley Wark and Jessica West
Space Security and Risk
Where Outer Space Meets Cyberspace: A Human-Centric Look at Space Security
Jessica West
The Five Eyes and Space: A New Frontier for an Old Intelligence Alliance
Wesley Wark
Responding to the Cybersecurity Challenges of the New Space Environment
Robert Mazzolin
The Growth of the Space Economy and New Cyber Vulnerabilities
Brian Gallant and Jordan Miller
The Cyber Counterspace Threat: Coming Out of the Shadows
Victoria Samson
Commercial Space Operators on the Digital Battlefield
Laetitia Cesari Zarkan
International Governance Challenges
Formulating, Interpreting and Applying International Law in Space
Aaron Shull and Timiebi Aganaba
Cyberproofing India’s Space Assets
Tobby Simon
International Humanitarian Law in the “Grey Zone” of Space and Cyber
Cassandra Steer
The Ungoverned Space of US Space-Cyber Governance
Gregory Falco
The Cyber Phantom Menace to Space Security
Almudena Azcárate Ortega
Global Perspectives and the Pursuit of Inclusivity
Cybersecurity of Space Infrastructure and Space Sustainability: Japan’s View
Aya Iwamoto and Quentin Verspieren
Space and Cyber Global Governance: A View from the Global South
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan
Chinese Thinking on the Space-Cyber Nexus
Yue Yuan
NATO versus Non-kinetic Threats: Implications and Opportunities
Giulia Pavesi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Aaron Shull
Aaron Shull is the managing director and general counsel at CIGI. He is a senior legal executive and is recognized as a leading expert on complex issues at the intersection of public policy, emerging technology, cybersecurity, privacy and data protection.
Wesley Wark
Wesley Wark is a CIGI senior fellow.
Jessica West
Jessica West is a CIGI senior fellow and a senior researcher at Project Ploughshares, a Canadian peace and security research institute, where she focuses on technology, security and governance in outer space.
Timiebi Aganaba
Timiebi Aganaba is a CIGI senior fellow and holds several positions, including assistant professor of space and society in the School for the Future of Innovation in Society, at Arizona State University.
Almudena Azcárate Ortega
Almudena Azcárate Ortega is an associate researcher in the Space Security and Weapons of Mass Destruction programs at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
Laetitia Cesari Zarkan
Laetitia Cesari Zarkan is a consultant at the United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.
Gregory Falco
Gregory Falco has been at the forefront of space system and critical infrastructure security in both industry and academia for the past decade. He is an assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University’s Institute for Assured Autonomy and the Department of Civil and Systems Engineering.
Aya Iwamoto
Aya Iwamoto is the director of Japan space policy at Astroscale Japan.
Jordan Miller
Jordan Miller is the Calian marketing lead for global defence and training solutions.
Giulia Pavesi
Giulia Pavesi is finishing her Ph.D. in space law at the Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies, Institute for International Law, KU Leuven.
Rajeswari Pillai Rajagopalan
Rajeswari (Raji) Pillai Rajagopalan is the director of the Centre for Security, Strategy & Technology at the Observer Research Foundation, New Delhi.
Paul Samson
Paul Samson is president of CIGI. He has 30 years of experience across a range of policy issues with partners from around the world. He is a former senior government official and also served for many years as co-chair of the principal G20 working group on the global economy.
Victoria Samson
Victoria Samson is the Washington, DC, office director for Secure World Foundation and has 20 years of experience in military space and security issues.
Tobby Simon
Tobby Simon is the president and founder of Synergia Foundation, an India-based think tank that works closely with academia, industry and government to establish impactful solutions in the areas of geoeconomics and geosecurity.
Cassandra Steer
Cassandra Steer is deputy director of the Australian National University Institute for Space, focusing on mission specialists.
Quentin Verspieren
Quentin Verspieren is assistant professor in the Science, Technology, and Innovation Governance program at the University of Tokyo’s Graduate School of Public Policy and associate research fellow at the European Space Policy Institute.
Yue Yuan
Yue Yuan is a Ph.D. candidate at China Foreign Affairs University and the Moscow State Institute of International Relations.
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