James Edward Huchingson, Professor Emeritus and Lecturer in Religion and Science, Florida International University
Sun, August 13, 2023
THE CONVERSATION
Scientists expect the Voyager spacecraft to outlive Earth by at least a trillion years. NASA/JPL-CalTech
Voyager 1 is the farthest human-made object from Earth. After sweeping by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, it is now almost 15 billion miles (24 billion kilometers) from Earth in interstellar space. Both Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, carry little pieces of humanity in the form of their Golden Records. These messages in a bottle include spoken greetings in 55 languages, sounds and images from nature, an album of recordings and images from numerous cultures, and a written message of welcome from Jimmy Carter, who was U.S. president when the spacecraft left Earth in 1977.
Scientists expect the Voyager spacecraft to outlive Earth by at least a trillion years. NASA/JPL-CalTech
Voyager 1 is the farthest human-made object from Earth. After sweeping by Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune, it is now almost 15 billion miles (24 billion kilometers) from Earth in interstellar space. Both Voyager 1 and its twin, Voyager 2, carry little pieces of humanity in the form of their Golden Records. These messages in a bottle include spoken greetings in 55 languages, sounds and images from nature, an album of recordings and images from numerous cultures, and a written message of welcome from Jimmy Carter, who was U.S. president when the spacecraft left Earth in 1977.
The Golden Records were built to last a billion years in the environment of space, but in a recent analysis of the paths and perils these explorers may face, astronomers calculated that they could exist for trillions of years without coming remotely close to any stars.
Having spent my career in the field of religion and science, I’ve thought a lot about how spiritual ideas intersect with technological achievements. The incredible longevity of the Voyager spacecraft presents a uniquely tangible entry point into exploring ideas of immortality.
For many people, immortality is the everlasting existence of a soul or spirit that follows death. It can also mean the continuation of one’s legacy in memory and records. With its Golden Record, each Voyager provides such a legacy, but only if it is discovered and appreciated by an alien civilization in the distant future.
Many religions espouse some form of life after death.
Life after death
Religious beliefs about immortality are numerous and diverse. Most religions foresee a postmortem career for a personal soul or spirit, and these range from everlasting residence among the stars to reincarnation.
The ideal eternal life for many Christians and Muslims is to abide forever in God’s presence in heaven or paradise. Judaism’s teachings about what happens after death are less clear. In the Hebrew Bible, the dead are mere “shades” in a darkened place called Sheol. Some rabbinical authorities give credence to the resurrection of the righteous and even to the eternal status of souls.
Immortality is not limited to the individual. It can be collective as well. For many Jews, the final destiny of the nation of Israel or its people is of paramount importance. Many Christians anticipate a future general resurrection of all who have died and the coming of the kingdom of God for the faithful.
Jimmy Carter, whose message and autograph are immortalized in the Golden Records, is a progressive Southern Baptist and a living example of religious hope for immortality. Now battling brain cancer and approaching centenarian status, he has thought about dying. Following his diagnosis, Carter concluded in a sermon: “It didn’t matter to me whether I died or lived. … My Christian faith includes complete confidence in life after death. So I’m going to live again after I die.”
It is plausible to conclude that the potential of an alien witnessing the Golden Record and becoming aware of Carter’s identity billions of years in the future would offer only marginal additional consolation for him. Carter’s knowledge in his ultimate destiny is a measure of his deep faith in the immortality of his soul. In this sense, he likely represents people of numerous faiths.
Secular immortality
For people who are secular or nonreligious there is little solace to be found in an appeal to the continuing existence of a soul or spirit following one’s death. Carl Sagan, who came up with the idea for the Golden Records and led their development, wrote of the afterlife: “I know of nothing to suggest that it is more than just wishful thinking.” He was more saddened by thoughts of missing important life experiences – like seeing his children grow up – than fearful about the expected annihilation of his conscious self with the death of his brain.
For those like Sagan there are other possible options for immortality. They include freezing and preserving the body for future physical resurrection or uploading one’s consciousness and turning it into a digital form that would long outlast the brain. Neither of these potential paths to physical immortality has proved to be feasible yet.
The Voyagers and legacy
Most people, whether secular or religious, want the actions they do while alive to bear continuing meaning into the future as their fruitful legacy. People want to be remembered and appreciated, even cherished. Sagan summed it up nicely: “To live in the hearts we leave behind is to live forever.”
With Voyagers 1 and 2 estimated to exist for more than a trillion years, they are about as immortal as it gets for human artifacts. Even before the Sun’s expected demise when it runs out of fuel in about 5 billion years, all living species, mountains, seas and forests will have long been obliterated. It will be as if we and all the marvelous and extravagant beauty of planet Earth never existed – a devastating thought to me.
Voyager 1’s path, in white, has taken the craft well past the orbits of the outer planets into interstellar space, where aliens may someday come across the relic of humanity. NASA/JPL via Wikimedia Commons, CC BY-SA
But in the distant future, the two Voyager spacecraft will still be floating in space, awaiting discovery by an advanced alien civilization for whom the messages on the Golden Records were intended. Only those records will likely remain as testimony and legacy of Earth, a kind of objective immortality.
Religious and spiritual people can find solace in the belief that God or an afterlife waits for them after death. For the secular, hoping that someone or something will remember humanity, any wakeful and appreciative aliens will have to do.
This article is republished from The Conversation, a nonprofit news site dedicated to sharing ideas from academic experts.
It was written by: James Edward Huchingson, Florida International University.
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Space photo of the week: Hubble captures one of our galaxy's oldest objects
Jamie Carter
Sun, August 13, 2023
Dense starfields of sparkling globular clusters.
What is it? NGC 6652, a globular cluster containing some of the oldest stars in our galaxy.
Where is it? 30,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.
Why's it so special? This image, taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, reveals a star-studded globular cluster called NGC 6652 located about 6,500 light-years from the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Thought to be 13.6 billion years old, according to a 2020 study in the journal Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, it’s one of the oldest objects in the Milky Way.
Globular clusters are dense groupings of tens of thousands to millions of ancient stars that are between 10 billion and 13 billion years old. (For comparison, the age of the universe itself is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old.) About 150 of these clusters have been found in the halo of the Milky Way so far. Studying them helps astronomers to research the early stages of the galaxy and the wider universe.
Globular clusters may have evolved a few hundred million years after the Big Bang around supermassive stars that only existed for a couple of million years, according to a study published in May in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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Hubble's image of NGC 6652 shows countless pale blue stars, with redder stars in the foreground. Like all globular clusters, NGC 6652's stars are tightly packed in a spherical core as a result of intense gravitational attraction.
The spectacular new image is the result of two teams of scientists combining their data using separate cameras on Hubble — the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3. One team was researching the age of globular clusters in the Milky Way, while the other was trying to measure the amount of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in globular clusters like NGC 6652, to better understand the composition of the stars contained there.
How to see it in the night sky?
Globular clusters are best seen from the Southern Hemisphere, or during June and July in the Northern Hemisphere when the center of the Milky Way is visible from north of the equator. They're a beautiful sight in a small telescope, but they rarely rise high enough above the horizon to be easy to spot from north of the equator. That's also the case with NGC 6652, which is found between the star Kaus Australis in Sagittarius and the M70 globular cluster. By far the easiest globular cluster to see during summer from the Northern Hemisphere is the Great Hercules Cluster — or M13 — in the constellation Hercules, which looks a lot like NGC 6652.
For more highlights from Hubble, check out our collection of the 25 most dazzling nebula images ever taken.
Jamie Carter
Sun, August 13, 2023
Dense starfields of sparkling globular clusters.
What is it? NGC 6652, a globular cluster containing some of the oldest stars in our galaxy.
Where is it? 30,000 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.
Why's it so special? This image, taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, reveals a star-studded globular cluster called NGC 6652 located about 6,500 light-years from the center of our Milky Way galaxy. Thought to be 13.6 billion years old, according to a 2020 study in the journal Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, it’s one of the oldest objects in the Milky Way.
Globular clusters are dense groupings of tens of thousands to millions of ancient stars that are between 10 billion and 13 billion years old. (For comparison, the age of the universe itself is estimated to be 13.8 billion years old.) About 150 of these clusters have been found in the halo of the Milky Way so far. Studying them helps astronomers to research the early stages of the galaxy and the wider universe.
Globular clusters may have evolved a few hundred million years after the Big Bang around supermassive stars that only existed for a couple of million years, according to a study published in May in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
Related stories
32 jaw-dropping James Webb Space Telescope images
15 Dazzling images of the sun
25 breathtaking images of the northern lights
Hubble's image of NGC 6652 shows countless pale blue stars, with redder stars in the foreground. Like all globular clusters, NGC 6652's stars are tightly packed in a spherical core as a result of intense gravitational attraction.
The spectacular new image is the result of two teams of scientists combining their data using separate cameras on Hubble — the Advanced Camera for Surveys and Wide Field Camera 3. One team was researching the age of globular clusters in the Milky Way, while the other was trying to measure the amount of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen in globular clusters like NGC 6652, to better understand the composition of the stars contained there.
How to see it in the night sky?
Globular clusters are best seen from the Southern Hemisphere, or during June and July in the Northern Hemisphere when the center of the Milky Way is visible from north of the equator. They're a beautiful sight in a small telescope, but they rarely rise high enough above the horizon to be easy to spot from north of the equator. That's also the case with NGC 6652, which is found between the star Kaus Australis in Sagittarius and the M70 globular cluster. By far the easiest globular cluster to see during summer from the Northern Hemisphere is the Great Hercules Cluster — or M13 — in the constellation Hercules, which looks a lot like NGC 6652.
For more highlights from Hubble, check out our collection of the 25 most dazzling nebula images ever taken.
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