Odisha: Unbridled Commercial Activities May Take Heavy Toll on Bhitarkanika Flora, Fauna
DN Singh | 21 Jun 2024
Destruction of the Inner Kanika (core area) looks imminent if the government’s proposed drinking water project through Kharasrota river goes ahead, warn experts.
After Sundarbans in West Bengal, the Bhitarkanika National Park in Odisha is the second-largest mangrove forest in India. There are 55 different types of mangroves in the sanctuary, where migrant birds from Central Asia and Europe camp.
More famous for being a home to about 1,671 saltwater crocodiles, this National Park is spread over 145 sq km in North East of Kendrapara district.
Being a rich repository of innumerable flora and fauna, this park is supposedly one of the best among many such treasures in the world. Unfortunately, uncontrolled commercial activities are gradually becoming a death knell for the park.
The rich biodiversity of this park is evident from its pride possession of more than 70% of the country’s saltwater crocodile population that remain the flagship species in the meandering tidal creeks and mangrove forests.
“In a way, the crocodiles are doing the job of protecting the park, else people could rummage through the park’s eco-system if the fear of the crocodiles was not there” said a forest official in Bhitarkanika, requesting anonymity.
The threat to these crocodiles comes from the expanding human population coupled with a drop in freshwater from the promontory source, the Kharasrota river, endangering the health the National Park and the flora and fauna,” said Biswajit Mohanty, an environmental activist.
Destruction of the Inner Kanika (core area) looks imminent if the government’s proposed drinking water project through Kharasrota river goes ahead, as that may bring an end to the eco-system and biodiversity of the park in another 25 years from now, he added.
If there is no balance between the saltwater coming from the ocean’s mouth and the freshwater from the river in the mangroves, then this system will collapse, experts warned.
The role of mangroves is important in battling the threat of cyclones that has been increasing along the coast of Odisha. This was amply proved during the 1999 Supercyclone that protected the entire Rajnagar block fortified by thick clusters of mangrove forest.
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On the mud flats of the creek one can notice a number of mud-skippers who play a crucial role in the pool and food chain. These red crabs crawling on the mud flats play a vital role in the food chain, making this national park resilient in the self-support mechanism.
The mangrove forest also plays a significant role. A large-scale initiative was taken three-four years ago to plant mangrove saplings to replenish the loss, but that has not succeeded as expected.
“Most of the exercise remains on pen and paper and the job given to selective organisations are an eyewash” said a forest official.
Pink Rush
A few years ago, prawn farming became a big threat for the estuarine flow of water from the tidal creek, which is a major lifeline for the park.
Those who do prawn farming in the outer ring of the park and even inside areas usually dump toxic effluents into the rivers and ponds, causing severe pollution.
This went on despite an order from the Odisha High Court in 2017 when illegal prawn farms were removed.
“But the rot did not stop at that and a nexus between the prawn mafia and some forest officials saw to it that illegal farming restarted after a hiatus. Experts tell us that prawn farms impact the health of mangrove forests almost by combing the spread of mangrove” rued Mohanty, who also heads Wildlife Society of Odisha.
But the way the national park is being honey-combed by human activities through artificially created shrimp cultivation by siphoning brackish water from the adjoining creeks has been impacting the creeks and endangering the life cycle of the inmates around it.
There is a view that illegal immigrants from Bangladesh and Bengal have added to the problems.
“It has become a political problem and the forest department does not have a handle to check it. Each family that comes illegally, builds its own shelter for which a patch of mangrove is razed. One can imagine the rapidity at which the forest cover is reducing”, said Mohanty.
“In Bhitarkanika’s entire expanse, there is a rich layer of biomass on which many herbivores like Chital, wild boars feed themselves. That is being reduced by construction of rest houses and bungalows in Dangamal, which is drastically destroying the biomass reserves” said Mohan Rout, an activist working on the conservation of Bhitarkanika for the past 15 years.
As the Sun sets, sitting in the verandah of the forest bungalow, one can witness dozens of wild boars and chitals grazing on the surrounding biomass which is a rich and salty layer of earth they feed on. How long will this last, remains to be seen.
The writer is a freelance journalist based in Odisha.
Odisha: Women and Machine: How Gender-Friendly Equipment Bring Ease to Farmwork
A woman farmer using cycle weeder in her farm in Parvathipuram under Manyam district of Andhra Pradesh (Photo - Abhijit Mohanty, 101Reporters).
Koraput, Odisha: Bati Bhumia (46) and her colleagues at Shree Maa Women’s Self-help Group (SHG) in Boipariguda block of Koraput now get some free time for themselves, thanks to the gender-friendly farm machinery and equipment introduced with an aim to reduce the drudgery of millet growing women farmers.
Traditionally, women process millets and it is a labour-intensive job where they spend hours separating the grain from straws, removing the outer cover of the grain, cleaning, grading, polishing and pounding it into flour. The cultivation of millets also involves much work.
“Every day, we used to spend five to six hours removing weeds from the farm. That has come down to three hours now as we use cycle weeders,’’ said Bhumia. What has made life easier for Bhumia is a crucial modification to include horizontal handlebars to cycle weeder, thereby enhancing its ergonomics.
Under Odisha Millets Mission (OMM), ragi thresher-cum-pearler, cleaner-cum-grader and cycle weeder were provided to 10 women SHGs in Koraput. However, after operating them, SHG members and farmers reported several challenges.
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A tribal woman standing on her farm where she has grown little millet in Kundra block under Koraput district in Odisha (Photo - Abhijit Mohanty, 101Reporters).
“Cleaning ragi thresher-cum-pearler used to be a hassle because the sieves were not removable,” said Malati Jani (42), a member of Maa Tarini women’s SHG in Koraput block.
“Moving the thresher was also tough. The machine is very heavy. It required more hands to move it from one place to another,” added Parima Badnayak (23), another member.
When such challenges came to the fore, the Department of Agriculture and Farmers’ Empowerment (DA&FE) formed a Gender Analysis Committee (GAC) by involving gender specialists in 2022. It observed that machinery used in agriculture catered only to male biological aspects. It consulted SHG members and women farmers to comprehensively document their operational challenges as well as suggested modifications to the machine. Based on this, the manufacturers made modifications to make the machines women friendly.
Participatory machinery development (PMD) under OMM was one of the suggestions given by the GAC. The DA&FE has been promoting it under OMM since last year in Gajapati, Nuapada, Kendujhar, Koraput and Sundargarh districts, where it has reached out to 75 farmers in 15 villages in its first phase to create farm equipment that address their specific needs, preferences and challenges, with a special focus on women. In the subsequent phases, more farmers will be reached and the PMD initiative will be scaled up to all operational districts under OMM.
Therefore, when horizontal handlebars were introduced in cycle weeder, it allowed for a more natural and comfortable grip that facilitated pushing and pulling and reduced physical strain during prolonged deweeding operations. The cycle weeder is operated in a standing posture, whereas women stay bent for hours to uproot weeds in the traditional approach. Besides the transition from one to three tyne configuration, the blades have enabled more effective soil penetration, ensuring thorough coverage and effective weed control.
Similarly, the thresher has got wheels. “We can easily load it in a vehicle now and transport it to the farm and remote villages,” beamed Badnayak.
Jani too said that things have improved. “The sieves are removable now. We can easily clean the machine in less time,” she said.
Feminisation of agriculture
India is the largest producer and second-largest exporter of millets in the world. According to the Economic Survey of India, 2023, India alone produced 80% of the millets in Asia and accounted for 20% of its global production. According to the Annual Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2021-22, agriculture has the highest estimated female labour force participation of 62.9%.
“Rural men generally find it easy to operate most of the farm machines after receiving orientation and training,’’ said Usha Dharamraj, Principal Scientist, Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysuru. She added that women farmers faced numerous challenges in operating farm machines as they are heavy and women unfriendly, often resulting in health hazards.
“Increasing feminisation of agricultural operations and ageing farmers are two fundamental social transformations taking place in rural heartlands. While developing plans for increasing productivity through mechanisation, the government should acknowledge and integrate this major social transformation,” Arabinda Kumar Padhee, Principal Secretary, DA&FE, told 101Reporters.
According to him, a pragmatic way of doing this is to promote customising suitability of technologies and tools through participatory approaches. “We will be gender and age testing every machinery that is used in the field, especially in millets and other crop operations.’’
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Mini millet mixer used by local SHGs in Telangana (Photo - Abhijit Mohanty, 101Reporters).
A recent study conducted by Mahila Kisan Adhikaar Manch (MAKAAM) in neighbouring Telangana revealed that majority of women farmers suffered from body aches, pains and musculoskeletal disorders due to intensive manual farm labour. “There is a need to explore new ways of design and development of machinery through participatory approach. Involving women farmers and elderly people, and incorporating their suggestions are the key,’’ said Dr V Rukmini Rao, a member of the national facilitation team of MAKAAM.
Private participation
The private sector can play a major role in delivering affordable and accessible farm solutions for women farmers. For instance, Farm Easy, a Hyderabad-based social enterprise founded by Watershed Support Services and Activities Network (WASSAN) is promoting innovative technology in farm implements to reduce manual workload of small and marginal farmers, especially women.
“We aim to ensure accessibility and availability of farm machines without compromising scientific rigour at a reasonable price,” said Farm Easy director Gembali Goutham. They are easy to operate and suitable for both men and women. They are also environment friendly as we ensure integration of decentralised renewable energy (solar energy), he added.
Farm Easy’s mini millet mixer efficiently removes husk from foxtail and little millets and processes them, including destoning and sieving. It is suitable for small-scale millet processing at household level. According to Goutham, several successful pilots to dehusk minor millets have been carried out. Azim Premji Foundation supported the research and development of the mixer.
Arika Ismeri (33) at Achapuvalasa village in Andhra Pradesh’s Manyam district is very happy with the mixer. “Earlier, we dehulled millets by pounding them in a wooden mortar. It is an extremely tedious process. It usually took half a day to prepare 2 kg of grain. But now, with the help of this mixer, we could process 4 kg of little millet in an hour.”
Similarly, combo sprayer designed ergonomically by Farm Easy reduces fatigue and back strain associated with the work. “As it is solar-powered, we can use it even when there is no power supply,’’ said Pallala Saraswati, a woman farmer at Thuruvada in Alluri Sitharamaraju district of Andhra Pradesh.
Farm Easy has designed and improved several other farm equipment as well. “These include a motorised baby pulper for coffee, a comprehensive and automated solution of preparing bio-inputs through fermenter-controller, and solar energy mobile carts that enable access to irrigation in uneven terrains,” said Gijivisha Khattry, senior programme officer, WASSAN, Hyderabad.
Policy concerns
“Amidst the changing climate, men in large numbers are migrating to cities in search of jobs,’’ said Sabarmatee, a Padma Shri recipient and founding member of Sambhav, an NGO working in Odisha’s Nayagarh district on gender justice and regenerative agriculture. “Left behind, women in villages bear the burden of agriculture alone. They spend a lot of time in their farms, but very little effort has been made to design equipment based on women's ergonomics and gender perception,’’ she added.
Sabarmatee said various factors, including the size of land holding, availability of replacement parts locally and power efficiency, should be kept in mind while agritech companies design farm machines, which are crop, operation and region specific.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organization estimates, if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20 to 30%, potentially resulting in a fall in hungry people globally by 100 to 150 million.
Peter Bakos has worked extensively with smallholders in India to develop appropriate technologies and multipurpose implements for agriculture and post-harvest mechanisation. “There should be a balance between men and women in agriculture to make it sustainable. The first step should be to involve men and initiate discussions on redefining masculinity and sharing agricultural responsibilities,” he said.
Abhijit Mohanty is an Odisha-based freelance journalist and a member of 101Reporters, a pan-India network of grassroots reporters.
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