It’s possible that I shall make an ass of myself. But in that case one can always get out of it with a little dialectic. I have, of course, so worded my proposition as to be right either way (K.Marx, Letter to F.Engels on the Indian Mutiny)
Tuesday, October 22, 2024
Abundant urban green space linked to lower rates of heat related illness and death
And better mental health and wellbeing; may offset adverse effects of high temperatures
BMJ Group
Abundant green space in urban areas is linked to lower rates of heat related illness and death as well as better mental health and wellbeing, finds a systematic review of the available research, published in the open access journal BMJ Open.
Green space may help offset the adverse health effects of high temperatures, conclude the researchers.
In recognition of the detrimental heat related effects of increasing urbanisation and climate change, one of the UN Sustainable Development Goal targets stipulates the provision of universal access to safe and accessible green and public spaces, especially for vulnerable groups, such as children, the elderly, and those living with long term conditions, by 2030.
Despite an extensive body of research on the overall beneficial effects of green spaces, their effects on heat related health risks remain poorly understood, say the researchers. In a bid to plug this knowledge gap, they looked at the effects of green zones on death and ill health in urban areas across the globe, drawing on relevant published research.
They included content published in English between January 2000 and December 2022, and reviewed 12 studies out of an initial haul of more than 3000 from Hong Kong, Australia (4), Vietnam, the USA (3), South Korea, Portugal and Japan.
These included epidemiological, modelling, and simulation studies, as well as experimental research and quantitative analyses.
The review showed that urban green spaces, such as parks and trees, can potentially help offset the adverse health effects of high temperatures.
Areas with more green space have lower rates of heat related ill health and death than areas with less green space, particularly among vulnerable groups.
And urban greenery is associated with better mental health and wellbeing, which could also help mitigate the negative health effects of high temperatures.
The researchers point out that the differing methodology and design of the included studies precluded pooling the results for further data analysis, and while the review found associations between urban green spaces and health outcomes, it cannot establish causal relationships.
“It is important to note that more research is needed to fully understand the extent of the impact of urban greenery on heat-related morbidity and mortality, and how it interacts with other factors such as air pollution, socioeconomic status among others,” they highlight.
But they nevertheless conclude: “Urban green spaces play a vital role in mitigating heat-related health risks, offering a potential strategy for urban planning to address climate change and enhance public health.”
WASHINGTON — As interest grows in geoengineering as a strategy for tackling global warming, the world’s largest association of Earth and space scientists today launched an ethical framework as a guide to responsible decision-making and inclusive dialogue.
The report, facilitated by the American Geophysical Union (AGU) and advised by a global panel of experts, says any research into large-scale interventions in Earth’s climate system must be grounded in sound ethical principles so society can make informed choices about whether to deploy them. It warns that the unintended consequences of large-scale deployment are largely unknown.
“Climate change requires immediate action, and our most urgent, non-negotiable priority must be to tackle the root cause, carbon emissions,” said AGU President Lisa J. Graumlich. “But as pressure grows to supplement emissions reductions with active, large-scale intervention in Earth’s climate system, we must ensure that research is done in ways that are inclusive, representative and just, carefully considering risks and benefits.”
“We all live on this one planet, but solutions cannot be one size fits all,” said Carlos Nobre, a senior researcher at the Institute for Advanced Studies in São Paulo, Brazil, and member of the Ethical Framework Advisory Board. “Global communities have unique challenges and vulnerabilities. When we contemplate how to address the existential threat of climate change, it is imperative that we do so by centering ethics. This framework helps lay the foundation for effective collaboration and partnership.”
The report, Ethical Framework Principles for Climate Intervention Research,seeks to establish a set of globally recognized ethical principles to guide research, funding and policy proposals, drawing on precedents developed to guide research around other emerging fields with unknown consequences, including ethical practices for biomedical research and genetic engineering.
In the 2015 UN Paris Agreement, the world’s nations pledged to pursue efforts to limit global temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. However, global emissions are still increasing, and every additional fraction of a degree will see more severe storms, floods, heatwaves and other climate impacts and increase the risk of triggering catastrophic tipping points such as the Amazon rainforest transforming into dry savannah or the collapse of the Greenland Ice Sheet.
Climate interventions, also known as geo-engineering or climate engineering, are deliberate, large-scale attempts to alter the climate system in a way that halts, slows down or reverses global warming. Climate intervention technologies and methods include:
carbon dioxide removal, which aims to remove greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and store them, using approaches such as reforestation or increasing the ocean’s capacity to absorb carbon;
solar radiation modification, which aims to reduce the amount of solar radiation absorbed by Earth, such as approaches that increase the amount of sunlight reflected from clouds or space sunshades;
and emerging technologies and research, including those aiming to preserve ice sheets and restore sea ice and permafrost.
“Climate intervention must not replace greenhouse gas emissions reduction,” said AGU Interim Executive Director and CEO Janice R. Lachance. “Yet there is robust discussion and debate on whether it should become part of a comprehensive strategy to slow warming, address legacy carbon emitted over the last century and get us back on track with global temperature targets. It is AGU’s privilege and responsibility as a leader in climate science to advocate for responsible pursuit of knowledge.”
The framework has been developed over a two-year period, under the guidance of an advisory board of more than 40 international experts from a wide range of disciplines, with extensive public consultation worldwide. It reflects contributions from hundreds of scientists, policymakers, ethicists, government agencies, non-governmental organizations, the private sector and communities that could be disproportionately affected by climate change interventions. It proposes that all new research plans, funding decisions and policy proposals should meet five key principles:
Responsible Research. Climate intervention research should not be presented as an alternative to emissions reductions. Researchers should provide a clear, public justification of their activity. They should not only assess its direct risks but also the physical, environmental and social consequences if it were scaled.
Holistic Climate Justice. Before starting an activity, researchers should consider whether it would shift climate impacts from one group to another, as well as consider its impact on groups experiencing social, economic, climate and environmental injustices, on future generations, and on nature and biodiversity.
Inclusive Public Participation. Researchers should have fair and inclusive processes to identify groups that may be impacted by the activity and include them in discussion of the purposes and design of the research. They should secure the free, prior and informed consent of any Indigenous Peoples likely to be affected.
Transparency. Public and private funding of climate intervention research and experimentation should be completely transparent. Researchers should handle data responsibly, report on the nature of the science involved and document the decision-making process from start to finish. They should clearly report any negative results.
Informed Governance. Where technologies have significant risks, funders should require research proposals to be reviewed and approved by an independent body. Activities with higher risks or at larger scales should have greater scrutiny. Researchers should be accountable to a representative set of public institutions and stakeholders at scales relevant to the impact of the research.
“Communities need to be heard on decisions that affect them,” saidproject lead Billy Williams, AGU’s Executive Vice President, Diversity, Equity and Inclusion.“Though climate change is a risk shared by all Earth’s people, the weight of climate consequences is not carried equally. As we consider technology to counteract warming, it is essential that we do not add to that unequal burden.”
The framework applies to all types of climate intervention and covers lab research and computer modeling as well as activities undertaken in the field. It is designed to be flexible enough to be adapted to the needs of diverse contexts and actors and capable of evolving as society’s understanding of climate risks and climate intervention technologies develops.
AGU intends for the framework to drive discussion within the broader community involved in and affected by climate intervention research, policy and investment and prompt the development of norms for ethical and responsible research practices.
“AGU and the contributors of this work strongly encourage all relevant actors, including researchers, funders and policymakers, to embrace these ethical principles when considering or undertaking activities relating to climate intervention research,” says the report.
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AGU (www.agu.org) is a global community supporting more than half a million advocates and professionals in Earth and space sciences. Through broad and inclusive partnerships, AGU aims to advance discovery and solution science that accelerate knowledge and create solutions that are ethical, unbiased and respectful of communities and their values. Our programs include serving as a scholarly publisher, convening virtual and in-person events and providing career support. We live our values in everything we do, such as our net zero energy renovated building in Washington, D.C. and our Ethics and Equity Center, which fosters a diverse and inclusive geoscience community to ensure responsible conduct.
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Notes for Journalists:
The Ethical Framework Principles for Climate Intervention Research will be published on the American Geophysical Union website at 7:01 p.m. EDT (UTC-4 hours) on 22 October 2024. Please contact Josh Weinberg for any interview requests.
Report Title: “Ethical Framework Principles for Climate Intervention Research”
AGU Project Lead:
Billy Williams, Executive Vice President, Diversity, Equity & Inclusion
Gardens offer a steady and reliable source of nectar all year round, helping to keep pollinators fed when farmland sources are limited, researchers have discovered.
This consistency means that even small patches of gardens in rural areas can sustain pollinators, particularly in early spring and late summer when nectar is scarce.
In the findings, published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B, scientists at the University of Bristol discovered that gardens can provide between 50% and 95% of the total nectar during these critical times.
Lead author Dr Thomas Timberlake based in Bristol’s School of Biological Sciences explained: “It’s well known that gardens and urban areas can be great places for pollinators like bees, flies and butterflies. In fact, past research shows that cities often have more types and numbers of pollinators than farming areas.
“There’s also evidence that pollinator populations are healthier in rural areas when they’re close to small towns or villages so we know gardens are good for pollinators, but we don’t fully understand why.
“Our study aimed to figure out exactly what it is about gardens that makes them so beneficial for pollinators.”
The team looked at how much nectar, an essential food for pollinators, is available in gardens and farmland throughout the year. While gardens only provide a relatively small amount of nectar in rural areas (less than 15%), the stability and continuity of this nectar supply makes it much more valuable to pollinators. In contrast, farmland [TT1] nectar almost disappears during certain months potentially leaving pollinators struggling.
More than 90% of farmland in Great Britain is within one kilometre of a garden. This means that the flowers in people’s gardens are accessible to many insects living in farmland areas nearby. If gardens are managed in a pollinator-friendly way, their positive impact can extend far beyond the garden fence, helping pollinators all across the country.
Dr Timberlake continued: “Many people feel powerless when it comes to fighting biodiversity loss, thinking it’s too big of a problem to tackle on their own. But our study shows that individual citizens can make a big difference.
“People can support pollinators in their gardens and surrounding farmland by simply making sure their garden has pollinator-friendly flowers blooming throughout the year—especially in early spring and late summer, when pollinators are hungriest.”
Now the team plan to find out which specific plants are best at filling those seasonal hunger gaps and whether gardens should be included in future environmental stewardship schemes. If gardens are proven to benefit pollinators more than some farmland habitats, then the creation of more pollinator-friendly gardens in rural areas could help us tackle pollinator declines.
Dr Timberlake concluded: "In a country like the UK, where towns and villages are spread throughout the countryside, gardens might be helping pollinators more than we ever realised.
“For the 27 million gardeners in the UK, this study highlights just how important their gardens can be in helping to reverse the decline of pollinators."
Paper:
‘Gardens reduce seasonal hunger gaps for farmland pollinators’ by TP Timberlake, NE New and J Memmott in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
These two bits of the sentence didn’t quite connect before, so I’ve just spelt out why it is that gardens can be so important even if they only provide a relatively small proportion of total nectar.
Bombus Terrestris
Early spring garden flowers
Credit
Tom Timberlake
Journal
Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences
Method of Research
Experimental study
Subject of Research
Animals
Article Title
Gardens reduce seasonal hunger gaps for farmland pollinators
Article Publication Date
22-Oct-2024
Paws of polar bears sustaining ice-related injuries in a warming Arctic
Three adult polar bears travel across sea ice in eastern Greenland. Environments in the Far North that would have stayed well below freezing now experience freeze-thaw cycles and wet snow due to a warming climate.
Polar bears in some parts of the high Arctic are developing ice buildup and related injuries to their feet, apparently due to changing sea ice conditions in a warming Arctic. While surveying the health of two polar bear populations, researchers found lacerations, hair loss, ice buildup and skin ulcerations primarily affecting the feet of adult bears as well as other parts of the body. Two bears had ice blocks up to 1 foot (30 centimeters) in diameter stuck to their foot pads, which caused deep, bleeding cuts and made it difficult for them to walk.
The study led by the University of Washington was published Oct. 22 in the journal Ecology. It’s the first time that such injuries have been documented in polar bears.
The researchers suggest several mechanisms for how the shift from a climate that used to remain well below freezing to one with freeze–thaw cycles could be causing ice buildup and injuries.
“In addition to the anticipated responses to climate change for polar bears, there are going to be other, unexpected responses,” said lead author Kristin Laidre, a senior principal scientist at the UW Applied Physics Laboratory and a professor in the UW School of Aquatic and Fishery sciences. “As strange as it sounds, with climate warming there are more frequent freeze-thaw cycles with more wet snow, and this leads to ice buildup on polar bears’ paws.”
Between 2012 and 2022, Laidre and co-author Stephen Atkinson, a wildlife veterinarian, studied two populations of polar bears living above 70 degrees north latitude and saw the injuries.
In the Kane Basin population, located between Canada and Greenland, 31 of 61 polar bears showed evidence of icing-related injuries, such as hairless patches, cuts or scarring.
In the second population in East Greenland, 15 of 124 polar bears had similar injuries. Two Greenland bears at separate locations in 2022 had massive ice balls stuck to their feet.
“I'd never seen that before,” Laidre said. “The two most affected bears couldn't run — they couldn't even walk very easily. When immobilizing them for research, we very carefully removed the ice balls. The chunks of ice weren't just caught up in the hair. They were sealed to the skin, and when you palpated the feet it was apparent that the bears were in pain.”
Researchers have studied these two polar bear populations since the 1990s but haven’t reported these types of injuries before. Consultations with lifetime Indigenous subsistence hunters and a survey of the scientific literature suggests this is a recent phenomenon.
Polar bears have small bumps on their foot pads that help provide traction on slippery surfaces. These bumps, which are larger than those on the pads of other bear species like brown and black bears, make it easier for wet snow to freeze to the paws and accumulate. This problem also affects sled dogs in the North.
The authors hypothesize three possible reasons for increasing ice buildup on polar bears’ paws — all related to climate warming. One is more rain-on-snow events, which creates moist, slushy snow that clumps onto paws and then freezes to form a solid once temperatures drop.
A second possibility is that more warm spells are causing the surface snow to melt and then refreeze into a hard crust. The heavy polar bears break through this ice crust, cutting their paws on its sharp edges.
The final possible reason is that both these populations live on “fast ice” connected to the land, near where freshwater glaciers meet the ocean. Warming in these environments leads to thinner sea ice, allowing seawater to seep up into the snow. This wet snow can clump onto bears’ feet and then refreeze to form ice. Also, unlike other areas, polar bears living at glaciers’ edges rarely swim long distances in spring, which would help thaw and dislodge accumulated ice chunks because the water is warmer than the air.
While the bears are clearly affected by the ice buildup, the researchers are cautious regarding broader conclusions about the health of the two populations.
“We’ve seen these icing-related injuries on individual polar bears,” Laidre said. “But I would hesitate to jump to conclusions about how this might affect them at a population level. We really don’t know.”
Melinda Webster, a research scientist at UW’s Applied Physics Laboratory, recently published a separate study analyzing snow cover on Arctic sea ice over recent decades.
“The surface of Arctic sea ice is transforming with climate change,” Webster said. “The sea ice has less snow in late spring and summer, and the snow that does exist is experiencing earlier, episodic melt and more frequent rain. All these things can create challenging surface conditions for polar bears to travel on.”
Asked what can be done to help the polar bears, Laidre had a simple response: “We can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and try to limit climate warming.”
The field observations of polar bears were funded by the governments of Canada, Denmark, Nunavut and Greenland. Laidre is also affiliated with the Greenland Institute of Natural Resources
This photo shows the rear paws of a polar bear temporarily sedated for research in East Greenland in 2022. The bear has large chunks of ice frozen onto its feet, which the researchers removed. It is one of two polar bears showing this type of buildup, which appears to be a new phenomenon affecting some polar bears in the Far North.
Icing-related injuries in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) at high latitudes
Article Publication Date
22-Oct-2024
New ice core data provides insight into climate ‘tipping points’ during the last Ice Age
Oregon State University
CORVALLIS, Ore. – A changing climate triggers a sudden shift in ocean circulation, creating weather havoc and plunging Earth into an abrupt new Ice Age.
It sounds like the basis for a Hollywood blockbuster - the 2004 science fiction disaster film “The Day After Tomorrow,” has similar plot lines – but it’s actually a scenario that played out multiple times during the last Ice Age, which ended more than 11,000 years ago.
Just published research from multiple ice cores collected across Greenland with data spanning up to 120,000 years provides new understanding of these abrupt events, how they unfold and what that might mean for the future.
The events, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger events, represent “tipping points” in Earth’s climate – situations in which the climate crosses a threshold that leads to sudden and large-scale change, said the study’s lead author, Christo Buizert, an associate professor in the College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences at Oregon State University.
“It is really important to understand such tipping points in the climate, because they may result in catastrophic and irreversible change,” he said.
The findings were just published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
The Dansgaard-Oeschger cycle, which occurred more than 25 times during the last Ice Age, according to previous research, is caused by rapid on-off switching of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation, or AMOC, which circulates water throughout the Atlantic Ocean. The powerful Gulf Stream, which carries warm tropical waters to the North Atlantic, is part of the AMOC.
“The AMOC is fundamentally unstable, and when it collapses, big things happen across the globe. There is significant cooling in Europe and around the North Atlantic, and the Indian and Asian monsoons fail,” Buizert said. “That instability was frequent during the last Ice Age. It is cause for concern for the future because climate models suggest the AMOC will likely weaken again under global warming, potentially impacting billions of people.”
Buizert is a paleoclimatologist who uses ice cores to reconstruct and understand past climate change. Scientists drill and collect ice cores in Greenland and Antarctica to analyze the water, dust and tiny air bubbles that have been trapped in the ice over time. Data from ice cores provides important records of Earth’s atmospheric changes over hundreds of thousands of years and have served as pillars for scientists’ understanding of past climate events.
Buizert and his colleague analyzed ice cores from across Greenland, including cores from south and coastal east Greenland that had not previously been studied in detail, to better understand the climate impact of Dansgaard-Oeschger events across the continent.
The new data, coupled with new climate modeling, suggests interactions between the AMOC and wintertime sea ice play a key role in the Dansgaard-Oeschger events. Scientists previously thought sea ice from the Nordic Seas north of Iceland was involved in these events, but the researchers’ new analysis suggests that winter sea ice would have extended much farther south, to 40 degrees latitude. This means the sea ice would have reached modern day France and New York City, where the action also took place in the film, “The Day After Tomorrow.”
“The model shows that the Nordic Seas alone wouldn’t be big enough to drive a climate change event of this size,” Buizert said. “It just doesn’t pack enough of a punch.”
The AMOC has been well-behaved over the last 11,700 years, but current climate conditions and climate modeling suggest it will likely weaken again in the future, though for different reasons than occurred in the last Ice Age, Buizert said.
“We know the AMOC will weaken, but will it collapse? That is the big question. The weakening is likely gradual for the time being, but it could cross a tipping point and become a catalyst for abrupt climate change events like we saw in the past,” he said. “The climate does not behave in linear patterns; it can change quickly and irreversibly.”
The research was supported by the National Science Foundation and done in collaboration with scientists from five countries. Drilling of the Renland ice core in eastern Greenland was led by the University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
The Greenland spatial fingerprint of Dansgaard–Oeschger events in observations and models
Article Publication Date
21-Oct-2024
A blueprint for mapping melting ice sheets
Stanford University
image:
In Svalbard, researchers launch a device with an ice-penetrating radar system built around the Open Radar Code Architecture (ORCA), an open-source tool that allows scientists to build radars more cheaply and efficiently. (Image credit: Eliza Dawson)
Now, PhD students within the group have created an open-source tool that others can use to make ice-penetrating radar systems, core instruments in the field of glaciology. The Open Radar Code Architecture (ORCA) offers scientists a cheaper, easier, and more efficient way to build both airborne and ground-based radars, even if they lack a technical engineering background. Ice-penetrating radars can cost tens or hundreds of thousands of dollars, while the lowest-cost version of the team’s open-source radar costs only $1,500.
“We’re enabling groups to build exactly the right instrument for what they’re trying to do,” said PhD student Thomas Teisberg, who developed the system along with Anna Broome, PhD ’24.
Whereas previous radar systems were built with specific hardware components specialized for each use case, the new model’s hardware is generic and more easily reconfigured depending on the task at hand. Broome likens the design to a kitchen mixer, with a variety of attachments available depending on what you’re planning to make. By standardizing the basic building blocks of what that radar looks like, Broome and Teisberg have also created a uniform format to store data so glaciologists can effectively reuse each other’s data.
The ice sheets and glaciers atop Greenland and Antarctica are critically important, providing habitats to wildlife, storing more than half of the planet’s freshwater, and contributing to the evolution of the climate. They’re a major contributor to the sea-level rise that threatens the 680 million people who live in low-lying coastal zones – yet the uncertainty of projections may be underestimating that threat. Earth’s ice sheets represent the largest contribution to uncertainty in average sea-level rise by 2100, according to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) models.
In order to grasp current ice loss and make projections into the future, scientists need to understand the land underneath the ice and how it impacts flows and stability. “If you want to understand how ice is going to melt and change, you need to know what the bottom of the ice sheet looks like,” said Teisberg.
Building a toolkit
Currently, scientists use a wide range of radar instruments to gather data that is subsequently analyzed and interpreted to understand how glaciers and ice sheets work. For a scientist trying to break into the field, or for those without an engineering background, it can be challenging to figure out what radar system is best suited to an intended use case. The ORCA platform is built from software-defined radio – a type of hardware that is reconfigurable using software – democratizing the ability to design customized instruments.
“If the community embraces this new tool, I think we’ll see a lot more scientists collecting their own radar data and re-using the innards of those radar systems to study really varied parts of the ice sheet that currently you would need multiple different types of radars to observe,” said Broome, who is now an R&D electrical engineer at Sandia National Laboratories.
Ice-penetrating radar is a foundational tool for glaciologists, but until now, most systems have been built by electrical engineers, not glaciologists, explained Robert Hawley, a physical glaciologist and professor of Earth sciences at Dartmouth College whose research group uses ice-penetrating radar and builds instrumentation for the frozen components of the Earth’s system. The learning curve for building hardware is very steep, he said. “By releasing their work as open-source software, Thomas and Anna have enabled a new generation of researchers to access and build ice-penetrating radars, which will spur a resurgence in this kind of research. This enables the scientists, asking the science questions, to get involved in a way that was not previously possible.”
Collecting better data
The idea for the open-source platform arose when Broome and Teisberg were separately developing plans for radar systems that map the land underneath ice sheets.
“At some point we realized, wait a minute, we could team up and build the instruments on a common core, adapt them to our needs, and save a lot of work that way,” said Teisberg.
Ice-penetrating radar acts like other radar: It sends out electromagnetic waves and records the timing of their reflections to determine an object’s distance. Ice-penetrating radar uses lower frequencies than most other radar systems and aims those waves straight down to penetrate through the ice and provide reflections off the ice surface, as well as the bedrock or sediment sitting underneath the ice.
While the tool is straightforward, flying a crewed aircraft in Greenland is no small feat – it costs a lot of money and requires a complicated set of logistics. “Our hope is that by standardizing the core of the radar, we can still allow people to build their customizations, and we can make it much easier for people to reuse data that’s been collected. By doing that, we can extract a lot more value out of every piece of data that gets collected,” Teisberg said.
The new study includes blueprints for building the two specific instruments that Broome and Teisberg engineered for their own PhD research. Teisberg is the first to admit that they have not built a new instrument. “We are standing on the shoulders of many, many people who’ve done a lot of incredible work in this field before. We’re just making an existing type of instrument much more accessible.”
To test their prototypes, Broome and Teisberg traveled to Iceland, Svalbard, and most recently to Summit Station, the National Science Foundation-run research station at the top of the Greenland ice sheet. They confirmed their functionality by comparing results with previously acquired data from those areas – and they hope their research is just the beginning. Schroeder said the open-source tool is like a gift to the glaciology community.
“I would have loved if ORCA would have been around when I was a student,” Schroeder said. “I’m really excited about the opportunities it presents for students in my own group and for glaciology students around the world.”
In Svalbard, Thomas Teisberg reviews a flight plan for the Peregrine UAV before launch. (Image credit: Eliza Dawson)
Credit
(Image credit: Eliza Dawson)
Anna Broome pulling the radar/radiometer she built using ORCA behind a snowmobile near Summit Station in Greenland. (Image credit: Thomas Teisberg)
Researchers download data after a flight of the Peregrine UAV in Svalbard. The Peregrine system’s payload is a miniaturized ice-penetrating radar built around ORCA. (Image credit: Thomas Teisberg)
Credit
(Image credit: Thomas Teisberg)
Journal
IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing
