As Turkey's earthquake death toll grows, so does anger at government
Elif Ince and Leila Sackur
Sat, March 4, 2023
GAZİANTEP, Turkey — The government of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been accused of contributing to the devastation caused by last month’s earthquakes by undermining long-established construction safeguards, which allegedly helped to pave the way for the disaster that unfolded.
The death toll in the massive Feb. 6 earthquakes stands at more than 45,000, according to Turkey’s disaster management agency, making it the worst national disaster in a century. Some 214,000 buildings containing 608,000 apartments either collapsed or suffered heavy damage, Erdogan said, as quoted by the state-run Anadolu news agency.
The tragedy has brought to light decades-old urbanistic mismanagement and placed the ruling AK Party under intense pressure.
“The most important reason why this disaster caused such great destruction is the government not showing the will to bring the fragile building stock up to safety standards,” said Gencay Serter, the president of the Chamber of Urban Planners, a powerful association that has clashed with Erdogan and the AK Party in the past.
NURDAGI, TURKEY - FEBRUARY 13: A man walks past a destroyed building on February 13, 2023 in Nurdagi, Turkey. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake hit near Gaziantep, Turkey, in the early hours of Monday, followed by another 7.5-magnitude tremor just after midday. The quakes caused widespread destruction in southern Turkey and northern Syria and has killed more than 30,000 people.
Construction workers are seen at the top of a building under construction during their weekend shifts in Ankara on April 22, 2018. Turkey prepares to go to the polls for the early presidential and parliamentary elections on June 24. ( Altan Gocher / NurPhoto via Getty Images file)
Construction peaked after the introduction of another much-debated law in 2012, which addressed the transformation of areas at risk from natural disasters. While the government promised to use the legislation to rebuild unsafe buildings, the new regulations granted the government expanded powers to designate entire neighborhoods as “at risk” and forcefully seize property through eminent domain.
Renewing old and unsafe building stock has been one of AK Party’s most well-known pledges over the years. But, despite the expanded powers granted by the 2012 law, critics like Gencay Serter, from the Chamber of Urban Planners, say authorities did not focus on rebuilding older structures to make them earthquake-safe and instead gave priority to new construction.
Also, allegations of widespread corruption that undermine building safety have long dogged the construction sector in Turkey.
Building regulations, enforced at a local level, have often not been followed because of “cozy relationships between construction firms and the government,” according to Howard Eissenstat, an associate professor of Middle East history at St. Lawrence University in New York.
Another factor that contributed to a lack of proper supervision was a building inspection system put into place in 2011 and in force until 2019, according to the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects. Under this system, contractors could choose any inspection company they wanted and pay the inspectors themselves.
This “led to some illegality in the system,” said Mustafa Erdik, a professor in the department of earthquake engineering at Istanbul’s Bogazici University.
The law was revised in 2019 so that the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change began assigning inspectors to contractors. Announcing the revision, the ministry wrote the most important goal was to eliminate “shortcomings in inspections” caused by “illegal commercial ties established between building contractors and inspection companies,“ something “all actors agreed was the biggest problem of the system.”
Zoning changes made by central or local government authorities were also an issue.
“Areas that were not safe for construction, such as river beds and other unstable areas, underwent zoning changes and were opened up for construction,” said Serter.
Over the years, the Chamber of Architects and the Chamber of Urban Planners have sued the government many times objecting to the safety of construction projects. They have won in some of the cases, delaying projects and angering Erdogan himself.
“These chambers, their names are architects, engineers,” Erdogan said in 2016. “But their goal is to demolish, not to build.”
Two outspoken critics of the government’s construction policies, architect Mucella Yapici and urban planner Tayfun Kahraman, have been jailed since April over their involvement in the Gezi park protests, which were sparked by the government’s plan to build a shopping mall in what is now a park in Istanbul.
Yapici, a vocal proponent of rigorous earthquake proof standards, asked her lawyers to send a tweet from her account on Saturday.
“After the search and rescue is over, prosecutors and experts must come to each wreck,” Yapici wrote. “Concrete/iron etc. samples must be taken as evidence from the wreckage!”
This article was originally published on NBCNews.com
‘Erdogan is responsible’ – resignation calls grow after Turkey earthquakeElif Ince and Leila Sackur
Sat, March 4, 2023
GAZİANTEP, Turkey — The government of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has been accused of contributing to the devastation caused by last month’s earthquakes by undermining long-established construction safeguards, which allegedly helped to pave the way for the disaster that unfolded.
The death toll in the massive Feb. 6 earthquakes stands at more than 45,000, according to Turkey’s disaster management agency, making it the worst national disaster in a century. Some 214,000 buildings containing 608,000 apartments either collapsed or suffered heavy damage, Erdogan said, as quoted by the state-run Anadolu news agency.
The tragedy has brought to light decades-old urbanistic mismanagement and placed the ruling AK Party under intense pressure.
“The most important reason why this disaster caused such great destruction is the government not showing the will to bring the fragile building stock up to safety standards,” said Gencay Serter, the president of the Chamber of Urban Planners, a powerful association that has clashed with Erdogan and the AK Party in the past.
NURDAGI, TURKEY - FEBRUARY 13: A man walks past a destroyed building on February 13, 2023 in Nurdagi, Turkey. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake hit near Gaziantep, Turkey, in the early hours of Monday, followed by another 7.5-magnitude tremor just after midday. The quakes caused widespread destruction in southern Turkey and northern Syria and has killed more than 30,000 people.
(Photo by Chris McGrath/Getty Images)
While the Ministry of Justice has arrested more than 230 people —mostly contractors — in connection with the building collapses, many have focused and cast the blame on existing building regulations. Of particular note is a 2018 “amnesty” law legalizing hundreds of thousands of structures across the country that did not have planning permission or had disregarded building codes, including earthquake safety measures.
Under the amnesty law, the owner of an unauthorized construction could just pay a fee and have it legalized without extensive inspection. In other words, according to critics, the new regulation allowed builders to skirt building codes while the government collected fees and fines.
The government collected 23 billion Turkish lira (about $4 billion at the time) after the 2018 legislation went into effect, Murat Kurum, the minister of environment, urbanization and climate change, told parliamentarians in 2019.
“The amnesty is murder,” the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects said in a 2021 statement. “It should be assumed that all buildings legalized under this amnesty have not received any engineering services, and should be inspected,” the organization added.
Professional chambers, which defend the interests of some 650,000 engineers, architects and urban planners, play an important role in Turkey, with the Constitution stating that the organizations “function as public institutions” in order to “protect professional discipline and ethics.”
Also in 2021, a parliamentary report found that close to 8 million buildings constructed before the year 2000 were very vulnerable to earthquakes.
Erdogan, who cultivates a pro-business reputation, campaigned on the amnesty legislation.
At an election rally in 2019 in Hatay, one of the cities that suffered the most damage in the earthquakes, he said, “We built 8,000 residential projects and solved the problems of 205,000 Hatay residents with the amnesty,” a reference to the amnesty granted to unlicensed buildings.
According to Kurum, more than 7 million units were legalized thanks to the amnesty.
Neither Turkey’s Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change nor Erdogan’s office responded to requests for comment on this story. On Feb. 8, during a speech in Hatay, Erdogan said it was “not possible to be prepared for a disaster this big.”
Building boom
Turkey’s central government and local municipalities both play a role in shaping cities. The reason the ruling AK Party has come under so much criticism is that it holds the most seats in Parliament and can pass critical legislation such as the amnesty. It also controls the public housing authority, which carries out urban development projects.
Local municipalities, some run by the ruling party and some by the opposition, also play a major role, as they are responsible for creating zoning plans that determine building rights, such as deciding which areas are open for construction and imposing floor area caps and height limits. Additionally, municipalities are responsible for inspecting construction projects in their districts and issuing permits if they are up to code.
Laws like the 2018 amnesty fueled the building boom, giving developers throughout the country hope that the government would support the sector, experts say.
“Turkey’s economic growth since the late 2000s has relied heavily on construction,” said Bengi Akbulut, associate professor of geography, planning and environment at Concordia University in Montreal.
“This is reflected in the growth rate of the construction sector between 2002-2014, which has exceeded the rate of GDP growth, and even doubled it at times,” added Akbulut, who has written widely about Turkey’s economy and government.
Massive development projects, wide highways, bridges and airports have been showpieces of the AK Party, advertised during rallies and covered by pro-government media.
While the Ministry of Justice has arrested more than 230 people —mostly contractors — in connection with the building collapses, many have focused and cast the blame on existing building regulations. Of particular note is a 2018 “amnesty” law legalizing hundreds of thousands of structures across the country that did not have planning permission or had disregarded building codes, including earthquake safety measures.
Under the amnesty law, the owner of an unauthorized construction could just pay a fee and have it legalized without extensive inspection. In other words, according to critics, the new regulation allowed builders to skirt building codes while the government collected fees and fines.
The government collected 23 billion Turkish lira (about $4 billion at the time) after the 2018 legislation went into effect, Murat Kurum, the minister of environment, urbanization and climate change, told parliamentarians in 2019.
“The amnesty is murder,” the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects said in a 2021 statement. “It should be assumed that all buildings legalized under this amnesty have not received any engineering services, and should be inspected,” the organization added.
Professional chambers, which defend the interests of some 650,000 engineers, architects and urban planners, play an important role in Turkey, with the Constitution stating that the organizations “function as public institutions” in order to “protect professional discipline and ethics.”
Also in 2021, a parliamentary report found that close to 8 million buildings constructed before the year 2000 were very vulnerable to earthquakes.
Erdogan, who cultivates a pro-business reputation, campaigned on the amnesty legislation.
At an election rally in 2019 in Hatay, one of the cities that suffered the most damage in the earthquakes, he said, “We built 8,000 residential projects and solved the problems of 205,000 Hatay residents with the amnesty,” a reference to the amnesty granted to unlicensed buildings.
According to Kurum, more than 7 million units were legalized thanks to the amnesty.
Neither Turkey’s Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change nor Erdogan’s office responded to requests for comment on this story. On Feb. 8, during a speech in Hatay, Erdogan said it was “not possible to be prepared for a disaster this big.”
Building boom
Turkey’s central government and local municipalities both play a role in shaping cities. The reason the ruling AK Party has come under so much criticism is that it holds the most seats in Parliament and can pass critical legislation such as the amnesty. It also controls the public housing authority, which carries out urban development projects.
Local municipalities, some run by the ruling party and some by the opposition, also play a major role, as they are responsible for creating zoning plans that determine building rights, such as deciding which areas are open for construction and imposing floor area caps and height limits. Additionally, municipalities are responsible for inspecting construction projects in their districts and issuing permits if they are up to code.
Laws like the 2018 amnesty fueled the building boom, giving developers throughout the country hope that the government would support the sector, experts say.
“Turkey’s economic growth since the late 2000s has relied heavily on construction,” said Bengi Akbulut, associate professor of geography, planning and environment at Concordia University in Montreal.
“This is reflected in the growth rate of the construction sector between 2002-2014, which has exceeded the rate of GDP growth, and even doubled it at times,” added Akbulut, who has written widely about Turkey’s economy and government.
Massive development projects, wide highways, bridges and airports have been showpieces of the AK Party, advertised during rallies and covered by pro-government media.
Construction workers are seen at the top of a building under construction during their weekend shifts in Ankara on April 22, 2018. Turkey prepares to go to the polls for the early presidential and parliamentary elections on June 24. ( Altan Gocher / NurPhoto via Getty Images file)
Construction peaked after the introduction of another much-debated law in 2012, which addressed the transformation of areas at risk from natural disasters. While the government promised to use the legislation to rebuild unsafe buildings, the new regulations granted the government expanded powers to designate entire neighborhoods as “at risk” and forcefully seize property through eminent domain.
Renewing old and unsafe building stock has been one of AK Party’s most well-known pledges over the years. But, despite the expanded powers granted by the 2012 law, critics like Gencay Serter, from the Chamber of Urban Planners, say authorities did not focus on rebuilding older structures to make them earthquake-safe and instead gave priority to new construction.
Also, allegations of widespread corruption that undermine building safety have long dogged the construction sector in Turkey.
Building regulations, enforced at a local level, have often not been followed because of “cozy relationships between construction firms and the government,” according to Howard Eissenstat, an associate professor of Middle East history at St. Lawrence University in New York.
Another factor that contributed to a lack of proper supervision was a building inspection system put into place in 2011 and in force until 2019, according to the Union of Chambers of Turkish Engineers and Architects. Under this system, contractors could choose any inspection company they wanted and pay the inspectors themselves.
This “led to some illegality in the system,” said Mustafa Erdik, a professor in the department of earthquake engineering at Istanbul’s Bogazici University.
The law was revised in 2019 so that the Ministry of Environment, Urbanization and Climate Change began assigning inspectors to contractors. Announcing the revision, the ministry wrote the most important goal was to eliminate “shortcomings in inspections” caused by “illegal commercial ties established between building contractors and inspection companies,“ something “all actors agreed was the biggest problem of the system.”
Zoning changes made by central or local government authorities were also an issue.
“Areas that were not safe for construction, such as river beds and other unstable areas, underwent zoning changes and were opened up for construction,” said Serter.
Over the years, the Chamber of Architects and the Chamber of Urban Planners have sued the government many times objecting to the safety of construction projects. They have won in some of the cases, delaying projects and angering Erdogan himself.
“These chambers, their names are architects, engineers,” Erdogan said in 2016. “But their goal is to demolish, not to build.”
Two outspoken critics of the government’s construction policies, architect Mucella Yapici and urban planner Tayfun Kahraman, have been jailed since April over their involvement in the Gezi park protests, which were sparked by the government’s plan to build a shopping mall in what is now a park in Istanbul.
Yapici, a vocal proponent of rigorous earthquake proof standards, asked her lawyers to send a tweet from her account on Saturday.
“After the search and rescue is over, prosecutors and experts must come to each wreck,” Yapici wrote. “Concrete/iron etc. samples must be taken as evidence from the wreckage!”
This article was originally published on NBCNews.com
Nataliya Vasilyeva
Sat, March 4, 2023
Recep Tayyip Erdogan (foreground) has had to make an unusual admission of guilt while visiting areas affected by the earthquake - Murat Cetinmuhurda/Reuters
As residents of Turkey’s once prosperous south east waited for help amid the rubble of their own homes in the immediate aftermath of last month’s horrific earthquake, there was one question that kept coming up: “Where is the government?”
The disaster on Feb 6 killed nearly 45,000 in Turkey alone, left millions homeless and wiped out buildings across an area almost as large as Germany.
In the days and weeks that followed, fury at the government’s slow pace of assistance and the lack of properly enforced building regulations has spread well beyond the earthquake zone and increasingly focused on the country’s strongman leader Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
Last weekend, fans of the two country’s two major football clubs – including the president’s favourite team – chanted “Erdogan resign!” and “lies, lies, lies” at games in Istanbul. Hundreds of soft toys were thrown onto the pitch for disaster victims at one match.
The two teams have since been ordered to play to empty stands, but the scale of the anger in the country is clear.
With elections due in May, Mr Erdogan is clearly worried.
This week, while visiting affected areas in the city of Adiyaman, the Turkish president hugged children and stopped politely to listen to tearful old ladies. He even made an unusual admission of guilt by asking the locals for “helallik”, an Islamic term loosely meaning “to forgive and forget”.
Last month’s horrific earthquake has led to anger in the aftermath at the government’s slow pace of assistance - Orhan Cicek/Anadolu/Getty
During the 20 years he has ruled Turkey as president and prime minister, Mr Erdogan has built an image of himself as a hands-on strongman with a broad mandate to fix the country, regardless of what the international community thinks.
But the earthquake has exposed his government’s fatal failings, and with many seeking to hold him personally culpable, he is facing the most serious challenge to his grip on Turkey yet.
“Erdogan is responsible for this disaster because he wanted to be responsible for everything in this country,” said Sera Kadigil, an Istanbul lawmaker from the Workers’ Party of Turkey.
“He told us: I will be in charge of everything, just give me power. Now you see the results.”
Ms Kadigil has been living in the badly affected region of Hatay for over 20 days, coordinating volunteer efforts seeing the devastation first hand.
Speaking by phone from Antakya, she said the government response had been chaotic and insisted the only option was for Mr Erdogan to either resign or be beaten at the ballot box.
“We spent 20 years with this person. We don’t have any patience. We need to put our cities back on their feet,” she said.
“We have to change this system, we have to replace Erdogan. This is the most urgent task for us right now.”
She is not alone: every prominent opposition politician has sought to pin the disaster on Mr Erdogan personally.
This week, the Workers’ Party of Turkey filed a criminal complaint with the Prosecutor General’s Office, seeking charges on 14 different counts, including murder against 24 top officials, including the Turkish president.
Former interior minister Meral Aksener (pictured) is backing Mansur Yavas, mayor of the capital Ankara, as an opposition candidate - AP
“The Turkish public is devastated and in shock because there’s a sense that the system is crumbling but there is no guarantee that it can be replaced by anything else,” Asli Aydintasbas, a visiting fellow at Brookings Institution, told The Telegraph.
“Erdogan’s Islamist-nationalist coalition, its hyper-centralised decision-making system, autocratic powers – all of that is no longer delivering for the Turkish public.”
But converting that widespread dissatisfaction and disillusionment into an electoral defeat for Mr Erdogan and his AKP party remains a huge task, particularly given the fractured state of what is left of Turkey’s opposition.
Even before the earthquake, various political groups mounted a rare campaign to unite in the face of the upcoming presidential elections on May 14, which are widely seen as a make-or-break moment for Mr Erdogan.
The so-called Table of Six brings together the leaders of six opposition parties – from one accused of pushing a xenophobic agenda to a party standing up for the marginalised Kurdish minority.
But they have been unable to agree on a joint candidate to challenge Mr Erdogan at the polls.
Kemal Kilicdaroglu is seen as a safe choice as opposition candidate, despite criticism that he lacks the charisma needed to rally the country behind him - Adem Altan/AFP/Getty
The front-runner had been Kemal Kilicdaroglu, leader of the Republican People’s Party. An elderly, old-time party functionary, he is seen as a safe choice, despite criticism that he lacks the charisma needed to rally the country behind him.
On Friday, however, one of the other candidates, former interior minister Meral Aksener, unexpectedly refused to back him, saying a popular regional leader such Mansur Yavas, mayor of the capital Ankara, would be a better choice.
Ekrem Imamoglu, the charismatic mayor of Istanbul, who has a strong following across the country, has been officially barred from running after a Turkish court convicted him in December of insulting public officials.
“The problems that the opposition faces – in terms of uninspiring candidates and difficulty of pulling the Table of Six together ideologically – were always there,” said Ms Aydintasbas of Brookings.
On Saturday, Mr Erdogan dismissed the threat posed by the opposition.
"We have already set our goal," he said. "Whatever they do, we continue to work on our plan, on our road map."
With vast swathes of the country still in ruins, some have suggested it would be prudent to push the election back, something Mr Erdogan has vowed not to do.
Opposition hopeful Mr Kilicdaroglu this week agreed, saying Turkey could not lose any more time with Mr Erdogan and his party in power.
“We don’t have a year, not even a day to give you,” he said. “We can’t endure any more of your incompetence.”
Aynur Tekin has contributed to this report
No comments:
Post a Comment