Monday, August 02, 2021

Afghanistan: Street fighting rages as Taliban attack key city

Sixties Scoop survivors call for federal inquiry and apology

Survivors' group, Sinclair say more needed to uncover full number of children taken

CBC News · Posted: Aug 02, 2021

Katherine Legrange is a Sixties Scoop adoptee and volunteer co-ordinator of the 60s Scoop Legacy of Canada group, which is calling for a federal inquiry. (Submitted by Katherine Legrange)

WARNING: This story contains distressing details.

Former Canadian senator Murray Sinclair and a group representing survivors of the Sixties Scoop are calling for a federal inquiry into the actions and policies of governments that led to thousands of Indigenous children being taken from their homes over four decades and placed with non-Indigenous families.

"There have been studies on the Sixties Scoop, but we really haven't delved into how far-reaching the effects really are," said Katherine Legrange, volunteer co-ordinator with the 60s Scoop Legacy of Canada.

An inquiry is needed to get a full account of the number of children taken, and the impacts on the lives of survivors and their families, said Legrange, a plaintiff in one of the lawsuits involving survivors.

The children who were removed need to know they are not alone, but they also need to know that there were reasons for what happened that were not of their parents' making.- Murray Sinclair, former senator

Sinclair, who chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, said many of the challenges facing Indigenous families that led to the apprehension of their children stemmed from the legacy of decades of the residential school system.

"The children who were removed need to know they are not alone, but they also need to know that there were reasons for what happened that were not of their parents' making," he said in a release.

Sixties Scoop survivors receive cheques but still looking for healing support

The group wants a meeting with federal Crown-Indigenous Relations Minister Carolyn Bennett to discuss an inquiry, as well as a national apology and a settlement for Métis and non-status survivors who were excluded from a 2017 class-action settlement.

Canada's settlement agreement set aside $750 million to compensate First Nations and Inuit children who were removed from their homes and placed with non-Indigenous foster or adoptive parents between 1951 and 1991, and ended up losing their cultural identities.

Views differ on number of children taken

Estimates of the number of children taken are at around 20,000, but Legrange said survivors and families believe the figure is much higher.

Legrange and her brother were born seven months apart. They were separated from each other when they were children, but reunited in 2019 after she tracked him down on Facebook.

"He welcomed me with open arms, never questioned who I was or where I came from, and so we connected quite well," Legrange said.

Do you have information about residential schools? Email your tips to: WhereAreThey@cbc.ca

Recently, however, Legrange lost contact with her brother, who she said endured trauma as a result of his experiences in the child welfare system.

"He's marginalized, he was suffering with unresolved trauma and some addictions issues, and unfortunately he passed away from an overdose on June 11. And it wasn't until July 18 that I was notified that he had passed away."

In 2018, Bennett pledged a separate settlement for Métis and non-status Indigenous survivors, but Legrange said her group has not had any meetings yet with Bennett to discuss it.

Leslie Michelson, a spokesperson for Crown-Indigenous Relations and Northern Affairs Canada, said the Sixties Scoop settlement agreement was "only the first step" to address the harm done by that system.

"We know that there are other claims that remain unresolved, including those of the Métis and non-status First Nations, and we are working with our partners toward a fair and lasting resolution for all survivors," Michelson said in an emailed statement on Monday evening.

On top of individual compensation, the Sixties Scoop settlement also agreed on the need for a foundation to support those affected, the statement said.

"It was crucial to all of those involved that this foundation would bring forward the perspectives of survivors to undertake and fund healing, wellness, education, language and culture activities related to the Sixties Scoop," Michelson said.

Métis and non-status First Nations launch Sixties Scoop lawsuit over identity loss

Although the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the national inquiry inquiry into missing and murdered Indigenous women and girls (MMIWG) examined elements of the Sixties Scoop, there are key differences that need to be considered, Legrange said.

Many survivors of residential schools returned to their home communities; the Sixties Scoop involved the permanent removal of children from their families, she said.

Support is available for anyone affected by their experience at residential schools and for those triggered by the latest reports.

A national Indian Residential School Crisis Line has been set up to provide support for residential school survivors and those affected. People can access emotional and crisis referral services by calling the 24-hour national crisis line: 1-866-925-4419.

Do you know of a child who never came home from residential school? Or someone who worked at one? We would like to hear from you. Email our Indigenous-led team investigating the impacts of residential schools at wherearethey@cbc.ca or call toll-free: 1-833-824-0800.

With files from Genevieve Murchison and Riley Laychuk

BIG OIL PROMOTES THE MYTH OF CARBON CAPTURE

Capturing carbon’s potential: Five companies and innovations to watch

JEFFREY JONES
PUBLISHED JULY 31, 2021

Apoorv Sinha, centre, CEO of Carbon Upcycling, carries a piece of equipment at the company's facility in Calgary, Alta., Tuesday, July 20, 2021. JEFF MCINTOSH/THE GLOBE AND MAIL

A semi-trailer is idling just outside Enmax Corp.’s Shepard gas-fired power plant on Calgary’s eastern outskirts, and it is loaded with a grey granular substance that’s become Apoorv Sinha’s life’s work.

Mr. Sinha’s startup, Carbon Upcycling Technologies, has invited business partners and government officials to have a look at the reaction vessel that yielded the powder from the plant’s waste carbon dioxide, and then watch the 40-tonne load trundle away to a concrete batch plant in Edmonton.

His team manufactured the additive from the greenhouse gas that otherwise would have been emitted into the sky. Lafarge Canada will add the powder to its concrete mix in place of some of the portland cement it normally uses, and lower emissions from making its own products.

“There’s no doubt we’ve come a long way, but to really make the impact that we’re striving for we’ve got to change behaviour. The aspiration here is that we start with this Western Canadian business unit, then Lafarge all across the world starts to change how they do business,” said Mr. Sinha, a 31-year-old entrepreneur who has been Calgary-based Carbon Upcycling’s chief executive officer since the technology was first proven in a reactor the size of a cookie tin six years ago.

Shell Canada president says carbon capture facility an integral part of company’s emissions reduction plan

Carbon Upcycling is in a fast-growing segment of the Canadian cleantech sector focused on manufacturing useful products and providing innovative services by tapping into the massive volumes of CO2 captured from all kinds of energy and industrial processes to reduce the impact on climate.

A spate of technological developments in the fields of chemicals, manufacturing and agriculture has caught the attention of environmentalists, scientists and venture capitalists alike, as companies tout new uses for the heat-trapping gas that would otherwise be spewed into the atmosphere, injected underground or used to boost oil production.

Of course, there is also a phalanx of environmentalists who are wary of carbon capture, saying the practice will prolong the use of fossil fuels, which they contend must end for the world to get to net-zero emissions.

Even so, the business opportunity looks huge. The U.S.-based Global CO2 Initiative has estimated the market will be worth as much as US$800-billion a year by 2030, and Canadian entrepreneurs and scientists are already making their mark.

In April, another company focused on lowering concrete’s carbon intensity, Halifax’s CarbonCure Technologies Inc., won part of the US$20-million Carbon XPRIZE, a nearly five-year competition sponsored by Canada’s Oil Sands Innovation Alliance and U.S. power company NRG Energy Inc. The next phase of the technological race has a US$100-million purse, and is sponsored by Tesla Inc. founder Elon Musk and his foundation.

Other major tech players, including Canadian e-commerce giant Shopify Inc., have dedicated funds to find solutions to the carbon conundrum.

The trick for developers will be proving they can scale up and commercialize their innovations – sell them in industrial and consumer markets at a profit – so they will attract investors and make a real difference in the fight to limit greenhouse gas emissions.

Here are five emerging Canadian companies with carbon utilization technologies that could be on the verge of major market breakthroughs.

CARBONOVA CORP.
CALGARY
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Dr. Pedro Pereira Almao, right, and Dr. Mina Zarabian, co-founders of Carbonova, pose in front of the company's technology at their lab in Calgary, Alta., Thursday, July 22, 2021. Jeff McIntosh for The Globe and Mail

Under an electron microscope, the carbon nanofibres Carbonova produces at its lab at the University of Calgary look like tangles of ramen noodles. To the naked eye, they are a black powder, one that stands to revolutionize everything from construction materials to car parts to electronics because of an unusual combination of strength and light weight.

Carbonova’s secret lies in the science of how it produces the material from carbon dioxide and an even more potent greenhouse gas, methane, using two catalysts to trigger chemical reactions. It is the brainchild of CEO Mina Zarabian and chief technology officer Pedro Pereira Almao.

When the pair, experts in catalyst research, developed the process that spit out the material in 2016, they were elated. But celebration was tempered somewhat by skepticism among other chemical engineers, used to coke being the cheap byproduct of such a reaction, not a sought-after material used in the most advanced manufacturing, Ms. Zarabian said.

“Although it looks the same – it’s black and under analytical equipment it says it’s carbon – when you put it under a microscope, you see it’s a different type of carbon. Carbon can be formed in many different ways,” she said.

The energy-saving process and its potential have caught the attention of investors, including well-known names in Canada’s oil patch: Pat Carlson, former CEO of Seven Generations Energy Ltd., and Perpetual Energy Inc. CEO Sue Riddell Rose. Carbonova fields frequent calls from large CO2 emitters.

Governments, utilities and the nuclear industry hope small modular reactors will power Canada’s future. Can they actually build one?

The real test, however, will be producing enough of the product for global markets, and at a low-enough cost, to realize its benefits.

“You can use it for so many things. The reason we cannot use it at this point is that it’s too expensive,” Dr. Pereira, who is also a professor at the university, said during a tour of the research facility. “So we’re going to make it less expensive but also available for everybody, while we reduce, considerably, the environmental impact – the process for producing carbon nanofibres.”

Carbon nanofibre is prized for strength and versatility. They are 40 times stronger than steel and a quarter of its weight. The material can be used in paints, electronic components, metal and plastics. It is also more electrically conductive than copper.

Today, global production of carbon nanofibre and nanotubes, at less than 5,000 tonnes a year, is dwarfed by carbon black, at 14 million tonnes, and standard carbon fibre, at 150,000 tonnes.

Carbonova is now scaling up, having recently completed a $2-million financing round. It is also part of a Canada-U.S.-European consortium that will study the development of products for the building and automotive sectors over the next three years, on behalf of a multinational company in the construction sector looking to reduce its carbon intensity.

Its customer’s tests have yielded positive results, but it wants more volume. Now, Carbonova is building a reactor it describes as “semi-commercial’ in scale that will yield 150 times more than the bench prototype.

Once the pilot proves itself, the goal is to build modular plants at a cost of $20-million to $30-million each that can produce thousands of tonnes a year. The plants will be designed for sites where there are emissions to tap and proximity to end users of the carbon nanofibres, Ms. Zarabian said.

The founders hope to keep the company and its intellectual property in Canada, especially the West, but Ms. Zarabian is cognizant of how difficult that can be as a startup tries to scale up, a frequent worry in Canadian tech. “Business sometimes is a race,” she said.

CO2 GRO INC.
TORONTO
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CO2 GRO's Corporate Development Manager, Dil Vashi, at the commissioning of a CO2 Delivery Solutions feasibility system with Prism Farms in Leamington, Ontario. HANDOUT

CO2 Gro Inc. has been on a long road with its technology for improving the use of greenhouse gas in greenhouses. The founders’ initial plan more than a decade ago was to capitalize on keen interest in algae for biofuels. It had success in the lab at the National Research Council Canada in Halifax, and launched an initial public offering.

As oil prices surged to US$147 a barrel in 2008, algae was seen as the next big thing. Then crude fell back to earth during the financial crisis, and the buzz died down. Algae no longer looked like a viable business, but the plant-growth technology would prove versatile.

Canada’s legalization of marijuana in 2018 was the start of CO2 Gro’s second act.

Pumping CO2 into greenhouses has long been known to increase plant growth by as much as 30 per cent, but the process is inefficient, and during hot months the gas gets vented into the atmosphere. CO2 Gro’s technology involves infusing water with CO2, but in a way that does not yield club soda. The solution is misted onto plants in short bursts, improving the efficiency of the process.

The pot industry quickly became a top market, and now CO2 Gro has sold its misting systems to eight licensed cannabis operations. It is also concentrating on other crops grown in protected structures, including peppers and berries – those with large enough leaves for the technology to be effective.

“The use of carbon in most cases has not been a very precise thing. People burn fuels to make carbon, they do all sorts of things to get the CO2 for the carbon, and in most cases it’s lost,” said John Archibald, CO2 Gro’s CEO.

To pump the gas into a 100,000-square-foot greenhouse, an operator may have to inject up to a million cubic feet of CO2, he explains. In many cases, as much as 90 per cent of that then gets emitted.

“What we do is put the CO2 into the water at a specific solution rate, and put it onto the leaves in a mist so the leaves basically uptake nearly all of the carbon that we give them. So we use about 5 per cent of the carbon that somebody would if they were gassing,” he said.

The technology has also proven itself in another important way: It reduces the need for herbicides, because the solution alters the pH level on the surface areas of the leaves, allowing the plants to resist pathogens such as E. coli, mould and powdery mildew, a common problem for cannabis producers.

“So a lot of folks look to us for the natural pesticide that comes part and parcel with putting on mildly acidic water loaded with saturated CO2 molecules,” said Sam Kanes, the company’s vice-president of market research.

CO2 Gro has 10 staff, and uses a global network of independent sales representatives to market its delivery systems. Its largest shareholder is U.S.-based private equity firm Ospraie Ag Science LLC.

In the past year, CO2 Gro has signed several deals with companies around the world to determine the commercial viability of the technology in their operations. They grow crops such as lettuce, strawberries and peppers, as well as orchids and roses.

“We are seeing an average of 30-per-cent crop increases, and to generate those crop increases we’re only adding about 5 per cent of the CO2 to the atmosphere,” Mr. Archibald said. “In a world that is experiencing food stresses to feed populations, particularly in the emerging economies that’s an important gain. We can’t work with wheat and we can’t work with rice, but we can make a significant contributions at the margin.”

CLEANO2 CARBON CAPTURE TECHNOLOGIES INC.
CALGARY
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Jaeson Cardiff, left, CEO of Clean02, explains his CARBiN-X technology that uses a chemical process to convert CO2 captured from heating system exhaust into a stable carbonate used in soaps and detergents, at the company's facility in Calgary, Alta., Thursday, July 22, 2021. JEFF MCINTOSH/THE GLOBE AND MAIL

Jaeson Cardiff is a plumber and gas fitter by trade who started his company, CleanO2, developing technology to strip carbon dioxide from furnaces. Now he is marketing soap with natural ingredients to some of Canada’s best-known retailers.

The two go hand in hand. The reaction unit Mr. Cardiff invented removes carbon from the flue exhaust of commercial boilers, and using heat, the reactor produces potassium carbonate. The company mixes the white, powdery substance into its lines of soaps and cleaners, with benefits similar to a water softener.

The soap started as a novel marketing tool, but that changed quickly, as the company realized retailers and consumers liked the products.

“I had multiple conversations with Kathi Fischer, our chief science officer, saying something to the effect of, ‘We’re never going to be a soap company. I don’t want to be a soap company. We’re a carbon capture company. We will not make soap,’” Mr. Cardiff said. “Now we’re making soap.”

The liquid hand soap and body bars have names such as Wilderness Lager, Spearmint & Clay and Mulled Merlot, and the company produces car wash detergent.

“You’d have to be fools not to notice attraction of a product made from carbon that was sequestered from a heating appliance. And you have to be even bigger fools not to modify your business strategy to incorporate that,” he said in CleanO2′s fragrant East Calgary office and manufacturing centre.

Besides removing CO2, the reaction unit, called CARBiN-X, also provides more efficiency to buildings by generating its own heat that can be used for water. A single unit, which is about the size of a couple of refrigerators side by side, removes six to eight tonnes of carbon per year.
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Yuji Ihara, Clean02's project manager for domestic and foreign markets, cuts soap bars made from technology that uses a chemical process to convert CO2 captured from heating system exhaust into a stable carbonate used in soaps and detergents, at the company's facility in Calgary, Alta., Thursday, July 22, 2021.

JEFF MCINTOSH/THE GLOBE AND MAIL

Mr. Cardiff developed the first units 15 years ago for home use. The technology worked, but the business didn’t. The breakthrough came with the decision by the founders to increase the size of the reactors for commercial operations, such as businesses and hotels, and make a viable product with the residue.

CleanO2 has carbon capture units set up at sites across Canada, as well as locations in United States and Japan. Eventually, it plans to set up soap manufacturing at those sites as well, partly to reduce the CO2 emitted during shipping.

One hotel in Minneapolis uses CleanO2′s technology to scrub the carbon from its furnace, and puts the soap products in its rooms, effectively closing the CO2 loop.

Canadian Tire, Sobeys and Safeway, as well as Walmart’s Canadian e-commerce site, are among retailers that already carry CleanO2′s soaps. Power companies such as Fortis BC and Atco Ltd. also purchase the products. CleanO2 is just at the start of an expansion that will see it go from shipping 5,000 units to 100,000 units over the next three months.

Now, Mr. Cardiff says he expects the company to be financially self-sustaining in the next two to three months.

HYPERION GLOBAL ENERGY CORP.
OTTAWA
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Heather Ward, Co-Founder & President Hyperion Global Energy at Bayview Yards Innovation Centre in Ottawa, on Wednesday, July 28, 2021.

JUSTIN TANG/THE GLOBE AND MAIL

Hyperion Global Energy is creating what it calls the world’s first carbon recycling business, using an energy-efficient process to remove CO2 from smokestacks in a host of industries and turning it into minerals that can be used in everything from green building materials to pharmaceuticals.

The company’s strategy involves packing all of its gear needed to run the process into shipping containers, and setting them up at mining, energy and manufacturing facilities that emit greenhouse gases. The host producer needs to make no capital expenditures.

Hyperion then aims to supply a US$44-billion global market for the resulting materials, such as calcium carbonate. In some cases, manufacturers generating the CO2 will then be able to buy the minerals back to make their products.

“We have an energy-efficient process and life cycle, right from the inputs to the offtake that we create,” said Heather Ward, Hyperion’s co-founder and president. “This is plug-and-play technology, a drop-in unit that does not require new construction at the site.”

The minerals are non-toxic and Hyperion can adjust the purity based on what customers need for their own products, which could be concrete, paper, plastics or fertilizers. The process creates two tonnes of minerals for every tonne of CO2 processed, and the material can sell for US$500 to US$2,200 a tonne, according to Hyperion.

The company’s journey began five years ago, when Ms. Ward teamed up with Jerry Flynn, who developed the technology, which they call the Tandem Carbon Recycling System. Earlier this year, they joined forces with Luke Tucker, a military special operations veteran who is Hyperion’s CEO.

It’s a pivotal year for the company, which operates in Ottawa’s Bayview Yards innovation centre. Hyperion was a semifinalist in the NRG COSIA Carbon XPRIZE, proving with its prototype that it was able to process a tonne of CO2 a week. Hyperion is now pushing that up to one tonne a day as it builds a pilot system. Later this year, it will work with industrial customers in a path to 20 tonnes a day and beyond.

Meanwhile, it received $100,000 in seed funding from Crown-owned Sustainable Technology Development Canada, secured close to $1-million through Ottawa-based Capital Angel Network and won a $770,000 grant from the Natural Gas Innovation Fund. Hyperion also scored funding from Norway’s Equinor & Techstars Energy Accelerator.

Ms. Ward said the money to develop the technology has allowed Hyperion to hit its stride just as global investment in carbon utilization is reaching a tipping point.

“Once we have our commercial system running at a plant, the world will be our oyster. We’ll have proven the technology at an industrial demonstration,” she said.

CARBON UPCYCLING TECHNOLOGIES
CALGARY
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Apoorv Sinha, CEO of Carbon Upcycling, speaks to dignitaries touring his company's facility in Calgary, Alta., Tuesday, July 20, 2021.
JEFF MCINTOSH/THE GLOBE AND MAIL

Apoorv Sinha is adamant that cleantech companies must show ability to scale up and commercialize their technology, or the industry will face another burst bubble and frustrated investors.

“A lot of it boils down to, not only execution, but looking at some of the really tough parts around making innovation real, which is talking to customers, making sure that what you are doing actually solves the problem, making sure you are making their lives easier, not tougher, and taking all of that into account when you design your product,” he said.

He believes company he co-founded, Carbon Upcycling, is close to proving itself in that realm with a new memorandum of understanding with a global concrete manufacturer LafargeHolcim to use the startup’s unique carbon-based material in its products.

Carbon Upcycling, a finalist in the Carbon XPRIZE, has nine employees plus contract staff, but Mr. Sinha says that number will increase quickly.

“You compare that to like 70,000 for Holcim, and the reason they’re showing interest is because of the significance this has strategically for them,” Mr. Sinha said at his company’s demonstration facility at the Shepard power plant.

“It’s really a way for us to punch above our weight, and this company is going to have to go to a few hundred employees in the next couple of years if we’re going to make the type of impact that we want.”

Concrete manufacturing is a major source of greenhouse gases, accounting for about 7 per cent of global CO2 emissions. Hence the industry’s keen interest in seeking breakthrough technology.

Carbon Upcycling’s additive, a supplementary cementitious material, or SCM, can be used to reduce the carbon intensity of concrete, but it can also be an ingredient in plastics, anti-corrosion coatings and a range of consumer products.

The environmental benefit is twofold: First, the company takes the carbon-based fly ash from the generating station and injects CO2 from the plant stacks into the material in its reactor, which is slightly smaller than a city bus. The additive also makes concrete stronger, and reduces its carbon footprint by 25 per cent.

Carbon Upcycling got its start in 2014, when Emissions Reduction Alberta held a competition for technology to convert emissions into products. Mr. Sinha worked with professors at universities in Calgary, Waterloo and Toronto, who helped prove the company’s prototype reactor could be replicated and scaled up.

Four years later, the company fielded calls from the likes of Burnco and TransAlta Corp. in Canada, and LafargeHolcim, asking if the materials could be used in the construction industry. Its relationship with Lafarge Canada grew as Carbon Upcycling entered the XPRIZE competition. It also joined the multinational building products company’s accelerator program in France.

“The scale-up exercise was because of XPRIZE and their deadlines. But really we could never justify it, quite frankly, for just a science competition. They don’t look at market traction, they don’t look at economics, they just look at scale up,” Mr. Sinha said. “What we wanted to make sure was, as a company, we’re actually doing something commercial.”

Jeffrey Jones writes about sustainable finance and the ESG sector for The Globe and Mail.

Researchers find oxygen spike coincided with ancient global extinction

by Florida State University

Two hundred fifty-two million years ago, much of life on planet Earth was dying.

In an event that marked the end of the Permian period, more than 96 percent of the planet's marine species and 70 percent of its terrestrial life suddenly went extinct. It was the largest extinction in Earth's history.

Now Florida State University researchers have found that the extinction coincided with a sudden spike and subsequent drop in the ocean's oxygen content. Their findings were published in Nature Geoscience.

"There's previous work that's been done that shows the environment becoming less oxygenated leading into the extinction event, but it has been hypothesized as a gradual change," said lead author and FSU graduate research assistant Sean Newby. "We were surprised to see this really rapid oxygenation event coinciding with the start of the extinction and then a return to reducing conditions."

Scientists have previously seen a gradual decrease in oxygen during this extinction, but the rapid oxygen increase at the beginning of the extinction was a new finding. The researchers think the oxygenation occurred over a few tens of thousands of years, a very brief period on the scale of the millions of years of the Earth's geological history.

"For the geological record, that's practically instantaneous," Newby said. "And then you can of course compare that to modern, human-induced climate change, where we're having huge, rapid changes on fractions of the time compared to this mass extinction."

The exact cause of this spike in ocean oxygenation is unknown, but the researchers hypothesized that the continual eruption of at least several hundred thousand years of a massive volcanic region led to a brief cooling and the sudden marine oxygenation spike and subsequent crash.

Although ancient marine oxygen levels were on a downward trend ahead of the spike and remained low afterward, it's the geologically rapid shift back and forth and long-term oxygen deficiency that seemed to be more detrimental to life than the gradual decrease. The carbon dioxide released during that volcanic eruption caused the Earth's atmosphere to warm, which lowered oxygen in the oceans and caused the oceans to become relatively inhospitable for millions of years.

It is impossible to directly measure ancient marine or atmospheric oxygen levels, so the research team instead measured thallium isotopes, which indirectly provided information to understand the marine oxygen levels of the past.

The researchers plan to study other ancient extinctions to see if similar dramatic swings in oxygen coincided with any of those mass extinctions, which could have modern-day implications as climate change and increased nutrient discharge decrease the amount of oxygen in our present-day ocean.

"It's not just the loss of oxygen in the modern ocean," said Jeremy Owens, an associate professor in the Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science and paper-co-author. "The loss of oxygen is important because the organisms living now are adapted for high oxygen, but if you have low oxygen there's also many organisms that may be able to adapt. Any rapid fluctuation in either direction will have an impact."

Researchers from Florida State University, Western Carolina University and the University of Cincinnati contributed to this work.

Volcanic activity, declining ocean oxygen triggered mass extinction of ancient organisms

More information: Transient ocean oxygenation at end-Permian mass extinction onset shown by thallium isotopes, DOI: 10.1038/s41561-021-00802-4 , www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00802-4

Journal information: Nature Geoscience

Provided by Florida State University

QUEBEC INC.

'It hurts everyone': The Caisse's silent takeover of Montreal transit planning

Alarmed observers say the pension fund building the REM has essentially taken over from the ARTM, the regional planner created by the province just four years ago.

Author of the article:Jason Magder • Montreal Gazette
Publishing date:Aug 02, 2021 •

“It’s inconceivable in any metropolis around the world that you have two essentially competing systems of mass transit," says former Westmount mayor Peter Trent

PHOTO BY JOHN MAHONEY /Montreal Gazette

Longtime observers of public transit say they are alarmed by what they see as a usurping of transit planning in the region by the province’s pension fund.

Since the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec was first asked to examine the possibility of building a transit project in the region by the Couillard government in 2015, critics say it has become the the only body capable of planning and executing large transit projects. That’s a problem because the pension fund is more concerned with its return on investment than on the long-term health of the transit system. In the meantime, the true regional planner, the Autorité régionale de transport métropolitain, has become a rudderless ship, they say. Commuters will suffer in the end with a badly planned and poorly integrated transit system.

The CDPQ is in the process of building a nearly $7-billion driverless light-rail network, which will begin in phases starting next year to connect the airport, the West Island, the South Shore, the North Shore and the downtown core. It is also planning the REM de l’Est, a $10-billion light-rail network that would run from downtown to Rivière-des-Prairies and Montréal-Nord, a project that could begin construction next year.

However, the Mascouche train line — the newest commuter line on the island that opened in 2014 at a cost of $700 million — was already compromised by the first REM when it took over the Mount Royal Tunnel last year, and cut off the commuter train’s direct route downtown. Now, it may be rendered obsolete if the REM de l’Est is built as planned, said Sylvain Yelle, the general manager of Exo, which runs the commuter train lines. Yelle said two of the proposed network’s branches would serve areas that currently use the Mascouche line and expressed surprise Exo was left out of the planning of the REM de l’Est

An artist’s conception of the REM’s Côte-de-Liesse station, where passengers on the commuter train from Mascouche, seen at the right, will have to use the REM to get to and from downtown because the commuter trains cannot use the Mount Royal Tunnel. PHOTO BY CDPQ INFRA

“Maybe we should have (figured out how to integrate the Mascouche line) before presenting REM de l’Est,” he said.

In a recent open letter, Yelle urged the province not to simply invest in shiny new REM projects, but also to work on improving existing services, like the commuter train network.

Florence Junca-Adenot, an urban-planning associate professor at the Université du Québec à Montréal, said she is concerned by the amount of freedom the province has given to the Caisse to build and propose projects. That has allowed the CDPQ to plan the REM de l’Est without consultation with other transit bodies. The result has been a bad plan, she said: the proposed route that would run parallel to a portion of the métro’s Green Line and the bus rapid transit line currently under construction on Pie-IX Blvd. And she believes it would effectively kill the Mascouche commuter line.

“What is the use of having projects competing with each other? It hurts everyone,” she said. “It diminishes resources.”

Former Westmount Mayor Peter Trent agrees. He served as a member of the board of the Société de transport de Montréal, but resigned last spring because of his opposition to how the STM has been left out of transit planning, as he explained in an open letter.

“I have a real problem with what’s going on right now, with no co-ordination,” Trent said. “It’s inconceivable in any metropolis around the world that you have two essentially competing systems of mass transit.”

Trent added that he’s also concerned that the ARTM has not been able to get any transit projects built since it was created.

“Liberals stuck us with the ARTM and I don’t believe it’s working,” Trent said. “If you look at the board of the ARTM, there is no one who knows anything about public transit.”

Junca-Adenot argues if the ARTM had been permitted to have its say, perhaps more priority would have been given to the 5.5-kilometre extension of the métro’s Blue Line to Anjou, which has been delayed since the 1980s and still has no official start date for construction.

“Public projects like the Blue Line have a sequence of steps they have to follow, while CDPQ Infra has been allowed by the government to bypass (some of the) steps,” Junca-Adenot said. “It’s a double standard; the Blue Line could be built just as quickly if it were allowed to skip steps too.”

Both Trent and Junca-Adenot agree that transit should be planned over a long-term period, and the best mode should be chosen for the right reasons. They worry that because it’s a pension fund, the CDPQ is more concerned with a return on investment, rather than optimal service.

“A transit network is a like a body with organs in good health,” Junca-Adenot said. “We have to plan according to the needs, and it has to be fluid and integrated.”

She said a glaring example of dysfunctional planning is the failure by the province to extend the western branch of the métro’s Orange Line by one stop so that it can be linked to the Bois-Franc station of the REM currently under construction.

“Any idiot can understand that this is needed,” she said.

Speaking for CDPQ Infra — the infrastructure arm of the CDPQ — Jean-Vincent Lacroix said he has heard such criticism before, but it is unfair to blame the Caisse.

“We have to remember that CDPQ Infra works on the basis of requests by the government,” Lacroix said. “We’re not a planner. We’re there to respond to the needs identified to us by the government. Our role is to propose solutions for transport that we judge could be profitable (for us).”

He added that CDPQ always works with the ARTM to outline a project beforehand, then presents it to the public for input. The goal is for the projects to integrate with the existing transit networks, not kill them.

“In the end, it’s the government that decides whether or not to go ahead with the projects,” he said, adding that each solution proposed by the REM is evolutionary, which means it is subject to change dramatically during the consultation process.

Lacroix said while the government has allowed the CDPQ to acquire lands more quickly than previous projects, in doing so, it changed the law for all future transit projects.

Matti Siemiatycki, an associate professor of geography and planning and the head of the University of Toronto’s School of Cities, said it’s important for planning to be done correctly the first time, and that means giving the public a role.

“Planning a transit project is a new role for a pension fund,” he said. “Whoever is taking the lead, when this scale of public money is involved, it’s critically important that communities are engaged and the process is transparent and accountable.”

Lacroix agreed, and said that’s why the REM goes through a rigorous public consultation process. However, he said it’s also important to take note of the CDPQ’s track record: it has been able to propose and build the largest transit network in the province’s history over a short period. If inaugurated on the current target date, it will have been less than 10 years from proposal to realization to build the first phase of the REM, while other transit projects have languished on the drawing boards for decades.

“When we proposed the REM, we had been waiting for more than 30 years for a transit solution for the South Shore,” Lacroix said. “The same goes for the airport. For the east part of Montreal, there has been a historic demand to serve this area.”

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