New ‘Ecclesiastical’ Moth named after Pope Leo XIV

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Pyralis papaleonei sp. nov., holotype.

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Credit: Peter Huemer

Distinguished by its striking colors and a name that carries the weight of a high ecclesiastical office, a new species of moth has been discovered in the rugged terrain of Greece. When researchers from the Tyrolean State Museum, the Finnish Museum of Natural History and the Bavarian State Collection of Zoology identified this unique insect in the White Mountains of Crete, they chose a name that reflects both its noble appearance and a message of environmental hope: Pyralis papaleonei – derived from “Papa Leone” (Pope Leo).

The discovery, published in the open-access journal Nota Lepidopterologica on 28 April 2026, highlights that even among such conspicuous European moths, overlooked species remain to be discovered. The new species is currently only known from the White Mountains (Lefka Ori) in the western part of Crete, where it appears to be an endemic treasure of the island.

Striking purple forewings

The so-called Pope Leo Moth has a wingspan of around two centimeters, placing it among the medium-sized representatives of its group. Its most distinctive features are its purple forewings with an orange-golden patch and prominent white bands. The moths were recorded at artificial light sources and appear to be mainly active in June. So far, little is known about the biology and lifestyle of the new species. It was distinguished from related species based on classical morphological characteristics – such as wing pattern, coloration, and genital morphology – as well as genetic fingerprinting. Molecular analyses revealed a divergence of around six percent from its closest relative, clearly indicating that it represents a distinct species.

A tradition of remarkable species names

Butterflies and moths are often named after physical characteristics, geographic origins, or in honor of distinguished individuals. Within the genus Pyralis, however, a particular tradition can be observed: as early as 1775, Austrian naturalists Michael Denis and Ignaz Schiffermüller described the first species of the group as Pyralis regalis (“royal”), inspired by its splendid coloration. This was followed by sonorous names such as Pyralis princeps and Pyralis cardinalis, also referring to the remarkable beauty of these moths.

All these species belong to the diverse superfamily Pyraloidea, which comprises around 16,000 described species worldwide and represents one of the largest groups among micro-moths.

Taxonomy as the “first profession” of humankind

The naming of living organisms also has a cultural-historical dimension: in the Old Testament (Genesis 2), Adam is firstly tasked with naming all animals. In this sense, taxonomy – the science of classifying, naming, and organising organisms – can be regarded as one of humanity’s earliest endeavors.

For study leader Peter Huemer of the Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum, naming a species is therefore more than a formal scientific act: it also serves as a symbolic appeal to the head of the Catholic Church, Pope Leo XIV, to highlight humanity’s central responsibility in safeguarding creation. This is particularly fitting as butterflies and moths are regarded in Christianity as symbols of resurrection, transformation (metamorphosis), and the immortal soul.

Only a fraction of global biodiversity documented

Peter Huemer, former head of the Natural Science Collections at the Tyrolean State Museums and now a volunteer researcher, explains:

“We are facing a global biodiversity crisis, yet only a fraction of the world’s species has been scientifically documented. Effective conservation of biodiversity requires that species are first recognised, described, and named.”

Around 700 new moth species are described each year, primarily in the tropics. However, fundamental research in Europe is far from complete: in the Alps alone, approximately 200 previously unknown species have been identified in recent decades.

With their internationally significant scientific collections, the Tyrolean State Museums make an important contribution to this work. The discovery of the Pope Leo Moth, Pyralis papaleonei, highlights how much remains to be discovered even in well-studied regions of Europe—and underscores the urgent need to protect sensitive habitats.

Specimen of Pyralis regalis.

Specimens of Pyralis papaleonei.

Type-locality of Pyralis papaleonei sp. Nov. (Greece, Crete, Omalos plateau).

Credit

Peter Huemer

Journal

Nota Lepidopterologica

DOI

10.3897/nl.49.185483 

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Pyralis papaleonei sp. nov. from Crete (Greece) (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae)

Article Publication Date

28-Apr-2026

 

Beetles are likely dispersal vectors for “towering” nematodes

Scientists uncover beetle transport system for newly identified nematode species

Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior

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The strawberry sap beetle (Stelidota geminata), one of two invasive beetle species found to serve as vectors for the newly described nematode species Caenorhabditis apta. 

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Credit: Gustavo Alarcon-Nieto / Genes and Behavior Group

In 2025, Konstanz scientists looked very closely at rotting fruit in local orchards, and observed what no one had before—worms, hundreds of them, twisting skyward into self-assembled living structures known as “towers”. It was the first time anybody had seen this mysterious behavior outside of the laboratory. Back in the lab, the team showed how these towers could attach to fruit flies, supporting a long-standing idea: towering worms may be trying to hitchhike on animals to reach new habitats. While the lab experiments confirmed that towers can latch onto potential carriers, it remained unclear which animals actually transported these worm stowaways in the wild.

Now, the team believes they have identified the carriers of the original worm towers: two sap-feeding beetles, both invasive crop pests in Europe. While the researchers did not directly observe worm towers attaching to the beetles, they surveyed several hundred invertebrates from orchard fruit and found dense clusters of the worms exclusively on these beetles. Genetic analysis revealed that the worms forming the original towers belong to a previously undescribed species, which the researchers named Caenorhabditis apta.

“It’s fascinating that C. apta prefers to attach to just these two beetles, out of the dozens of invertebrate species that we examined,” says first author Dr. Ryan Greenway, a research coordinator at the Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior (MPI-AB). “Now we are looking at whether these worm clusters on beetles get there through towering, or if they can be formed after individual worms attach to the beetles instead.”

Hidden partnerships

Nematodes are the most abundant animals on Earth, yet how they spread through the world remains largely unknown. Because of their tiny size, many species rely on hitchhiking—attaching to larger animals, known as vectors, to reach new habitats.

These hidden partnerships can have significant consequences. In agriculture, for example, some insect-vectored nematodes are responsible for spreading plant diseases: the pinewood nematode, carried by longhorn beetles, has destroyed forests across multiple continents.

Yet beyond a handful of economically important cases, we know almost nothing about which animals transport most nematodes in the wild. This gap limits our ability to understand how these abundant organisms move, invade new regions, and influence ecosystems.

On the trail of C. apta and its vectors

After discovering the relationship between C. apta and the beetles, the team began to wonder whether this association might extend beyond German orchards. The newly described nematode had only been recorded in European collections since 2010, while both beetle species arrived in Europe in the early 2000s, one from North America and the other from the western Pacific. This raised a possibility:

“What if C. apta hitched a ride into Europe on the wings of the beetles?” asks Greenway.

To explore this, the team compared global records of the two beetles with collections of C. apta and its closest relatives. They found overlapping distributions with one of the beetle species—the strawberry sap beetle—in North America, pointing to a possible route by which C. apta reached Europe.

Importance for agriculture and ecosystems

If C. apta is a recent arrival, its interactions with native European species could already be driving ecological and evolutionary changes, altering food webs and the processes of fruit decomposition in orchard ecosystems, the scientists say.

“The introduction of a new nematode species in Europe might not seem like a big issue,” says Greenway, “but we know that nematodes can play an important role in helping their vectors spread, and vice versa.” The research team is now looking to see if C. apta hitchhikers might benefit, or even hinder, their beetle vectors. “We might even find ways to use C. apta to limit the spread of these sap beetles, which has implications for managing these well-known crop pests,” he says.

The study provides rare insight into the forces shaping the ecology and evolution of nematodes. “We know surprisingly little about the natural history of nematodes, despite their abundance and despite C. elegans being one of the best-studied organisms in biology,” says senior author Dr Serena Ding, who leads the Genes and Behavior Group at MPI-AB. “This study shows what we can learn when we move beyond the lab and observe them in their natural habitats together with the other organisms they interact with.”

Beetle-nematode [VIDEO] 

Caenorhabditis apta gathered in clusters on the underside of the wing cover of a strawberry sap beetle, Stelidota geminata.

Credit

Ryan Greenway / Genes and Behavior Group

Journal

Ecology and Evolution

DOI

10.1002/ece3.73510 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Differential phoretic vector use among sympatric Caenorhabditis nematodes and an association with invasive nitidulid beetles in southwestern Germany

Article Publication Date

4-May-2026

 

Two to tango: Study shows dancers’ brains sync up as they move together

University of Colorado at Boulder

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When dancers are in tune with each other, their brains may sync up, helping them move as one.

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Credit: The ATLAS Institute/CU Boulder

Scientists at the University of Colorado Boulder have discovered something that experienced ballroom dancers have long known: When dancers are in tune with each other, their brains may sync up, helping them move as one.

“When we dance, our brains are actually coupling,” said Thiago Roque, a graduate student in the Atlas Institute who led the study. “We are synchronizing our brains through our behavior.”

For the unique experiment, the researchers placed electroencephalogram (EEG) caps, or devices that measure electrical activity in the brain, on pairs doing the Argentine Tango—a sensuous dance where a leader and follower hold each other tight while moving together to music. 

The team found that when those dancers were moving together in time, the activity in their brains also began to look startling similar. Scientists call that phenomenon “interbrain coupling” or “neural synchronization.” Researchers have seen similar patterns in other social activities, such as playing duets on the guitar, but never before in dancing.

Roque presented the group’s results in March at the 20th International Conference on Tangible, Embedded and Embodied Interaction in Chicago.

The researchers also took their findings one step further, designing a wearable device that monitors dancers’ brains and vibrates when they sync up.

The tool, which dancers wear on their wrists, is still in its early stages. But Roque envisions that similar technologies could one day help people learn a wide range of tasks that require humans to coordinate without speaking—such as playing music or team sports.

“When we are performing, we aren’t conscious of this sort of synchronization,” Roque said. “My goal was to bring unconscious things to the conscious level.”

Shall we dance?

Ruojia Sun knows all about that kind of unconscious communication. She took part in the new study both as a researcher and co-author and as one of the dancers.  

Sun started tangoing when she moved to Boulder five years ago. Unlike many other types of dances, the tango is rarely choreographed — dancers usually improvise their steps in the moment. Pairs signal their next moves through subtle signs like a light compression of the hands or a shift in the upper body.

“I wound up loving so many aspects of it,” said Sun, who earned a master’s degree in creative technology and design at CU Boulder in 2024. “It’s a really interesting way to connect with another human being.”

To explore that connection, Roque brought five pairs of experienced tango dancers, including Sun and her long-time dance partner, into the lab. In addition to the EEG caps, the pairs wore movement sensors on their ankles so that the research team could track their steps.  

Then, the dancers began to tango.

Riding the wave

When neurons fire in the brain, they create pulses of electrical activity, or “brainwaves.” EEG sensors measure those waves at different frequencies. Humans, for example, tend to produce fast pulses known as beta waves when they are concentrating or thinking hard. In contrast, they often generate slower, theta waves, when they’re relaxing.

Roque noted that how those waves behaved in the experiment depended on how in-step the dancers were with each other.

When a leader, for example, took a step forward and the follower took an immediate (within 200 milliseconds or less) step back, their brain waves tended to match up—rising and falling at about the same time. When their steps weren’t in sync, neither were their brains. Those trends were true for a range of brain waves, including beta and theta waves.

“When I started seeing the results—they were perfect,” Roque said. “The coupling was even better than I expected.”

Other co-authors of the new study included Grace Leslie, associate professor at ATLAS and the College of Music, and Ellen Do, professor at ATLAS and the Department of Computer Science.

From dancing to cycling

He and his colleagues wondered if a wearable device could enhance that experience of synchrony.

Sun tried out the team’s biofeedback device with her tango partner. The tool buzzed at all times but vibrated vigorously when the pair’s brain waves lined up. Sun noted that the buzzing was distracting when she and her partner weren’t in sync. But when they were, it just felt right.

“It almost enhanced that feeling of connection,” Sun said.

Roque still has a lot of work to do before dancers, or anyone else, can wear that kind of device in the real world. For a start, he’d like to flip the settings—making the wrist device buzz when dancers aren’t in tune with each other and go silent when they’re synchronizing.

He believes that technologies that make unconscious signals conscious could help humans learn and understand each other’s behavior—including during collective sports like soccer, cycling and more. 

“In sports, you need to know what your teammates are going to do,” he said. “By using a system like this, they may be able to better learn how to understand each other during training.”

 

Hidden math link helps designers build fantastic shapes

A mathematical connection between origami and tensegrity allows design to quickly create irregular shapes that otherwise require intensive computation

Princeton University, Engineering School

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Princeton researchers combined two disciplines to help designers create unique shapes. 

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Credit: Aaron Nathans/Princeton University

Termite mounds are remarkable structures that regulate temperature, balance airflow and maintain structural stability in some of Earth’s harshest climates. And like other irregular, disordered systems, they can be difficult to replicate with modern engineering techniques.

Now, researchers at Princeton’s engineering school have developed a system for designers to mimic irregular natural structures like termite mounds or human bones — not only their microstructural patterns, but their mechanical properties as well.

“We created a theory that is applicable to two distinct physical systems,” said Glaucio Paulino, the Margareta Engman Augustine Professor of Engineering at Princeton. “Knowing one such system can help to understand the other one better.”

In an article published March 19 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the researchers explain how they developed the method by combining two disciplines: origami, which studies how surfaces fold along creases; and tensegrity, which explores structures held together by compression and tension. Origami is commonly used to create objects that fold into compact shapes and expand to deploy in tasks such as space exploration. Tensegrity describes structures like the human skeleton, which holds its shape through a balanced distribution of stress among hard bones and soft tissues.

By exploring the mathematics that govern origami and tensegrity, the researchers learned that the systems' underlying math rules are essentially the same. Although not obvious to non-mathematicians, the formula governing origami’s precise folds can be translated into the rules that govern tensegrity’s force distribution. 

“It turns out that the same equation describes both engineering structures, origami and tensegrity,” said Xiangxin Dang, a postdoctoral researcher at Princeton and the article’s first author. “These two different types of structures are connected by math.”

Regular shapes, such as a cube or a sphere, are easy to design because they can be described by a small number of variables, Dang said. But irregular shapes, such as a termite mound or a complex section of bone, can demand many such variables to describe such disordered systems. This can make some designs impractical because these variables form large systems of equations demanding extensive analysis.

“Without symmetry, the math appears far more complex,” Dang said. “But we found a way to bypass that complexity when a non-symmetric system inherits properties from a symmetric one.”

Using their new theory — called the invariant dual mechanics of tensegrity and origami — the researchers can start with a symmetric structure with known mechanical properties, such as stability or flexibility, and transform it into a non-symmetric form. The invariance (a math term for an element that does not change during an operation) allows them to determine the same properties for the new structure, without having to perform complex calculations on the new form.

The researchers said the application works for design. It can also work for optimization, in which engineers fine-tune specific properties from a group of designs. Using the invariant duality, the engineers could easily try out new versions of stable or flexible structures without relying on trial and error, which would require complex calculations for each new shape. Instead, the engineers could start with a regular shape and adjust it as needed.

For example, consider an auto designer looking for an efficient autobody. Using older methods, the designer would have to repeatedly model the design and calculate the aerodynamics for each version. If a similar invariant method could be established, then the designer could start with a simple shape and tweak it to improve airflow.

Dang said early work on coupling the math behind force and motion was performed several decades ago as part of a branch of math called rigidity theory. But he said the work had not been pursued in a significant way. Researchers in Paulino’s lab, who often apply abstract math concepts to engineering applications, wanted to know if they could develop applications by interpreting the math through origami and tensegrity.

“We wanted to explore the problem in a way that could lead to engineering solutions,” Dang said.

Dang said the math described in the article can be applied to areas including robotics, which often involves irregular components, and metamaterials, in which the geometry of a material has a direct impact on its properties.

The article, "Invariant dual mechanics of tensegrity and origami," was published March 19 in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2519138123.  Authors are Xiangxin Dang and Glaucio Paulino, of Princeton. Support for the project was provided in part by the National Science Foundation, Princeton Materials Institute (PMI) and the Princeton Catalysis Initiative (PCI).

 

A object folded with origami next to an object balanced with tensegrity.

Credit

Aaron Nathans/Princeton University

Origami and tensegrity [VIDEO] |

Researchers at Princeton’s engineering school have developed a system for designers to mimic irregular natural structures like termite mounds or human bones.

Credit

Princeton Engineering

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Journal

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences

DOI

10.1073/pnas.2519138123 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Invariant dual mechanics of tensegrity and origami