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Unprecedented progress in tackling smoking during pregnancy threatened by NHS cuts, experts warn

University of East Anglia

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Unprecedented progress in reducing the number of women smoking during pregnancy in England could be put at risk by NHS funding cuts, according to a UEA addiction expert.

A new BMJ article, co-authored by Prof Caitlin Notley from UEA’s Norwich Medical School, reveals that the proportion of women smoking during pregnancy in England has almost halved in the last decade.

Most of the decline happened in the last five years thanks to the introduction of dedicated stop smoking advisers in NHS maternity services since 2020.

But the team fear that the reduction could be threatened by cost-cutting exercises.

And they are calling for continued investment to give every child a smokefree start in life.

The article has been written by members of the Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group - a coalition of organisations committed to reducing rates of smoking in pregnancy.

It shows how the amount of women smoking during pregnancy dropped from 11.7 per cent in 2014/15 to 5.9 per cent as of Q3 2024/25.

Prof Notley, professor of Addiction Sciences at UEA, said: “The progress on reducing rates of smoking in pregnancy has accelerated in recent years, thanks to the focused efforts of all healthcare professionals involved in the pregnancy care pathway.

“However, there remain significant inequalities, as rates of smoking remain higher in deprived areas - suggesting that we need innovative targeted approaches for those who really struggle to quit.”

The authors say that cuts to integrated care boards (ICB) budgets and the loss of ringfenced funding for NHS tobacco treatment services could threaten the success.

Stop smoking support in some hospitals and mental health services has already been cut, according to the group, with further cuts expected.

The Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group is a partnership between the Royal College of Midwives, the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, the voluntary sector and academia.

Prof Linda Bauld, director of the SPECTRUM Research Consortium, co-chair of the Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group and co-author of the BMJ article said: “The evidence is clear that stop smoking support for pregnant women has played a vital role in reducing rates of maternal smoking and saving babies’ lives. Without continued investment in these services there is a real risk that this decline could stall, or even start to reverse, with tragic consequences for parents and families.” 

Dr Clea Harmer, chief executive of Sands and co-chair of the Smoking in Pregnancy Challenge Group, said: “As the government sets its sights on a smokefree generation, now is not the time to be cutting investment in these services. Instead, they should be going further and faster to ensure every child has a smokefree start in life.”

John Waldron, policy and public affairs manager at Action on Smoking and Health and co-author of the BMJ article said: “The 2024 Labour manifesto committed to ensuring that all hospitals integrate smoking cessation support into routine care. The government must deliver on this commitment by protecting funding for these lifesaving services.”

‘NHS Cuts Could Spark Surge in Smoking During Pregnancy, Experts Warn’ is published in the British Medical Journal (BMJ).

ENDS

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Journal

BMJ

Method of Research

Commentary/editorial

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

NHS Cuts Could Spark Surge in Smoking During Pregnancy, Experts Warn

Article Publication Date

13-May-2025

 

Scientists define the ingredients for finding natural clean hydrogen

University of Oxford

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Natural hydrogen naturally released at the Earth's surface from groundwater in rocks of the Canadian Shield. Photo Credit: Stable Isotope Lab University of Toronto

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Credit: Stable Isotope Lab University of Toronto

Images available via link in the notes section

• Researchers at the University of Oxford, Durham University and the University of Toronto have detailed the geological ingredients required to find clean sources of natural hydrogen beneath our feet.
• The work details the requirements for natural hydrogen, produced by the Earth itself over geological time, to accumulate in the crust, and identifies that the geological environments with those ingredients are widespread globally.
• Hydrogen is $135 billion industry, essential for making fertiliser and other important societal chemicals, and a critical clean energy source for future low carbon emission technologies, with a market estimated to be up to $1000 billion by 2050.
• These findings offer a solution to the challenge of hydrogen supply, and will help industry to locate and extract natural hydrogen to meet global demands, eliminating the use of hydrocarbons for this purpose.
• The findings were published today (Tuesday 13 May) in the journal Nature Reviews Earth & Environment.

In the modern world, a reliable supply of hydrogen gas is vital for the function of society. Fertiliser produced from hydrogen contributes to the food supply of half the global population, and hydrogen is also a key energy component in many roadmaps to a carbon neutral future, essential if we are to prevent the worst predictions of climate change.

Today, hydrogen is produced from hydrocarbons, with waste gases contributing to 2.4% of global CO2 emissions. Demand for hydrogen is set to increase from 90 million tonnes in 2022 to 540 million tonnes in 2050, but it is vital that this hydrogen is not CO2 emitting. Production followed by the burial of waste CO2 (‘carbon sequestration’) or from renewable energy resources (wind or solar) are both future sources of hydrogen, but are not yet commercially competitive.

New research from the University of Oxford, in collaboration with Durham University and the University of Toronto, provides a solution. In the last billion years, enough hydrogen gas has been produced by the Earth’s continental crust to supply mankind’s energy needs for at least 170,000 years. Whilst a proportion of this has been lost, consumed, or is inaccessible today, the remaining hydrogen could offer a natural (and emission-free) source of this natural resource.

Until now, limited historical hydrogen sampling and measurement have restricted scientists’ current understanding of where, and how much, hydrogen is located in the crust. An exploration recipe is critical to find accessible and commercially viable accumulations of natural geological hydrogen.

Study co-author Professor Jon Gluyas (Durham University), notes: “We have successfully developed an exploration strategy for helium and a similar ‘first principles’ approach can be taken for hydrogen.”

This research outlines the key ingredients needed to inform an exploration strategy to find different ‘hydrogen systems.’ This includes how much hydrogen is produced and the rock types and conditions these occur in, how the hydrogen migrates underground from these rocks, the conditions that allow a gas field to form, and the conditions that destroy the hydrogen.

Study co-author Professor Barbara Sherwood Lollar (University of Toronto) said: “We know for example that underground microbes readily feast on hydrogen. Avoiding environments that bring them into contact with the hydrogen is important in preserving hydrogen in economic accumulations.”

The authors outline where understanding of these ingredients is strong, and highlight areas that need more work – such as rock reaction efficiencies and how geological histories can bring the right rocks together with the water that reacts with it.

Some sources of hydrogen gas, such as from the Earth’s mantle, have fuelled much speculation and hyperbole - but this research shows that these are not viable sources. Instead, the authors showed that the ingredients for a complete hydrogen system can be found in a range of common geological settings within the crust. Some of these can be geologically quite young, forming hydrogen ‘recently’ (millions to tens of millions of years), others truly ancient (hundreds of millions of years old) – but critically are found globally.

Lead author Professor Chris Ballentine (University of Oxford, Department of Earth Sciences) said: “Combining the ingredients to find accumulated hydrogen in any of these settings can be likened to cooking a soufflé – get any one of the ingredients, amounts, timing, or temperature wrong and you will be disappointed. One successful exploration recipe that is repeatable will unlock a commercially competitive, low-carbon hydrogen source that would significantly contribute to the energy transition – we have the right experience to combine these ingredients and find that recipe.”

The potential for natural geological hydrogen has motivated the authors to form Snowfox Discovery Ltd., an exploration company with a mission to find societally significant natural hydrogen accumulations.

Notes:

For media enquiries and interview requests, contact Professors Chris Ballentine, Jon Gluyas or Barbara Sherwood Lollar: chris.ballentine@earth.ox.ac.uk; j.g.gluyas@durham.ac.uk; barbara.sherwoodlollar@utoronto.ca

Images relating to the study which can be used in articles can be found in the multimedia section. These images are for editorial purposes relating to this press release only and MUST be credited. They MUST NOT be sold on to third parties.

The review article ‘Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust’ will be published in ‘Nature Reviews Earth & Environment’ at 10:00 BST Tuesday 6 May / 05:00 ET Tuesday 6 May 2025 at https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-025-00670-1

To view a copy of the study before this under embargo, contact Professor Chris Ballentine chris.ballentine@earth.ox.ac.uk.    

About the University of Oxford

Oxford University has been placed number 1 in the Times Higher Education World University Rankings for the ninth year running, and ​number 3 in the QS World Rankings 2024. At the heart of this success are the twin-pillars of our ground-breaking research and innovation and our distinctive educational offer.

Oxford is world-famous for research and teaching excellence and home to some of the most talented people from across the globe. Our work helps the lives of millions, solving real-world problems through a huge network of partnerships and collaborations. The breadth and interdisciplinary nature of our research alongside our personalised approach to teaching sparks imaginative and inventive insights and solutions.

Through its research commercialisation arm, Oxford University Innovation, Oxford is the highest university patent filer in the UK and is ranked first in the UK for university spinouts, having created more than 300 new companies since 1988. Over a third of these companies have been created in the past five years. The university is a catalyst for prosperity in Oxfordshire and the United Kingdom, contributing £15.7 billion to the UK economy in 2018/19, and supports more than 28,000 full time jobs.

Abandoned water well, Montana, USA. Measurement of gases dissolved in groundwater may help discover natural hydrogen. Photo credit: Chris Ballentine, University of Oxford

Credit

Chris Ballentine, University of Oxford

Journal

Nature Reviews Earth & Environment

DOI

10.1038/s43017-025-00670-1 

Article Title

Natural hydrogen resource accumulation in the continental crust

Article Publication Date

13-May-2025

 

New computer language helps spot hidden pollutants

UC Riverside tool empowers scientists, accelerates discovery

University of California - Riverside

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UCR computer scientist Mingxun Wang in his laboratory. Wang created the new programming language for scientists. 

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Biologists and chemists have a new programming language to uncover previously unknown environmental pollutants at breakneck speed – without requiring them to code. By making it easier to search massive chemical datasets, the tool has already identified toxic compounds hidden in plain sight.

Mass spectrometry data is like a chemical fingerprint, showing scientists what molecules are in a sample such as air, water, or blood, and in what amounts. It helps identify everything from pollutants in water to chemicals in new medicines.

Developed at UC Riverside, Mass Query Language, or MassQL, functions like a search engine for mass spectrometry data, enabling researchers to find patterns that would otherwise require advanced programming skills. Technical details about the language, and an example of how it helped identify flame retardant chemicals in public waterways, are described in a new Nature Methods journal article.

“We wanted to give chemists and biologists, who are generally not also computer scientists, the ability to mine their data exactly how they want to, without having to spend months or years learning to code,” said Mingxun Wang, UCR assistant professor of computer science, who created the language. 

Demonstrating the effectiveness of the language, Nina Zhao, a UCR postdoctoral student now at UC San Diego, used MassQL to sift through the entire world’s mass spectrometry data on water samples that has been made available to the public. She was looking for organophosphate esters, which are generally found in flame retardants. 

“There are quite literally a billion measurements of molecules in this data. You cannot go through it manually,” said Wang. “However, the language acts like a filter, in a sense, for these chemicals, and it pulled out thousands of them.”

In addition to finding known chemicals in the water samples, they also found organophosphate compounds that have not been previously described or catalogued, and some chemicals that are the product of organophosphates breaking down over time.

“These chemicals can cause a lot of problems for human and animal health, and for entire ecosystems. They were designed to be flame retardants or plasticizers, but they can cause endocrine and sexual system disruptions, as well as cardiovascular problems,” Zhao said. 

Before plans can be made for handling or removing toxic chemicals from our environment, scientists need to know what is present. That’s where MassQL comes in handy for scientists like Zhao.

“The language allows me to track everything that’s ever been detected in all data on air, soil, water, and even in the human body. Whatever exists, we can search for chemicals in there,” she said. 

One of the challenges in creating MassQL was in getting a consensus of life scientists to agree on the definition of terms the software would use. “Both chemists and computer scientists have to understand it, and the software has to be able to operate on it,” Wang said. 

For this reason, about 70 scientists consulted in the development phase. They all gave their feedback on the most important information terms and how to express it in the MassQL language. 

The research team also wanted to demonstrate that the language could be useful in a variety of real-life situations. In addition to Zhao’s project, the paper details more than 30 applications in which MassQL could be applied. 

Sample-use cases include the detection of fatty acids as markers of alcohol poisoning, looking for new drugs to solve the looming antibiotic resistance crisis, learning about the chemicals that bacteria use to communicate with one another, and finding forever chemicals on playgrounds. 

In the past, Wang would get requests for software that could look for data patterns specific to all of these different kinds of applications.

“I thought I could do something to save myself time,” he said. “I wanted to create one language that could handle multiple kinds of queries. And now we have. I’m excited to hear about the discoveries that could come from this.”

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Journal

Nature Methods

DOI

10.1038/s41592-025-02660-z 

Article Title

A universal language for finding mass spectrometry data patterns

Article Publication Date

12-May-2025

 

New study sheds light on health differences between sexes

Queen Mary University of London

 

The results of an international study led by researchers from Queen Mary University of London’s Precision Healthcare University Research Institute (PHURI) shed new light the underlying biological mechanisms which cause differences in health risks, symptoms and outcomes between males and females.  

The study, carried out in collaboration with the Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Universitätsmedizin Berlin, and the Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit at the University of Cambridge, was published today in Nature Communications. Using data from UK Biobank and the Fenland study, the team carried an in-depth analysis of the genetic links between ~6,000 proteins and hundreds of diseases in 56,000 males and females.  

The team found that for two-thirds of these proteins, their levels differed between males and females. Further examination revealed that only a very small fraction, around 100 proteins out of the 6,000 studied, had differences in the genetic ‘switches’ which control their levels, when compared between males and females.  

These findings, which may have implications for drug development, indicate that while there are differences between the sexes in relation to how much they express certain proteins, what’s causing these differences isn’t solely down to differences in their genetics.  

Instead, the authors highlight the importance of looking beyond genetics – and other medical factors such as hormones – when comparing health risks and outcomes between males and females. Their findings indicate that non-medical factors such as where people work and live, their education, financial situation, access to resources, as well as their lifestyle also contribute to the health differences experiences between the sexes and so should be explored further and considered more when exploring sex differences in health. 

Mine Koprulu, lead author of the study and a postdoctoral researcher at Queen Mary’s PHURI, said: “For the first time in history, we are able to study human biology at this level of detail—across genes, proteins, and more. This is the largest study to date exploring the similarities and differences in how our genetic code regulates blood protein levels between sexes. Our findings highlight the need to better understand the factors that impact health differences — at the genetic level and beyond— to create more tailored and equitable healthcare for everyone.” 

Professor Claudia Langenberg, Director of the PHURI at Queen Mary and Professor of Computational Medicine at the Berlin Institute of Health at Charité, Germany, said: “Drug development pipelines increasingly incorporate information on genetic differences in protein levels and function and this has led to large investment in human cohorts, such as UK Biobank. From this perspective, better understanding of population differences in the regulation of proteins, such as those between males and females, is essential to guide precision medicine approaches and identify where one size may not fit all. Our results clearly show that with very few exceptions, protein regulating genetic variants identified so far behave in a very similar way in males and females. This provides evidence for an important implicit assumption – that insights arising from studying these variants apply to both sexes.” 

In this study, data was categorised as male or female based on chromosomal information (XX or XY). The authors acknowledge that chromosomal information does not always align with an individual’s gender identity. However, for the purposes of this study (genetic and protein-level scientific analyses), this categorisation was necessary, and data on gender identity was not reliably recoded meaning it could not be consistently used across all data. 

ENDS 

Paper details:    

Mine Koprulu, et al. “Sex differences in the genetic regulation of the human plasma proteome.” Published in Nature Communications.  

DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59034-4 

Available after publication at: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-025-59034-4  

A copy of the paper is available upon request.  

Conflicts of interest:  Eleanor Wheeler is now an employee of AstraZeneca. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.  

Funded by:  

The Fenland Study (DOI 10.22025/2017.10.101.00001) is funded by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/1, Claudia Langenberg, Nicholas J. Wareham). 

This work is supported by the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_00006/1 - Aetiology and Mechanisms) (Claudia Langenberg, Eleanor Wheeler, Maik Pietzner, Nicola D. Kerrison, and Nicholas J. Wareham). 

Mine Koprulu is supported by Gates Cambridge Trust.  

Harry Hemingway is supported by Health Data Research UK and the NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre.  

Spiros Denaxas is supported by a) the BHF Data Science Centre led by HDR UK (grant SP/19/3/34678), b) BigData@Heart Consortium, funded by the Innovative Medicines Initiative-2 Joint Undertaking under grant agreement 116074, c) the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College London Hospital NHS Trust (UCLH BRC), d) a BHF Accelerator Award (AA/18/6/24223), e) the CVD-COVID-UK/COVID-IMPACT consortium and f) the Multimorbidity Mechanism and Therapeutic Research Collaborative (MMTRC, grant number MR/V033867/1).  

Julia Carrasco-Zanini was supported by a 4-year Wellcome Trust PhD Studentship and the Cambridge Trust. We are grateful for all the participants from Fenland Study and UK Biobank cohort who have enabled this work. 

 

About Queen Mary    

www.qmul.ac.uk      

At Queen Mary University of London, we believe that a diversity of ideas helps us achieve the previously unthinkable.   

Throughout our history, we’ve fostered social justice and improved lives through academic excellence. And we continue to live and breathe this spirit today, not because it’s simply ‘the right thing to do’ but for what it helps us achieve and the intellectual brilliance it delivers.     

Our reformer heritage informs our conviction that great ideas can and should come from anywhere. It’s an approach that has brought results across the globe, from the communities of east London to the favelas of Rio de Janeiro.     

We continue to embrace diversity of thought and opinion in everything we do, in the belief that when views collide, disciplines interact, and perspectives intersect, truly original thought takes form.    

 

About the MRC Epidemiology Unit 

www.mrc-epid.cam.ac.uk 

The MRC Epidemiology Unit is a department at the University of Cambridge. It is working to improve the health of people in the UK and around the world. Obesity, type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders present a major and growing global public health challenge. These disorders result from a complex interplay between genetic, developmental, behavioural and environmental factors that operate throughout life. The mission of the Unit is to investigate the individual and combined effects of these factors and to develop and evaluate strategies to prevent these diseases and their consequences.  

  

About the Medical Research Council 

https://mrc.ukri.org/ 

The Medical Research Council is at the forefront of scientific discovery to improve human health. Founded in 1913 to tackle tuberculosis, the MRC now invests taxpayers’ money in some of the best medical research in the world across every area of health. Thirty-three MRC-funded researchers have won Nobel prizes in a wide range of disciplines, and MRC scientists have been behind such diverse discoveries as vitamins, the structure of DNA and the link between smoking and cancer, as well as achievements such as pioneering the use of randomised controlled trials, the invention of MRI scanning, and the development of a group of antibodies used in the making of some of the most successful drugs ever developed. Today, MRC-funded scientists tackle some of the greatest health problems facing humanity in the 21st century, from the rising tide of chronic diseases associated with ageing to the threats posed by rapidly mutating micro-organisms. The Medical Research Council is part of UK Research and Innovation.   

  

About the University of Cambridge 

www.cam.ac.uk 

The University of Cambridge is one of the world’s leading universities, with a rich history of radical thinking dating back to 1209. Its mission is to contribute to society through the pursuit of education, learning and research at the highest international levels of excellence.  

The University comprises 31 autonomous Colleges and over 100 departments, faculties and institutions. Its 24,000 students include around 9,000 international students from 147 countries. In 2023, 73% of its new undergraduate students were from state schools and more than 25% from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. 

Cambridge research spans almost every discipline, from science, technology, engineering and medicine through to the arts, humanities and social sciences, with multi-disciplinary teams working to address major global challenges. In the Times Higher Education’s rankings based on the UK Research Excellence Framework, the University was rated as the highest scoring institution covering all the major disciplines. 

A 2023 report found that the University contributes nearly £30 billion to the UK economy annually and supports more than 86,000 jobs across the UK, including 52,000 in the East of England. For every £1 the University spends, it creates £11.70 of economic impact, and for every £1 million of publicly-funded research income it receives, it generates £12.65 million in economic impact across the UK. 

The University sits at the heart of the ‘Cambridge cluster’, in which more than 5,000 knowledge-intensive firms employ more than 71,000 people and generate £21 billion in turnover. Cambridge has the highest number of patent applications per 100,000 residents in the UK. 

 

 

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Journal

Nature Communications

DOI

10.1038/s41467-025-59034-4 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Mine Koprulu, et al. “Sex differences in the genetic regulation of the human plasma proteome.”

Article Publication Date

13-May-2025

COI Statement

Eleanor Wheeler is now an employee of AstraZeneca. The remaining authors declare no competing interests.

 

Growth in informal lead mining is contributing to widespread poisoning

New study documents lead mining as exposure source in Nigeria

OK International

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Lead ore is bagged and sold for export.

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Credit: Occupational Knowledge International

Artisanal lead mining in Nigeria is responsible for airborne lead exposures that are 10 times the U.S. Permissible Exposure Limit according to a study published today. This is the first study to report on airborne lead levels from self-employed artisanal lead miners as a source of community exposures.

The study also found that airborne lead exposures from gold ore processing in Northern Nigeria is associated with exposures that are more than 30 times greater than allowable exposure limits. The artisanal gold ore processing that was monitored utilized a variety of manual and machine grinding methods to process and extract the gold.

The study, Airborne lead exposures during artisanal lead mining and gold ore processing in Zamfara Nigeria, published in the Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene is available at: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15459624.2025.2491490?src=

Lead is mined for use in many products but primarily goes into manufacturing lead batteries. The market for lead batteries continues to grow despite growing competition for lithium-ion batteries and other more expensive battery chemistries.

“We found that lead exposures among underground lead miners are as much as 22 times the occupational lead air standard, said Manti Michael Nota, Lecturer at Ardhi University, Dar es salaam, Tanzania and the lead author of the study.  He added that “these exposures are contributing to the high rates of childhood lead poisoning we have seen in these communities.”

Lead battery storage is considered essential to promote “clean” energy from solar and wind in most countries and particularly in rural areas that remain unconnected to the electricity grid.  In addition to the hazardous exposures seen in mining lead the manufacturing and recycling of these batteries are a well-documented source of occupational and childhood lead poisoning.

“These finds suggest that informal lead mining is one of the most hazardous forms of mining that gets little attention despite the growing presence self-employed lead mining operations around the world,” said Perry Gottesfeld, Executive Director of Occupational Knowledge International (OK International) whose organization partnered with Doctors Without Borders/ Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) in this effort.

Most of the lead ore mined in Nigeria is exported to China for processing. Exports grew by more than 360% over the decade from 2013 to 2022.

Informal lead mining is a growing activity in many countries around the world.  Ongoing lead mining in Kabwe Zambia has been linked to extensive poisoning and widespread environmental contamination. A recent report from Southern Myanmar that documents the rapid increase in lead mining to supply ore to China has been ongoing since the coup in February 2021. (see: https://news.mongabay.com/2025/04/armed-groups-and-junta-profit-as-toxic-mines-devour-southern-myanmar/)

Gottesfeld noted that, “the study makes clear that mining can be associated with extremely high exposures to a range of metals present in the ore that can contaminate homes and poison communities.”

Lead causes severe neurological deficits and death among children in these communities, but even at low exposure levels is responsible for an estimated 5 million deaths each year primarily due to cardiovascular disease. Investments in safer mining to reduce lead exposures would have a significant return on investment compared to the costs of treating severe lead poisoning in these communities.

The Nigerian government has attempted to impose a ban on mining in Zamfara State but these efforts have largely been unsuccessful as ongoing lead poisoning cases are reported in mining communities.

There are an estimated 40 million informal small-scale miners working in at least 70 countries around the world.  In addition to artisanal gold mining, informal lead mining accounts for an increasing share of the global lead supply.

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About Occupational Knowledge International (OK International)

OK International is a U.S. based NGO that works to build capacity in developing countries to identify, monitor, and mitigate environmental and occupational exposures to hazardous materials in order to protect public health and the environment. For more information: www.okinternational.org

Journal

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene

DOI

10.1080/15459624.2025.2491490 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

People

Article Title

Airborne lead exposures during artisanal lead mining and gold ore processing in Zamfara, Nigeria

Article Publication Date

9-May-2025