Sunday, September 05, 2021

 

An extraordinary South African story

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Barbara Masekela, who chose politics over her brother’s career in music, has had an equally colourful life. 
Photo: Melinda Stuurman

VOICES


Almost twenty years old, I now had the opportunity to define my life according to my own precepts.

I had been groomed by Uncle Kenny to regard myself as different from other women of my age. He stressed that I was more articulate and intelligent, and would never be able to settle into the humdrum ways of ordinary township life.

Even when I was a child in KwaGuqa, my uncle would time his unexpected visits to coincide with my school holidays and, sweeping Ouma’s excuses aside, have my bags packed and drive off with me to his home in Springs. When I was driven back, his DKW would be full of packages of clothes and toys for me. Once, he even bought me a bicycle.

I never cried when my uncle left me back in KwaGuqa. I was always filled with awe and confidence, because he always came back for me. We would pay a surprise visit to my parents in Alexandra, who would be astounded by my appearance.

According to our Setlokwa custom, my father’s brothers were my fathers and their children were my brothers and my sisters. Uncle Kenny delighted in the exclamations of my parents as we made our surprise entrance.

READ: Felleng Yende | Redistribute resources in favour of women

Those were the best times of my childhood, and I never felt sad about waving goodbye to my parents as the case would be when they would leave KwaGuqa after a visit.

Uncle Kenny healed the deep feelings of orphanhood that used to wrack my body into an upheaval of shivers and hiccups long after the tears had gone. I loved him almost as much as I loved my brother, and my life afterwards, as a growing adult, would always be lacking without either of them. No one ever measured up to their high standing in my universe.

So, as I entered the stage of courtship, my yardstick shifted and slid to approximate the wit, the humour and the swaggering intelligence of those two: there was always something wanting in my suitors.

Many journalists came to the New Age offices to verify and follow up on stories, not least to get information about arrested leaders and other activists – the editor Fred Carneson, for instance.

Like many others who visited the office, Carneson had been a Treason Trialist, arrested over sixty times for his political activities. He was on trial for refusing to reveal the sources of a story in the paper.

Young journalists at Drum magazine, Golden City Post and the like often came to our offices to meet with Joe Gqabi or Ruth First. Govan Mbeki, who was on the New Age editorial board and was based in the Eastern Cape, was a frequent visitor.

I recognised people such as Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela, Titus Nkobi and Duma Nokwe from my childhood days

As a new employee, I was not familiar with many of the activists who closed the door behind themselves when they entered Ruth and Kathy Kathrada’s office. They were well known to Joyce Mohamed and to Esther Mtshali, my colleagues who were in the inner circles of the movement.

I met Nat Nakasa at the New Age offices. Like many journalists, he had come to get information about a story.

The most frequent visitors were lawyers and trade union members. I recognised people such as Walter Sisulu, Nelson Mandela, Titus Nkobi and Duma Nokwe from my childhood days when they addressed ANC meetings at the square in Alexandra near 12th Avenue, and from photographs in the newspapers.

The atmosphere at the office was very relaxed. I do not remember being vetted or questioned about my background, and I never witnessed a quarrel among the comrades or sensed the existence of a cult surrounding any of the leaders.

Nor was there any open demonstration of hierarchy. Despite the deepening repression and the growing number of arrests, there was a cheerful air that ruled the interactions that were focused on the liberation struggle.

Soon I was riding on the back of Nat’s scooter and accompanying him to shebeens in Johannesburg and Soweto. Ours was more of a companionship than a love affair.

I remember that he came to pick me up for a date once, all agog because he had met the daughter of one of the wealthiest men in South Africa and she had agreed to go on a date with him.

It did not affect me; in the short time I had known him, I had learnt that he was a sucker for short-lived infatuations that soon petered out. He took me to my first “mixed party” at the home of Nadine Gordimer.

Nat was greatly influenced by his homeboy Lewis Nkosi, for whom he had great regard and admiration. Nkosi had introduced him to the Johannesburg scene and it was not long before he developed his own professional and social reputation. For one, he managed to win my father over and became a family friend rather than a suitor.

Both my parents spoke freely to him about their work in the Natalspruit Municipality. He had liaisons with other women and never made a secret of it, but he liked my company and we became very close friends and intellectual mates who shared opinions about books and writers.

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It is during this time that I first met Yolisa Bokwe, with whom I have shared a friendship for over sixty years. Originally from Middeldrift in the Eastern Cape, she came to Johannesburg from Birmingham in England, where she had studied classical music. She taught the piano at Dorkay House.

Nat Nakasa took one look at this sophisticated, petite beauty and fell in love. I met her in Robinson Deep through Joyce Piliso, who was a neighbour of friends of my parents, the Denalanes.

We still roll about laughing when remembering the story of my arrest. It was a Sunday morning and I was at Yolisa’s cottage in a back yard in Parktown. There was a knock at the door and when Yoli opened it, a big white policeman shadowed the way and demanded to know what we were doing in a white area. He took our passes and we were under arrest.

As we waited for the police van to arrive, Yoli asked the policeman if she could go to the lavatory. He agreed, rather too readily. It was the custom of the police, then, to drive around all day collecting suspects and only to return to the police station when the van was full.

This was to be our fate too, but there was no Yolisa to be my partner in “crime” that day: she had climbed through the toilet window and escaped.

It was only when the van arrived with two more constables that it dawned on me that she had gone. I felt abandoned and betrayed as I bounced up and down in the empty van, which stopped periodically to pick up more reluctant passengers. Eventually, at dusk, after my charges were confirmed, I was taken to the women’s prison, where the Constitutional Court is now located.

I prepared myself for my first night in prison – ablution bucket, clanging doors and all. The cell reeked of dirt, dust, sweat and urine, and, for the first time, it dawned on me that I really was under arrest.

As I was coming to terms with my plight, there was a noise at the door, which was being unlocked, as my name was shouted out loudly.

I came out following the policeman. There, at the big counter, was a friend waiting. It was Andrew Lukhele, an advocate who was also a good friend and an Alexandra resident. He had managed to negotiate a trespass fine and I was free.

Outside waiting in his car was dear Yolisa.

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I was impressed that her escape was not only to save herself, but to seek and find help to get me out of jail. Our friendship continues to thrive and I still rely on her for cool-headed, practical solutions.

But at this time, marriage was furthest from my mind. I was still looking forward to entering university and, with Uncle Kenny’s encouragement, had applied to what was then Pius XII University, at Roma Mission in Lesotho. When I had refused to go to the Bantustan Turfloop University, 1961 became a gap year for me.

The sexual terrorism I had experienced in Alexandra as a very young teenager, the train journey to Inanda Seminary with testosterone-charged young men on the rampage in the train corridors, the lustful conduct of close male friends as soon as you were alone with them, the bold remarks about one’s physical attributes, and more, did not make for a keen interest in a relationship.

There was something that turned men beastly about sex and it did not assist in one’s own self-regard. Additionally, coming from Inanda, the idea of men in charge, of men casually treating women as children they could rebuke – even punish and control – had become anathema, even as it was a common occurrence in society.

Masekela is SA’s former ambassador to the US. Her autobiography, Poli Poli, is published by Jonathan Ball

Dirty truth behind SA’s coal dependence


Neva Makgetla

An illegal miner gathers coal in a mine in Ermelo, Mpumalanga. South Africa’s lack of coherent policy direction and overreliance on coal will be detrimental to the country. Photo: Nelius Rademan


VOICESEvery woman has had visitors who sloganeer militantly in the lounge about women’s oppression but won’t venture into the kitchen to help do the dishes.

Theorising gender relations in the abstract is obviously necessary, but changing the world requires that we use the theory to diagnose the specific problems we face and then act on the diagnosis.

Unfortunately, the discourse on South Africa’s minerals-energy complex often seems mired in the abstract.

READ: Mining: goose that lays the golden eggs is dying

Associate professor of economics and econometrics Sam Ashman usefully shapes a broad understanding of how collaboration between the state and big mining companies historically entrenched mining, especially coal.

To inform practical policies today, we need a more detailed understanding of the costs, risks and benefits of the minerals-energy complex for different socioeconomic groups. Even more, we need to analyse the public and private sector systems that secure its reproduction. Only then can we develop effective interventions to change direction.

Consider, for instance, the factors that promote continued dependence on coal. In many ways, the coal value chain is the core of the minerals-energy complex.

It comprises the coal mines and refineries led by Eskom and Sasol, as well as the aluminium and ferro-alloy refineries (including Mozal, the joint smelter project in Mozambique) that use about 15% of Eskom’s electricity.
As a whole, the coal value chain contributes about 5% of South Africa’s GDP and exports, although only 1% of its employment.

But it fuels more than 80% of the national electricity grid and is critical for four Mpumalanga municipalities – eMalahleni (Witbank), Steve Tshwete (Middelburg), Govan Mbeki (Secunda) and Msukaligwa (Ermelo).

These towns account for only 2% of the national population but 4% of the GDP, 70% of coal mining and almost 15% of electricity and petrochemicals.

Cost versus benefit


This is the thorniest kind of economic policy, where the benefits of change – in this case, a shift to cleaner energy and development of more equitable, labour-intensive industries – are huge but widely spread and often intangible, while the costs are visible and concentrated.

Already, for most South Africans, the costs of coal outweigh the benefits. Those costs take the form of increasingly intense droughts and floods, the risk of tariffs on South African exports, and the escalating cost and unreliability of coal-fuelled electricity.

READ: Correction on green power, then botched again

Households and businesses that can afford it are fleeing to renewable generation, which promises lower costs and fewer interruptions than Eskom’s coal-based supply.

Improving the competitiveness of the national electricity supply can go a long way towards supporting small businesses, creating more employment and more dynamic industrialisation.

But the transition away from coal will also come with costs. Most obviously, the new energy systems require large upfront investments in transmission and grid management, as well as generation.
Like any shift to a more productive technology, the transition also entails a loss of capital and livelihoods in now obsolete processes.

Mining companies will have to write off both their capital investments and coal reserves. Most of the international mining conglomerates have already sold their coal mines pre-emptively to local interests. Downstream refineries may be able to avoid similar write-offs by investing in alternative energy sources and feedstocks.

In a decade or so, however, the 90 000 coal mine workers, almost all in Mpumalanga, will probably face downsizing. The coal towns will lose their central industry, spelling trouble for small companies serving the mines and their communities.

The costs of the transition have so far been higher than needed because government systems have long been skewed to favour coal use. This is a problem of both the structures of the state and its specific decision-making systems.

Disjointed perspectives


Government oversight over the coal value chain is fragmented between a dozen departments, the provinces of Mpumalanga and Limpopo, Mpumalanga’s coal towns and several state-owned enterprises. Of these, only the environmental affairs department has an explicit mandate to promote clean energy, and it has no direct authority over the pricing and use of coal.

This disjointed system inevitably leads to rifts between state agencies. Most notably, the mineral resources and energy department insists that South Africa cannot afford to write off its coal reserves and that they are irreplaceable as a baseload for the national grid.

READ: More power, less darkness after Gwede changes law

Other government institutions generally see the phasing out of coal as unavoidable, given its loss of competitiveness and growing unreliability, as well as the escalating cost of emissions for the economy as a whole.

The lack of coherence in state structures makes it harder to re-engineer decision-making systems that were structured to favour coal use.

A few examples illustrate the problem: When the energy department makes decisions on the national electricity supply, it does not have to show how they align with national emissions targets. Nor does the department have to publish evidence on the costs and benefits of different options for businesses and households.

That calculation should take into account not only the direct costs of generation and transmission, but also the cost of emissions and other pollution, the growing unreliability and escalating tariffs of Eskom’s supply, and the impact of global technological trends on generation costs.
State-owned enterprises historically helped build the minerals-energy complex. To date, Eskom remains locked into coal because the energy department has barred it from large-scale renewable generation.

Meanwhile, Transnet reaps about a fifth of its revenues from its export coal lines. It has no incentive to move out of these investments as long as it does not have to pay the full cost of the related emissions.

Then there is the proposal to build a new 3.5-gigawatt, $5 billion (R72 billion) coal-fuelled power station at the Musina Makhado special economic zone (SEZ) in Limpopo. The SEZ will be owned by Chinese companies – the first private one in the country – and centre on metals refineries. It is endorsed by the trade, industry and competition department and Limpopo’s provincial government, ensuring that it will enjoy a range of government incentives.

Ignoring national imperatives

If that plant is built, it will effectively render national emissions targets impossible.


Neither the mandate nor the key performance indicators of the trade and industry department nor Limpopo require them to help reach emissions targets or contribute to a just energy transition. Nor are they required to show the probable impact on jobs and equality of investing in capital-intensive refineries, compared with putting the same resources into more labour-intensive clusters and businesses outside of the minerals-energy complex.

An effective policy to diversify away from coal has to start with clarity around its governance. The first step would be to translate national targets for reducing emissions and improving economic equality into consistent mandates and performance indicators for all of the relevant state agencies.

READ: Zimbabwe bucks the trend to cleaner energy, digging deeper into coal

In the longer term, restructuring should ensure that the responsibilities for transformation are aligned with authority and resources. More fundamentally, South Africans need to understand both the benefits and costs of depending on mining, particularly that of coal.

Too often, decision-making systems in both the market and government encourage officials to avoid the risks of innovation and ignore the costs of promoting capital-intensive minerals and energy activities rather than more labour-intensive and innovative industries.


The ultimate price is that the soaring costs of emissions are criminally undervalued, even as the climate crisis intensifies.

Makgetla is an economist at research institute Trade and Industrial Policy Strategies. This article was first published in New Frame.
The future of gas: chewing over the green-hydrogen cooked sausage

Tom Pullar-Strecker
STUFF. NEW ZEALAND
Sep 05 2021

Robert Holt from Callaghan Innovation explains how its hydrogen BBQ works.


I am standing beside an outbuilding at Callaghan Innovation’s campus in Lower Hutt on a sunny winter’s day, watching engineer Robert Holt chuck a packet of sausages and a red pepper on the barbecue.

Not just any barbecue though.

This is New Zealand’s only zero-carbon, hydrogen-powered barbecue.

To my right are two wind turbines and above me on the roof of the building are some solar panels.

Round the back is a fridge-sized electrolyser designed by Callaghan that is using the power from the wind turbines and the solar panels to split water into hydrogen and oxygen.

READ MORE:
* How 'green' hydrogen gas can help us protect the climate
* Gas appliances would need to be replaced from 2035 under First Gas hydrogen plan
* Time to ban new gas connections in houses?

The hydrogen, pumped out at the rate of 100 grams an hour, is being fed into an underground storage pipe connected to the barbecue, a hot water heater and a smoker.

And the “waste” oxygen is being spat out into the air in little hisses at the back of the electrolyser.

I am here because the gas industry wants to convince me to help persuade you that gas has a future beyond natural gas – a carbon-free future based on green hydrogen.

The proof that’s possible is in the sausage, which has now cooked. But whether it is likely hinges on some complicated practicalities.

Is hydrogen safe? Is it economic? How could the switch-over from natural gas be managed, and from an environmental point of view would it be better to just jump to electric appliances now?
Is the switch even possible?

First Gas hopes to start mixing a blend of up to 20 per cent green hydrogen with natural gas until some time from 2035, after which it would begin switching its network to 100 per cent hydrogen.

But there is a bit of a ‘chicken and egg’ problem.

Rinnai New Zealand managing director Ray Ferner says a lot of gas hot water heaters and fires have been tested on blends of up to 20 per cent hydrogen “and we don't perceive any real challenge”.

But move much beyond that to a richer hydrogen mix, and they will no longer work safely.

Callaghan Innovation converted its appliances, including a hot water heater, to run on hydrogen and Holt suggests there could be a market for conversion kits costing a few hundred dollars.



ROSA WOODS/STUFF
Callaghan Innovation converted a barbecue to run off green hydrogen that it produces by using solar and wind energy to split water.

But Ferner doubts converting appliances is going to be an option for most people.

That is because it would be logistically impossible to convert everyone on a gas pipeline from appliances that require natural gas to ones that could cope with a high hydrogen blend overnight.

And who would want to live without a stove or hot water heater for however long it took to do a switchover?

Ferner says there is a solution, but it also comes with a cost.

There are prototype gas appliances being demonstrated in Europe that are capable of burning either natural gas or hydrogen or any blend, he explains.

“All the major manufacturers are working on them.

“The appliances are smart enough to understand what they are burning, and they calibrate themselves to what is coming down the pipe.”

Ferner expects such devices to become commonplace between 2025 and 2030, and, surprising perhaps, he believes they could cost only “1 or 2 per cent” more than existing appliances.

“In a gas water heater for example, there's a heat exchanger, a burner, a gas control valve, a water control valve, and a computer that runs the whole thing.

“The only things that will really change is the design of the burner and the gas control valve, and the computer will control it all. There might be a couple more sensors, but I think we're talking about a nominal change.”


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Rinnai says devices capable of burning either natural gas or hydrogen should cost little extra to manufacture.

As and when such appliances do go on sale, people should be able to future-proof their homes for a switch to green hydrogen.

But until then it is easy to see people becoming more hesitant about buying new or replacement natural gas appliances that they might only get 10 to 15 years’ use out of.

Ferner’s response is that the switch to high hydrogen blends probably won’t really begin before 2040 or 2045.

Though that, of course, is not what climate change campaigners would want to hear.
What about the Hindenburg?

Hydrogen may never live down the 1937 Hindenburg airship disaster in which 36 people lost their lives in what was one of the earliest deadly accidents to be caught on film.

Holt notes hydrogen packs a punch, being “2½ times more energetic by weight than its nearest cousin”.

And because hydrogen is a far smaller molecule that methane, which is the main component in natural gas, it can also leak out of tiny holes.

But Holt argues hydrogen is the safest flammable gas because it is very buoyant and disperses rapidly.

Intentionally trying to create an explosion from hydrogen in the home environment is not as easy as it might sound, he says.

“I talked to some consultants from the UK last year and they spent three years trying to get a house in Scotland to blow up with hydrogen and they haven’t managed to sustain an explosion inside because it leaks away so quickly.”



The 1937 Hindenburg disaster left more than just one generation nervous about the fuel
.

Holt admits there are safety issues, but says they are relatively easy to solve.

“Hydrogen doesn’t need complicated technology to render it safe.

“For $30 you can have a sensor which tells you when you have got a leak and you just shut it down.”

Preventing leaks is a question of using the right materials “and fortunately high-density polyethylene, which is what gas pipelines are made of, is one of them”, he says.

But there are still older gas pipes in New Zealand made out of types of steel that Holt describes as the “bogeyman of hydrogen”.

These can become brittle and fracture when hydrogen is piped through them.

Powerco gas manager Mark Hermann says that it is laying pipes that can take hydrogen whenever it connects new subdivisions and replaces existing infrastructure.

“When we are replacing older parts of the network, we're replacing it with newer materials, and most of that is polyethylene.”

But the future of gas may be looking a bit brighter for people living in new subdivisions, rather than in old villas in established suburbs.
And the cost?

The price of hydrogen is going to be tied to the price of electricity, as that is what is used to produce green hydrogen.

If the cost of electricity comes down, then the price of green hydrogen should come down in about the same proportion.

That appears quite likely given expected investments in low-cost solar and wind power, and pumped hydro, and the growing possibility of reforms to the currently highly-profitable electricity market.

But in almost all situations, using electricity as “electricity”, rather than converting it first to a gas and then burning it, should be the cheaper option.

That may be a bit ‘less true’ when comparing electric and gas home hot water heating, as there are some inefficiencies in having hot water sitting in a hot water cylinder waiting to be used.

Holt says the electrolyser that Callaghan has developed, HyLink, is about “70 to 75 per cent efficient”, meaning about three-quarters of the power generated from its solar panels and wind turbines is converted and stored as hydrogen energy.

The rest is given off from the electrolyser as heat, which it is not entirely wasted and is instead used to heat one of Callaghan’s offices.

Inconveniently, though, the more hydrogen that has to be produced quickly, the harder it is to make the process efficient.

“With almost all conversion processes, you can reach perfect efficiency when you're doing it infinitely slowly,” Holt says.

RICKY WILSON/STUFF
How green hydrogen is made commercially at BOC's facility in Glenbrook south of Auckland.

The main uses of green hydrogen are expected to be in applications that require a high power-to-weight ratio, such as heavy transport and aviation, and where fine control is needed of industrial processes.

One reason green hydrogen might appeal over electricity financially in the home environment, despite its higher energy cost, is if a homeowner has nowhere convenient in their home to put an electric hot water cylinder, or if installing one would involve a lot of re-plumbing.

But electric cylinders that are designed to be installed outside are now a more common option in New Zealand, which can alleviate those issues.

“Australians usually install electric cylinders outside and traditionally we have them inside,” Rinnai’s Ferner says.

“But there is a now a range of cylinders, we sell them and there are several others, that can be installed externally. They have a superior finish on them and are waterproof and are built for the job. They suit some people, but not others.”
Is waiting for green hydrogen the ‘right’ thing?

This is a tougher question than it sounds.

The Climate Change Commission initially recommended banning new natural gas connections from 2025 before walking back on that after Energy Minister Megan Woods signalled she would not be on board with that change.

Woods’ rationale seemed to be that it might not make sense to kill off the natural gas network if it could be repurposed to distributing green hydrogen.

So by that logic, by sticking with gas appliances now, perhaps consumers could claim they were helping pave the way for a greener future.

There is also an argument that the natural gas that will be produced by the country’s existing gas fields is going be used for one purpose or another, and out of those uses, using it for home and hot water heating is one of the more energy-efficient.

It makes far less sense environmentally, for example, to burn gas to produce electricity, than to use it directly in homes.

Doubling down on that argument, natural gas users could argue that they if they had switched to electricity this year, the net result would have been even more coal-burning and carbon emissions from Genesis’ Huntly power station.



LIAM COURTENAY/STUFF
There should be enough natural gas to power home appliances beyond 2050, but whether that is a valid use for the carbon-emitting fuel is a matter of opinion.

It is possible to take that argument too far though.

While the above might be the impacts in the short term, the more demand there is for electricity, the higher investment you would expect in renewable electricity generation– which has none of the emissions associated with natural gas.
The mood on the ground

There is a little sign that many consumers’ faith in gas has been shaken just yet.

Ferner says demand for Rinnai’s gas appliances is at record high thanks to the volume of new homes being built, and the company hasn’t seen any move away from the fuel as yet.

Even with the ban on new offshore exploration permits, there is probably enough natural gas in New Zealand to power home gas appliances through to at least 2050 and perhaps decades longer.

The assumption may be that if green hydrogen doesn’t ride to the rescue, the consumption of natural gas will simply be allowed continue, so why worry?

But given expected increases in the cost of carbon credits, the potential for electricity prices to fall, and the tough economics of green hydrogen, it may be worth accepting that gas, either natural or green, is going to become a bit of a luxury.

A luxury some buyers would pay for, of course.

Wellington gas fitter Dermot O'Shaughnessy of Hospitality Gas Services, says professional chefs he works with couldn’t get their heads around the idea of cooking without gas and don’t see induction cooking as an option.

That is especially as a lot of commercial cooking revolves around Asian cuisine cooked in woks.

Business owners were at a loss to think what they would do if they wanted to open a new restaurant and couldn’t put gas in and were “astonished” when the Climate Change Commission floated the idea of a ban on new connections, O'Shaughnessy says.

TOM PULLAR-STRECKER/STUFF
Gas-fitter Dermot O'Shaughnessy says electric cookers are not considered an option by the professional chefs he works with, but the industry should not be afraid of hydrogen.

“They are of the belief that will never happen because it can't happen. There will always be a demand for gas, whatever it looks like.”

But he says he knows other gas-fitters who lost work installing ducted gas heating systems in new homes after the commission’s draft recommendation.

“Quite a bit of that got cancelled.”

O'Shaughnessy hasn’t had many clients discuss the environmental conundrums, he says.

“Not in my world. They are only interested in performance and if it’s not working. You know, ‘I’ve got 100 customers tonight and I want it working hot’.

“We have got to hope hydrogen can deliver on that, especially in hospo.”

Younger gas-fitters shouldn’t be afraid of it, he says.

“There'll be plenty of work. There will be something where we'll be involved in that switch.”

Does green hydrogen have a future in the home? At the moment you could find reason to support whatever answer you wanted to believe, so pass the ketchup, I’m mainly here for the sausage.
'MAYBE' TECH
Solar Domes Could Desalinate Seawater at a Commercial Scale

The first solar dome plant is under construction in Saudi Arabia.


By Chris Young
Sep 03, 2021 

Solar Water PLC

71 percent of the Earth is covered in water, but only 3 percent of that is freshwater. The effective desalination of seawater at a mass scale would clearly be a world-changing achievement, celebrated the world over.

With that goal in mind, London-based Solar Water PLC recently signed an agreement with the Saudi Arabian government as part of the country's clean future $500 billion "NEOM" project. The company is building the "first desalination plant with solar dome technology", a CNN Arabia report (translated on Solar Water PLC's website) explains.
A future of carbon-neutral seawater desalination

The agreement, made on January 29, 2020, will see the London company build its technology in the northwest of Saudi Arabia, with the solar dome plant expected to be finished by mid-2021.

The plant is essentially "a steel pot buried underground, covered with a dome," making it look like a ball, Solar Water CEO David Reavley told CNN Arabia. The glass dome, a form of concentrated solar power (CSP) technology, is surrounded by "heliostat" reflectors that focus solar radiation towards inwards. Heat is transferred to seawater within the dome, which evaporates and then condenses to form freshwater. The solar dome plant does not utilize polluting fibers that are typically used in reverse osmosis desalination technologies, and Reavley claims that it is cheap and fast to build at the same time as being carbon neutral.

Questions remain over concentrated solar power

Questions do remain about the efficacy of CSP technology. One study in 2019, for example, pointed out that there is little evidence supporting the fact that the technology could be effectively deployed at a mass scale. The stakes are high, therefore, for Solar Water PLC's 2021 experiment. If they achieve their goal, they will prove the feasibility of a new carbon-neutral desalination technique that doesn't require vast amounts of electricity and polluting chemicals.

Solar Water PLC isn't the only firm aiming to provide seawater desalination services at a mass scale. Climate Fund Manager and Solar Water Solutions, for example, are installing approximately 200 carbon-neutral desalination units in Kitui County, Kenya with the long-term goal of providing clean water to 400,000 people by 2023.

Solutions such as Solar Water PLC's solar dome are particularly important in the Middle East, as large regions in the area get little rainfall and there is a lack of freshwater sources. Another recent experiment has seen "rain drones" deployed in the United Arab Emirates. The controversial drones discharge electricity near clouds to encourage precipitation. Sunlight, on the other hand, is abundant, meaning it can be harnessed for electricity and, in this case, for turning seawater into drinkable freshwater.
Hybrid Power Plants & Flexibility — 
The Future Of The Grid


Aerial photos of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory’s (NREL) Flatirons Campus near Boulder, Colorado. Photographed from an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV). 
(Photo by Joshua Bauer / NREL)

ByU.S. Department of Energy
Published 1 day ago

Imagine an electric grid powered by clean, renewable energy. Now imagine that this grid provides all the comfort and convenience consumers have come to expect as well as grid reliability and resiliency services that are similar to—or better than—conventional plants. That is the promise of the FlexPower project.

With support from the U.S. Department of Energy Grid Modernization Laboratory Consortium, FlexPower brings National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) researchers together with other National Laboratories to develop a colocated variable hybrid generation power plant enhanced with energy storage at NREL’s Flatirons Campus. Participants include the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) and Sandia National Laboratories (Sandia).

As renewables displace conventional generation, hybrid renewable power plants combined with energy storage can transform variable resources such as wind and solar photovoltaics (PV) into fully dispatchable and flexible energy sources. These hybridized power plants will be capable of operating in day-ahead and real-time energy markets and providing essential reliability and resiliency services to the grid.
Rethinking Renewables

“This research will help accelerate the adoption of utility-scale variable wind and PV resources by demonstrating how hybridization can smooth the transition to clean energy,” said NREL Chief Engineer Vahan Gevorgian. “For the power grid to economically and reliably integrate large amounts of variable renewable generation, it will require robust energy storage capabilities and a rethinking of the value renewable energy assets bring to the grid.”

To support this transformation, researchers will test a variety of energy storage systems, including pumped storage hydropower, battery, hydrogen, flow battery, kinetic, and ultracapacitor energy storage. In addition, the project will focus on advanced control strategies and resource forecast techniques. Sophisticated controls can improve the dispatchability and availability of variable generation by taking advantage of the complementary nature of wind and PV resources and increasing capacity factors for renewable projects with minimum or, in some cases, no additional transmission buildup. Improved forecasting allows hybrid plants to participate in energy and ancillary services markets in the same way conventional generation plants do.

By combining generation, storage, advanced controls, and improved forecasting in hybrid plants, operators can achieve economies of scale by sharing infrastructure as well as siting and permitting costs. These plants can also provide the full spectrum of existing essential reliability services as well as new, evolving grid reliability services. For example, hybrid plants can provide self-black starts as well as power system black starts, can operate in islanded mode, and can participate in power system restoration schemes. And hybrid plants are scalable, ranging from small microgrids to large, interconnected power systems.

The FlexPower project is of great interest to a wide range of stakeholders, including regulators, reliability organizations, system operators, utilities, plant owners and operators, equipment vendors, and island power system owners and operators.

“Hybrid renewable energy plants could introduce the national and global energy sectors to a new and potentially disruptive class of power systems,” Gevorgian said. “The FlexPower project will demonstrate the value of renewable energy assets and suggest strategies for using them more efficiently to reduce curtailment, increase energy production, and smooth variability. The result could be high-value grid services and a more secure and resilient power supply.”
Sharing the Findings

The FlexPower research results will be freely accessible to all stakeholders in the form of public domain information and other assets. Specifically, stakeholders will have access to the FlexPower controller architecture; control codes developed by NREL, INL, and Sandia for industrial control platforms; hybridization-potential assessment maps and databases; results of regional impacts studies; and reports, publications, regional webinars, conference presentations, and other outreach materials.

NREL’s Flatirons Campus grid-scale hybrid system will provide a test bed for companies and researchers to validate and demonstrate their hybrid plant concepts and strategies. The fully operational multi-MW hybrid power plant will be capable of demonstrating all types of dispatchability, reliability, and resiliency services. It will also provide a grid-scale test bed that offers hybrid system demonstrations for a range of stakeholders, opportunities for control and equipment vendors to test new hybrid controls and hardware, a venue for workforce education and new international collaborations, and a validation platform for standardizing hybrid technologies.

FlexPower was funded in part by U.S. Department of Energy’s Wind Energy Technologies Office, Water Power Technologies Office, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technologies Office, and the Office of Electricity.

Article courtesy of NREL

NGOs To Refuse Invitations To Speak At Fossil-Fuel Sponsored Media Events



Oil rig. Photo courtesy of Pixabay/Pexels (CC0)


T&E and 15 other leading European civil society organisations have said they will no longer accept invitations to speak at media events on EU policy sponsored by fossil fuel companies. They made the announcement in an open letter to the editors of three European news organisations, Euractiv, the Financial Times and Politico Europe.




ByGuest Contributor


Published10 hours ago


Open letter from Transport & Environment.

Sir / Madam,

As European campaigners for climate action and climate justice, we are writing to you to inform you that we will no longer accept invitations to speak at events organised by your media organisation on EU policy with the sponsorship of fossil fuel companies.

For the fossil fuel industry, like the tobacco industry before it, image is everything. Being seen as a legitimate partner and part of the solution to the climate crisis is key. By sponsoring high profile events organised by media outlets such as yours, the fossil fuel industry is buying a platform to gain credibility and undue influence.


In an era when disinformation spreads on social media, and when advertising and editorial content are increasingly tricky to tell apart, we firmly believe that free media has a pivotal role to play to uphold democracy and free speech.

However, the pursuit of objectivity is not served by letting the fossil fuel industry sponsor media platforms. The continued role of coal, oil and gas interests in accelerating the climate crisis and undermining climate action is not a matter of opinion, and allowing the industry to continue to frame the conversation can only serve to delay the urgent steps needed to limit global heating to a level nature and society can withstand.

In the words of the millions of climate-striking schoolchildren: our house is on fire. And the fossil fuel industry has a petrol can in its hand. When fossil fuel companies exploit the credibility of your media platforms as part of a strategy to set the terms of public debate and to position themselves close to decision-makers, you are helping them pour fuel on the fire.

We would be grateful for you to publish this letter so that your readers and event participants may be informed as to why our organisations are absent from any events you may organise with the support of the fossil fuel industry. And we urge you to go further in addressing the insidious problem of fossil fuel influence, by no longer organising any event with sponsorship of fossil fuel companies.

Yours truly,

Fossil Free Politics
Alter-EU
CIDSE
Corporate Europe Observatory
Counter Balance
European Federation of Public Service Unions
Food and Water Action Europe
Friends of the Earth Europe
Global Witness
Greenpeace
HEAL
Naturefriends International
Transport & Environment
Youth for Climate
WWF European Policy Office
350.org



World's First Fully Electric Tractor Could Outclass All Rivals

And it can perform autonomous tasks, with zero emissions.


By Christopher McFadden
 Sep 04, 2021 

The Monarch tractor.Monarch Tractor


Thanks to companies like Monarch, farm machinery is finally getting its own electric vehicle awakening. The company's latest fully electric and autonomous tractor could prove revolutionary for the agricultural industry.

What's more, this e-tractor couldn't have come at a better time. Farmers around the world are struggling with labor shortages, climate change, safety concerns, increasing customer awareness of sustainability, and other synthetic costs imposed on them through government regulations.


Source: Monarch Tractor

Monarch's Tractor has been designed to help alleviate as many of these issues as possible for prospective buyers of their e-tractors. According to Monarch, it does this "by combining electrification, automation, machine learning, and data analysis to enhance farmer’s existing operations, increase labor productivity and safety, and maximize yields to cut overhead costs and emissions."

As it stands, the company has already secured several hundred working farms as prospective buyers for their new e-vehicle.

Traditional tractors tend to run on diesel which is not the best fuel to burn for the environment. They also pump out the same amount of emissions as 14 average-sized cars.

Being 100% electrical, the Monarch Tractor has zero tailpipe emissions -- unlike many of its predecessors. With extra storage, the e-tractor can act as a sort of ATV and work as an ad hoc power generator in the field.

That's three functions for the price of one.

Besides, it's also very powerful. The tractor’s electric drivetrain is capable of pumping out 40HP (30KW) of continuous power and short duration peak power up to 70HP (55KW) in a small footprint for multi-purpose usage.

Monarch's electrical tractor is pretty smart

Another interesting feature of the tractor is its ability to operate completely autonomously. By integrating the latest advances in autonomous technology and software, the tractor can be programmed to perform a series of tasks on demand.

This also enables the tractor to potentially be one of the safest available on the market. Its safety features include but are not limited to, roll and collision prevention, vision-based Power Take-Off (PTO) safety, and 360° cameras to keep operations smooth and employees safe, day and night.

Another fascinating feature of Monarch's Tractor is its ability to learn using its integrated "Deep Learning and Sensing Suite". Using this system, the tractor can collect up to 240GB of data a day while in operation in the field.

Source: Monarch Tractor

The tractor can use this data on any preprogrammed farmer's instructions to help refine and improve farming practices and give the farmer real-time updates on crop yields.

"Monarch Tractor is able to digest this data and provide long-term analysis of field health, improving accuracy the longer it runs. Additionally, the collected data is securely stored in a Monarch cloud," says Monarch.

The tractor can be controlled remotely using a smartphone or personal device, and users receive constant updates, alerts, micro-weather reports, analysis reports, and storage for more efficient farm planning.

So far, Monarch has received much praise for its innovative tractor from farmers and industry experts alike.

The company was awarded “2020 Tractor of the Year” in the AgTech Breakthrough Awards, was named one of World Ag Expo’s "Top 10 Best New Products," and was recognized in Fast Company’s "Best World-Changing Ideas: North America, Energy, and Food."

The tractor's starting price tag is around the $50,000 mark, and prospective buyers can reserve a unit for as little as $500. Units began shipping in February of this year.

From a sustainability and logistics point of view, the potential impact of this tractor on the agriculture industry cannot be understated. Doubtless, Monarch's competitors will be watching the progress of this groundbreaking piece of farming machinery very closely.
U.S. Gulf Coast oil industry struggles with uneven Ida recovery

Author of the article:
Reuters
Marianna Parraga and Liz Hampton
Publishing date:Sep 03, 2021 •

HOUSTON — The engine of the U.S. offshore energy production struggled to recover from Hurricane Ida on Friday as a lack of crews, power and fuel left most Gulf Coast oil and gas output offline five days after the storm passed.

Ports were reopening, crews returning to offshore facilities and some pipelines restarted as companies completed post-storm evaluations. But getting oil flowing again was more difficult as damage at hubs slowed larger facilities. A lack of power onshore kept some refiners sidelined.

About half the originally evacuated platforms remained unoccupied and 93% of oil production and 89% of natural gas was offline, government data showed. Some wells in the Gulf of Mexico, which accounts for about a fifth of U.S. output, could be shut for weeks, analysts said.

EMERGENCY OIL


The White House sought to ease worries about regional fuel shortages by providing a combined 1.8 million barrels of crude oil from the nation’s Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) to refiners’ Exxon Mobil and Placid Refining Company to produce gasoline.

An offshore transfer station that funnels oil and gas from three large oilfields remained shut on Friday. Some 1.7 million barrels of oil and 1.99 billion cubic feet natural gas output were offline, government data released on Friday showed.

The Louisiana Offshore Oil Port, the primary U.S. deepwater export terminal near where the storm made landfall, also remained closed, according to its website. A prolonged outage could hamper U.S. crude oil exports to Asia, said analysts.

“Refiners might resort to the SPR to request crude as Exxon did if pipelines from the Gulf are not ready” by mid-month, said Robert Campbell, head of oil products research at consultancy Energy Aspects. “This is going to be a long recovery.”




DAMAGES OFFSHORE

Chevron said none of its platforms were damaged and it returned workers to all six by Friday. Two offshore pipelines operated by Enbridge were ready to return to service.

But Royal Dutch Shell, the largest Gulf of Mexico oil and gas producer, said it has recovered just 20% of usual production.

Ida damaged an offshore facility called West Delta-143 that connects three large oil basins accounting for an eighth of the Gulf’s oil production, Shell said. The extent of damage was not immediately clear.

“Shell’s West Delta situation is an indication of how slow recovery will be this time,” said Aaron Brady, an analyst with consultancy IHS Markit. “We can expect that a significant amount of oil is likely to be offline for some time, possibly weeks.”

Damages to offshore oil facilities could cost insurers about $1 billion, estimated CoreLogic.

PORTS REOPENING

Most Louisiana ports have reopened, including the Port of New Orleans, while Port Fourchon, an offshore resupply hub, reopened on Thursday for daylight operations only. Extensive damage at Port Fourchon were affecting deliveries to offshore platforms, analysts said.

Louisiana’s largest utility Entergy Corp late Friday took steps to remove transmission lines in the Mississippi River blocking vessels from reaching oil refineries west of New Orleans. The company did not immediately reply to requests for comment on the effort.

About 820,000 homes and businesses in the state lacked power, according to tracking firm PowerOutage.com. About two-thirds of gasoline stations from New Orleans to Baton Rouge were without fuel, said gasoline tracker GasBuddy.

Tony Odak, chief operating officer of Stone Oil Distributor, which supplies fuel to offshore producers, said he has begun getting supplies from as far away as Port Arthur and Galveston, Texas.

“We are securing resupply outside the Mississippi River right now,” said Odak. (Reporting by Marianna Parraga, Liz Hampton, Sabrina Valle and Arathy Nair; Writing by Gary McWilliams; Editing by Richard Pullin, Louise Heavens, David Gregorio and Cynthia Osterman)

A BEASTLY DAY

Quebec reports 666 new COVID 19 cases, one death, hospitalizations remain stable

Quebec reported 666 new COVID-19 cases in its latest data on Saturday, with one additional death attributed to the virus.

The province’s health department said the number of patients in hospital remain stable at 147, while the number in intensive care climbed by three to 52.

The seven-day average for new cases stands at 599. According to Health Department data, 81 per cent of the latest new infections were among people who were not adequately vaccinated.

On Twitter, Health Minister Christian Dubé wrote that about 20 new cases have required hospitalization each day over the past week and active hospitalizations have remained stable.

But he noted that intensive care stays for that same period are 36 per cent higher, moving from 38 to 52 cases, and patients are staying longer in the ICU.

“The daily hospital news puts enormous pressure on our staff, especially in Greater Montreal,” Dubé wrote Saturday. “To limit the number of hospitalizations and particularly the impact on intensive care, we must continue to increase our vaccination coverage and monitor health measures.”

The province administered 25,269 vaccine doses on Friday, including more than 8,300 first doses.

Dubé published a missive on his Facebook page on Friday, saying Quebecers would have to get used to living with the virus as variants emerge in different places, putting off collective immunity against COVID-19.

“Instead of looking for the date when all this will end, we will have to learn to live with the virus,” Dubé wrote. “We will have to accept a certain number of cases and a certain number of hospitalizations if we want to return to a normal life.”

One of those measures is the province’s vaccine passport. Officials said the VaxiCode application that runs the province’s proof-of-vaccination system has now been downloaded 3.2 million times.

Quebec launched its vaccine passport on Sept. 1, which is required to access certain non-essential activities and businesses, including bars, restaurant dining rooms, gyms and sports venues.

There is a two-week grace period but as of Sept. 15, people and businesses in violation of the health order could face fines.

China’s Technology Workers Get Unions
September 04, 2021
FILE - The app of Chinese ride-hailing giant Didi is seen on a mobile phone in front of the company logo displayed in this illustration picture taken July 1, 2021. (REUTERS/Florence Lo/Illustration/File Photo)


Two major Chinese technology companies, Didi Global and Jd.com, set up labor groups for their employees this week. Also called unions, such groups are controlled by workers and designed to protect their rights and interests on the job.

The creation of these unions is a major change in the technology industry in China, where organized labor is very rare.

Did Global is an online ride-sharing business. Jd.com is an online marketplace.

China’s regulatory agency has been closely watching the country’s biggest technology companies this year. Regulators have sharply criticized the industry for having policies that abuse workers and violate shoppers’ rights. The regulatory agency has launched several investigations and ordered fines against some companies.

Delivery workers move parcels from an automated sorting belt to carts at a JD.com's smart logistics center on Singles Day shopping festival, in Beijing, China November 11, 2020. REUTERS/Tingshu Wang

The government is urging companies to set up programs to share wealth more fairly with workers. The push is part of President Xi Jinping’s plan to ease inequality in China, the largest economy after the United States.

At first, Didi's workers at its Beijing headquarters will supervise the union with guidance from the All China Federation of Trade Unions, or ACTFU. That information is from two people who have knowledge of the matter. The people were not given permission to speak to media and asked not to be identified.

A newspaper with a connection to the Beijing Federation of Trade Unions announced that JD.com established a trade union. The report included photos of the ceremony the company held, which was attended by many government officials.

JD.com confirmed the news, saying that some of its local workplaces had created unions in past years. It said the new union’s aim is to cooperate on planning and resources.

Didi did not answer a request for comment.

Didi has been criticized by state media for not paying its drivers fairly. The company said in April it would set up a drivers’ group to settle the wages problem. The company has also been the subject of an investigation by several Chinese officials since its $4.4 billion U.S. stock market listing in June.

Didi and JD.com are believed to be the biggest technology companies in China to have set up company-wide unions. But officials in the Hubei area say unions have been set up there for workers of the companies Meituan and Alibaba's Ele.me.

Meituan is an internet service that lets users order food, buy travel, book entertainment, book housecleaners and do much more.

Ele.me is an online service for ordering and delivery of food.

Neither Meituan nor Alibaba answered Reuters’ requests for comment.

The two food delivery firms have been criticized in local media for their treatment of delivery workers. The companies do not give most of these workers basic social and medical insurance.

In July, the ACFTU and seven other Chinese government agencies published guidance on protecting the rights of such contract workers. It also suggested unions play a major part in helping negotiate with companies.

All unions in China are required to register with the ACFTU. But the agency has often been criticized for its inability to negotiate better terms for workers.

Aidan Chau is a researcher for the China Labour Bulletin, a workers’ rights organization based in Hong Kong. He said the country's unions mostly avoid facing abusive policies at big companies. Instead, they deal directly with individual employees' problems on a case-by-case basis. They also provide more general support for workers, such as programs for health and safety.

Last month, China's highest court ruled that a common employment policy, known as "996,” violates the law. “996” means working from nine in the morning to nine at night six days a week. Chinese technology companies are known for expecting employees to follow the “996” system.

I’m Alice Bryant.

Reuters news agency reported this story. Alice Bryant adapted it for Learning English. Caty Weaver was the editor.