UC San Diego study links flavored tobacco bans to lower youth vaping in California

Analysis of more than 2.8 million students across California finds reductions in youth vaping use emerging several years after local flavor bans took effect, with no evidence that bans increased cigarette smoking

University of California - San Diego

Facebook

WeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

Researchers from the University of California San Diego have found that local sales bans on flavored tobacco in California are associated with reduced youth vaping over time without increasing cigarette smoking. The findings, based on an analysis of more than 2.8 million middle and high school students, were published April 10, 2026 in JAMA Health Forum.

“Our findings suggest that local flavored tobacco bans can be an effective strategy for reducing youth e-cigarette use,” said Eric Leas, PhD, MPH, assistant professor at the UC San Diego Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science and senior author of the study. “Importantly, we did not find evidence that these policies led young people to switch to cigarettes, which has been a major concern raised in policy debates.”

Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), commonly known as e-cigarettes or vaping products, have been widely used by adolescents in the U.S. National data show that youth vaping peaked in 2019 when more than a quarter of high school students reported using e-cigarettes, though prevalence has since declined. Despite this decrease, frequent use remains common among current users, raising concerns about nicotine dependence and long-term health risks.

One approach policymakers have used to reduce youth vaping is restricting the sale of flavored tobacco products, which often include fruit, candy or mint flavors that appeal to young users. Prior research has shown that flavored products are a major driver of youth e-cigarette use. 

To better understand the impact of these policies, the research team analyzed responses from 2,805,708 students who participated in the California Healthy Kids Survey between 2017 and 2022. The survey includes students in grades 7, 9 and 11 and asks about past-month use of tobacco products.

The researchers compared tobacco use among students attending schools in jurisdictions with flavored tobacco bans to those in areas without such policies. The study used a dynamic difference-in-differences design to account for variations in when different cities adopted the bans and to track how outcomes changed over time. The dynamic difference-in-differences design method allowed researchers to see whether youth vaping changed after flavored tobacco bans were adopted in different cities — and whether those changes grew over several years, rather than just looking at a simple before-and-after comparison.

Youth vaping rates were lower in areas with flavored tobacco bans. In jurisdictions with a ban, 6.2% of students reported current e-cigarette use, compared with 7.7% in areas without one. Over time, the study found these policies were associated with sustained declines in youth vaping. 

By contrast, the study found no meaningful association between flavored tobacco bans and cigarette smoking among youth. Cigarette use remained roughly the same in jurisdictions with and without the policies.

The delayed reductions in vaping may reflect how policies evolve and are enforced over time. Many local jurisdictions gradually strengthened their rules after initial adoption, for example by expanding definitions of flavored products or adding enforcement provisions. Resources and support for enforcing these laws also grew over time, particularly after California’s statewide ban took effect, helping local communities better implement the restrictions.

California voters approved a statewide flavored tobacco sales ban in 2022, which took effect in 2023. Because many cities had implemented their own restrictions years earlier — some as early as 2011 — the researchers say these local policies provide an opportunity to study longer-term impacts of flavor bans.

The authors note that the study focused on California, a state with historically strong tobacco control policies and relatively low youth smoking rates compared with other states. As a result, the magnitude and timing of the effects may differ in places with different policy environments.

Future research will be needed to understand the long-term impact of statewide bans and how similar policies affect youth tobacco use across different regions and communities.

“Local policies gave us a valuable window into how flavored tobacco restrictions may influence youth behavior over time,” said Giovanni Appolon, MPH, first author of the study who conducted this research as part of experiential learning as doctoral candidate in the UC San Diego - San Diego State University Joint Doctoral Program in Public Health. “As more jurisdictions adopt these policies, continued monitoring will help determine how enforcement, policy design and community context shape their public health impact.”

Link to full study: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2026.0631

Additional co-authors on the study include: David Strong, PhD, Dennis R. Trinidad, PhD, from UC San Diego Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science. Heather A. Pines, PhD, S. Wilton Choi, PhD, and Eyal Oren, PhD, from San Diego State University. 

The study was funded by the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program (Grant # T34DT8325).

Authors disclose no competing interests.

---

Journal

JAMA Health Forum

DOI

10.1001/jamahealthforum.2026.0631 

 

New study challenges bleak picture of U.S. state gaps in longevity gains

University of Wisconsin-Madison

Facebook

WhatsAppEmail

A new study co-authored by two University of Wisconsin–Madison professors suggests longevity gains across all states and regions for people born between 1941 and 2000, in contrast to previous estimates suggesting a century of stagnation or even declines in parts of the South.

Published in the journal BMJ Open, the study by Héctor Pifarré i Arolas and Jason Fletcher of the La Follette School of Public Affairs, along with José Andrade of the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, challenges recent estimates that portrayed progress on extending longevity in the United States as sharply divergent across states and regions.

Using new data from the United States Mortality Database, their updated analyses suggest substantially less disparity in longevity gains since the mid-20th century than a recent paper led by Theodore Holford of the Yale School of Public Health and colleagues. Rather than a simple story of steady divergence, the new study describes a more complex, two- phase pattern: rapid convergence in mid-century, when Southern states made up lost ground with much of the rest of the country—driven in large part by gains in child survival in the South—followed by a second phase in which that convergence largely stalled over the second half of the 20th century.

“Our forecasts point to universal gains in cohort life expectancy between 1941 and 2000 for all birth cohorts, sexes, and states,” Pifarré i Arolas says. “States are not expected to experience equal gains in longevity, and convergence across states appears to have stalled since the 1950s, but we find no evidence of the radical increase in disparities across states suggested by some earlier estimates.” Holford’s paper argues that many Southern states saw little gain or even declines in cohort life expectancy in the second half of the 20th century, while states such as New York saw rapid gains, widening disparities across states. The new paper challenges these estimates.

For example, Holford’s paper estimated that Mississippi experienced no female gain in longevity over 50 years, while the updated figures in the BMJ Open study found roughly 7 years.

By investigating regional and state-specific trends, the authors hope this research leads to increased understanding of key drivers of longevity gains, as U.S. states have differed significantly in populations and policies over this period. “Understanding that all statesexperienced gains—especially the substantial improvements in the South earlier in the century—helps shift the conversation toward what drove those successes and why progress has slowed since. That’s where the real policy lessons are,” Fletcher says. In the context of slowing longevity gains in high-income countries, as suggested in recent work by Pifarré i Arolas, Andrade, and colleagues, the study adds to a growing body of research that uses birth cohorts and forecasting methods to clarify how policies and living conditions may contribute to longer or shorter lives.

---

Journal

BMJ Open

DOI

10.1136/bmjopen-2025-109623 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Life expectancy gains across US states between 1941 and 2000: a cohort study

Article Publication Date

8-Apr-2026

 

When does the body clock begin to synchronize with local time?

Daily rhythms cross placenta from mother to the baby before the fetus can sense light

Washington University in St. Louis

Bluesky
Email

By Talia Ogliore

Humans and most other organisms have internal biological clocks that track the daily cycle of sunrise and sunset. These clocks help time our sleep, metabolism and other essential body functions over the course of a day, creating daily patterns called circadian rhythms. Research shows that when these rhythms are disrupted — by jet lag, lack of sleep or irregular work schedules — people can suffer long-term negative health effects.

Scientists who study daily rhythms have long wondered about when the mammalian circadian clock starts ticking and synchronizes to local time. In a new study published in the Journal of Biological Rhythms, researchers at Washington University in St. Louis reported that a mother helps to set the biological clock for her babies while they are still in the womb.

“We know that disrupting circadian rhythms during pregnancy can affect how sleep and daily rhythms develop in infants, and these early disruptions are linked to a higher risk of mood disorders such as anxiety and depression later in life,” said Nikhil Lokesh, study author and a research scientist in biology in WashU Arts & Sciences. “Understanding when the fetal clock begins to function helps us identify sensitive developmental windows when circadian disruption may have lasting effects and how those effects might be prevented or corrected.”

For this new study, WashU scientists developed a way to observe circadian clock activity in fetuses while they are still developing inside the womb. The scientists used genetically engineered mice in which a luminescent protein called luciferase, the same protein that makes fireflies glow, is attached to a clock protein that drives circadian rhythms.

When a male mouse carrying this modified protein mates with a normal female, the tagged clock protein appears in the developing fetuses but not in the mother’s tissues. The pregnant mice were then given drinking water laced with a chemical that reacts with luciferase to produce light. Whenever the clock protein was active in the fetuses, they glowed.

The researchers detected that fetal light using highly sensitive cameras. By recording the glow’s timing, they were able to identify clear cyclical patterns of clock protein expression in babies while they developed inside their mothers’ womb.

“We found clear day-night rhythms in the pups that synchronized to the mother’s rest-activity cycle during the last week of pregnancy, equivalent to the third trimester in humans,” Lokesh said. “This suggests that the clock machinery forms early in development and receives entraining cues from mom later.”

“Importantly, we found daily rhythms across the placenta from the mother to the baby before the fetus can sense light,” said Erik Herzog, the Viktor Hamburger Distinguished Professor in biology, senior author on the study.

The researchers found that circadian synchronization of the pups to the mother coincided with when glucocorticoid hormones from the mother cross the placenta, potentially acting as timing signals for the fetal clock. These stress-related hormones normally rise and fall over the course of the day under the control of the mother’s internal clock.

Synthetic glucocorticoids are routinely given to pregnant women at risk of preterm birth, often without considering the time of day when these hormones naturally fluctuate. The authors found that giving these steroids daily to the mother accelerated the synchronization to local time of the daily rhythms in the pups. These findings may be important when considering how and when doctors administer medications to treat pregnancy conditions.

During the study, the researchers also observed a strong association between failure to develop circadian clock gene activity in the fetuses and failure to deliver. “We cannot yet say whether the absence of rhythms contributes to developmental problems or simply reflects them,” Lokesh said. “But the observation suggests that circadian clock activity may be closely linked to healthy fetal development.”

Lokesh said the findings also highlight the importance of maintaining stable circadian rhythms during pregnancy. “Over 80 percent of the world’s population is exposed to artificial light at night that can disrupt daily rhythms, and this includes pregnant people,” he said.

“Understanding when and how the body clock starts ticking helps scientists identify sensitive developmental windows when circadian disruption may have lasting effects,” Lokesh said. “This knowledge could help guide medical treatments, inform clinical practices and shape public health policies aimed at protecting neonatal circadian health during pregnancy.”

---

Nikhil KL, Bates K, Sapiro E, Amme JL, McCarthy R, Speck SL, Vasireddy V, Roberts E, Martin-Fairey CA, Domínguez-Romero ME, Cárdenas-García SP, England SK and Herzog ED. Fetoplacental circadian rhythms develop and then synchronize to the mother in utero. Journal of Biological Rhythms. April 10, 2026. DOI: 10.1177/07487304261435435

This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grants NINDS R01NS12116 and the March of Dimes Prematurity Research Center. KLN was supported by a fellowship from the McDonnell Center for Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology.

 

Researchers enhance original forestry decision-making software

Mississippi State University

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChat
WhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

Mississippi State's Steve Bullard led the development of an updated version of a widely used forestry decision-making tool, improving accessibility and usability while maintaining its analytical strength.

view more 

Credit: Photo by MSU Agricultural Communications

STARKVILLE, Miss.—Mississippi State researchers have developed an updated version of a widely used forestry decision-making tool, improving accessibility and usability while maintaining its analytical strength.

Originally created in 1999 by a team of scientists in the university’s Forest and Wildlife Research Center, the Forest Valuation and Investment Analysis software program, known as FORVAL, helps foresters and other land managers quantify and evaluate complex management decisions.

Steve Bullard, CFR associate dean and FWRC associate director, who helped create the program, led the development of FORVAL-XL, the new version built specifically for Microsoft Excel.

“This is the most user-friendly version yet,” Bullard said. “We maintain the ability to make complex calculations, including varied costs and revenues over time, but new features include discounted cash-flow results, sensitivity analyses and easy-to-read tables and graphs to support informed forest management decisions. The final product can also be easily exported as a PDF for sharing.”

Jagadish Dosapati, a master’s student in data science from India, helped develop the code for the updated version. Thomas Straka, professor emeritus at Clemson University, and Robert Grala, MSU’s George L. Switzer Professor of Forestry, also played key roles in the project. Grala incorporated forestry students from his forest resource economics course as beta testers, providing real-world feedback during development. He said the approach served two purposes.

“Our students and natural resource students throughout the country are users of this product,” he said. “We were able to identify issues and troubleshoot in real time, tailoring the program to the needs and abilities of future consultants, land managers and real estate investors.”

Together, the team’s work ensures FORVAL remains a practical, classroom-tested tool capable of supporting real-world forestry investment decisions, from small private landholdings to large timber operations. By combining rigorous economic analysis with an intuitive interface, the updated program is designed for both experienced professionals and those new to forest management.

FORVAL-XL and an accompanying user’s manual are free to download at www.fwrc.msstate.edu/software.php.

Learn more about MSU’s College of Forest Resources and Forest and Wildlife Research Center at www.cfr.msstate.edu and www.fwrc.msstate.edu.

Mississippi State University is taking care of what matters. Learn more at www.msstate.edu.

 

Improving vaccine design for Ebola, HIV and more

Scripps Research scientists and colleagues develop a nanodisc platform that offers a clearer view of how key viral proteins interact with antibodies.

Scripps Research Institute

Facebook

XLinkedIn
MessageWhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

A viral surface protein (blue and orange) is shown bound to multiple antibodies (pink, green and gray/white), with a region near the membrane (red).

view more 

Credit: Scripps Research

LA JOLLA, CA—Viruses are masters at invading our cells thanks to specialized proteins that coat their surfaces. When scientists design vaccines, they often create versions of these viral surface proteins to study how our immune systems might respond. But those lab-made proteins typically lack key parts that sit within the virus’ membrane, so they don’t always behave the way they would on a real virus. This has made it difficult to understand how antibodies actually identify and neutralize these viral targets.

Now, scientists at Scripps Research, in collaboration with IAVI and other institutes, have created a platform that allows viral surface proteins to be studied in a form that more closely resembles how they appear naturally. The new approach utilizes nanodisc technology where these proteins are embedded into particles made of lipid molecules, preserving them in a membrane-like structure. This could help guide vaccine research by better revealing how antibodies and viral proteins interact.

Outlined in Nature Communications on February 10, 2026, the platform was tested using proteins from HIV and Ebola: two viruses that have long challenged vaccine developers because their surface proteins are difficult for the immune system to target effectively. However, the approach could be applied broadly to other viruses with similar membrane-embedded proteins, such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2.

“For many years, we’ve had to rely on versions of viral proteins that are missing important pieces,” says co-senior author William Schief, a professor at Scripps Research and executive director of vaccine design at IAVI’s Neutralizing Antibody Center. “Our platform lets us study these proteins in a setting that better reflects their natural environment, which is critical if we want to understand how protective antibodies recognize a virus.”

In real viruses, surface proteins aren’t free-floating, but rather embedded in a lipid membrane and arranged in specific shapes. Yet most lab studies remove the membrane-anchoring region to make the proteins easier to produce and analyze. While useful, those shortcuts can obscure important features, particularly for antibodies that target regions near the base of the protein, close to the viral membrane.

To address this, the research team assembled vaccine candidate viral proteins into nanodiscs, which are small and stable patches of membrane that hold the proteins in place. These lipid discs mimic the virus’ outer layer, helping preserve how antibodies would identify proteins in an actual virus. Their novel platform allowed the researchers to use a range of standard vaccine-development tools, including tests of antibody binding, sorting of immune cells and high-resolution imaging.

“Putting all of these components together into a single, reliable system was the key,” says first author Kimmo Rantalainen, a senior scientist in Schief’s lab. “The individual pieces already existed, but making them work together in a way that’s reproducible and scalable opens up new possibilities for how vaccines are analyzed and designed.”

Using HIV as a test case, the team focused on a conserved region of the virus’ surface protein that sits near the membrane. This region is targeted by a class of antibodies capable of blocking nearly all HIV variants. Such antibodies recognize viral parts that remain similar even as they mutate—an immune response scientists hope vaccines could eventually trigger.

With their nanodisc platform, the researchers were able to capture detailed structural snapshots of how these antibodies interact with the viral protein in its membrane context, revealing features that aren’t visible when the protein is studied on its own. Those insights also help explain how certain antibodies may neutralize a virus by destabilizing the protein structures it uses to infect cells, offering clues for how future vaccines might better engage similar immune responses.

“The structure gave us a level of detail we simply couldn’t access before,” notes Rantalainen. “It showed us new interactions at the membrane interface and suggested why those matter for antibody function.”

To demonstrate that the approach isn’t limited to HIV, the team also applied their nanodisc platform to Ebola proteins, confirming that antibodies could identify and bind to these proteins in the same membrane-like environment.

Beyond structural studies, this platform can be used to analyze immune responses to vaccine candidates. By using the nanodiscs as molecular “bait,” researchers can isolate and study cells that recognize viral proteins, providing a clearer picture of how the body responds to a given vaccine candidate. And because the system is scalable, what once took a month or longer to prepare can now be done in about a week, making it practical for comparing multiple candidate designs side by side.

Although the platform isn’t a vaccine itself, scientists can use it as a tool to inform and accelerate vaccine research, particularly for viruses where traditional approaches have fallen short.

“This gives the field a more realistic, accurate way to test ideas early on,” emphasizes Schief. “By improving how we study viral proteins and antibody responses, we hope this platform will help advance next-generation vaccines against some of the world’s most challenging viruses.”

In addition to Schief and Rantalainen, authors of the study “Virus glycoprotein nanodisc platform for vaccine analytics,” include Alessia Liguori, Gabriel Ozorowski, Claudia Flynn, Jon M. Steichen, Olivia M. Swanson, Patrick J. Madden, Sabyasachi Baboo, Swastik Phulera, Anant Gharpure, Danny Lu, Oleksandr Kalyuzhniy, Patrick Skog, Sierra Terada, Monolina Shil, Jolene K. Diedrich, Erik Georgeson, Ryan Tingle, Saman Eskandarzadeh, Wen-Hsin Lee, Nushin Alavi, Diana Goodwin, Michael Kubitz, Sonya Amirzehni, Devin Sok, Jeong Hyun Lee, John R. Yates III, James C. Paulson, Shane Crotty, Torben Schiffner and Andrew B. Ward of Scripps Research; and Sunny Himansu of Moderna Inc.

This work was supported by funding from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health (grants UM1 AI144462, R01 AI147826, R56 AI192143 and 5F31AI179426-02); the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (grants INV-007522, INV-008813 and INV-002916); the IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center (INV-034657 and INV-064772); and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation.

About Scripps Research

Scripps Research is an independent, nonprofit biomedical research institute ranked one of the most influential in the world for its impact on innovation by Nature Index. We are advancing human health through profound discoveries that address pressing medical concerns around the globe. Our drug discovery and development division, Calibr-Skaggs, works hand-in-hand with scientists across disciplines to bring new medicines to patients as quickly and efficiently as possible, while teams at Scripps Research Translational Institute harness genomics, digital medicine and cutting-edge informatics to understand individual health and render more effective healthcare. Scripps Research also trains the next generation of leading scientists at our Skaggs Graduate School, consistently named among the top 10 US programs for chemistry and biological sciences. Learn more at www.scripps.edu.

---

Journal

Nature Communications

Article Title

Improving vaccine design for Ebola, HIV and more

 

Global forum highlights new strategies to balance soil health and carbon sequestration

Biochar Editorial Office, Shenyang Agricultural University

MessageWhatsAppEmail

 

image: 

Reconciling soil health benefits with carbon sequestration value of organic carbonaceous amendments

view more 

Credit: Nanthi Bolan

A recent session of the Carbon and Soil Research International Forum brought together leading scientists to address a critical challenge in sustainable agriculture: how to improve soil health while maximizing carbon sequestration. The 22nd installment of the forum was held online on March 11, 2026, and is now available for public viewing via a recorded presentation on YouTube.

The session, titled “Reconciling soil health benefits with carbon sequestration value of organic carbonaceous amendments,” featured a keynote presentation by Nanthi Bolan, Professor of Soil Science at The University of Western Australia. The event was chaired by Professor Hailong Wang of Foshan University.

Organic carbon materials such as crop residues, compost, manure, and biosolids are increasingly used to enhance soil fertility and boost crop productivity. These materials also play a role in capturing carbon in soils, which is vital for mitigating climate change. However, as Professor Bolan explained, the relationship between soil health improvement and long-term carbon storage remains complex and not fully understood.

One key issue is that organic carbon inputs can decompose relatively quickly, releasing greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide. This process may offset their potential benefits as carbon sinks. The presentation explored how carbon distribution within these materials influences both plant growth and the stabilization of carbon in soils.

The forum highlighted emerging strategies to better align agricultural practices with climate goals. These include optimizing the composition and application of organic amendments to enhance both soil function and carbon retention.

By providing a quantitative perspective on these challenges, the session offers valuable insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners seeking sustainable solutions in agriculture.

The full recorded lecture is now accessible online. Click here: https://youtu.be/O74-UoQnRvY?si=p8K2ldZ3V9H4qLIh 

 

===

About Biochar

Biochar (e-ISSN: 2524-7867) is the first journal dedicated exclusively to biochar research, spanning agronomy, environmental science, and materials science. It publishes original studies on biochar production, processing, and applications—such as bioenergy, environmental remediation, soil enhancement, climate mitigation, water treatment, and sustainability analysis. The journal serves as an innovative and professional platform for global researchers to share advances in this rapidly expanding field. 

Follow us on Facebook, X, and Bluesky.  

 

Without the right tests, the best medicines make no difference

Policy gaps and payment structures are limiting innovation and access to the diagnostic tests that are needed for effective, targeted care. 

University of California - San Francisco

Facebook

XLinkedInWeChatBlueskyMessageWhatsAppEmail

A new analysis from UC San Francisco argues that diagnostics — medical tests that match patients to the appropriate treatment — are being overlooked both in the United States and around the world. This is slowing progress against major diseases, despite rapid advances in targeted therapies and precision health. 

The authors noted that nearly half of the world’s population lacks adequate access to diagnostics. These tests receive less investment for research and development, as well as lower insurance reimbursement than drugs; and this is creating barriers to innovation. 

“Most people can easily understand how a new drug or surgery might help a patient,” said Kathryn Phillips, PhD, a professor of Health Economics in the School of Pharmacy at UC San Francisco and the lead author of the study, which appeared in Science on April 9. “But the tests that guide medical decisions are just as critical.” 

Advances in therapies are outpacing the development of the tests that are needed to guide their use. For example, many people do not respond to GLP-1 drugs for obesity and diabetes, but few tests exist yet to predict which patients will benefit. 

Alzheimer’s is another example. New drugs exist to slow disease progression, but the blood tests that could match patients to the most beneficial drugs cost around $1,000 and — unlike the drugs, which cost $30,000 a year — they rarely qualify for insurance coverage. This can leave doctors to make medical decisions without the necessary information. Some patients may not get the right treatments, and others may not get any treatments. 

Even though they are essential to care, these diagnostic tests are often handled apart from the treatments they support. The FDA reviews tests differently than drugs, and insurers pay for them differently. Drugs are also much more likely to receive expedited FDA review than tests. 

“Regulatory and payment policy should evolve in tandem with scientific and technological advances,” said Robert M. Califf, MD, former commissioner of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and co-author of the paper. “The current misalignment between how we evaluate diagnostics for consideration of allowing marketing and the system for reimbursement decisions about diagnostics versus drugs leaves powerful tools on the shelf and provides inadequate data to make good decisions about which diagnostic tools should be eschewed for lack of benefit in the real world." 

The authors say there are clear steps policymakers can take to fix these gaps, including reviewing tests and treatments together, streamlining approvals for tests, and improving how diagnostics are evaluated and paid for. 

“Our hope is that this work helps people — patients, policymakers, insurers, and researchers — recognize diagnostics as essential to good health care — and not just an afterthought,” said Phillips, who  directs the UCSF Center for Translational and Policy Research on Precision Medicine (TRANSPERS) and is a member of the Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy at UCSF. 

Authors: Other UCSF authors include Danea M. Horn, PhD. The work builds on a National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) report for which Phillips contributed, Strategies to Better Align Investments in Innovations for Therapeutic Development with Disease Burden and Unmet Needs. 

Funding: This work was supported in part by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) (R01 HG011792). For all funding and disclosures, see the paper.   

About UCSF: The University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) is exclusively focused on the health sciences and is dedicated to promoting health worldwide through advanced biomedical research, graduate-level education in the life sciences and health professions, and excellence in patient care. UCSF Health, which serves as UCSF’s primary academic medical center, includes among the nation's top specialty hospitals and other clinical programs, and has affiliations throughout the Bay Area. UCSF School of Medicine also has a regional campus in Fresno. Learn more at ucsf.edu or see our Fact Sheet.

 

###

 

---

Journal

Science