WORD OF THE DAY

A sinking lithospheric root raised Mongolia’s Hangay Mountains

New study identifies oroclinal bending as the trigger for lithospheric foundering and surface uplift

Geological Society of America

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Central Mongolia’s Hangay Mountains rise more than four kilometers above sea level, forming a dramatic dome that shapes the region’s climate. But for decades, geologists have been puzzled: what caused this massive mountain range to form so far from any active plate boundary? Unlike the linear Himalayas, which are still rising from the collision of India and Asia, the dome-shaped Hangay Mountains show little internal deformation, suggesting a different and previously unknown mechanism.

In a new study published in Geology, an international research team led by Professor Pengfei Li of the Chinese Academy of Sciences reports the first discovery of Cretaceous magmatism in the Hangay Mountains, allowing them to establish a spatial and temporal link between deep geodynamic processes and surface uplift. By analyzing the ages and geochemistry of newly discovered volcanic rocks, the team found that a dense piece of lithospheric mantle beneath the Hangay Mountains broke off and sank into the deeper mantle about 125–114 million years ago.

This “foundering” event triggered melting of the mantle, generated magma, and caused the overlying crust to dome upward, creating the dome-shaped Hangay Mountains we see today. Remarkably, this foundering happened after an ancient plate boundary bent into a giant U-shape—a process called oroclinal bending—which thickened the lithosphere at the most-curved part of that bend to facilitate the subsequent foundering.

The findings offer a new model for understanding how mountains can form in the middle of continents, far from plate boundaries. They also reveal a surprising link between deep Earth processes and surface landscapes: large-scale oroclinal bending can drive a lithospheric root to sink, which in turn triggers volcanism, builds topography, and even influences regional climate by creating rain shadows. This study opens fresh questions about how such “intracontinental” mountains may have shaped Earth’s habitability over deep time, and it could help scientists better interpret similar mountain ranges elsewhere on our planet.

Citation: Ling, J., et al., 2026, Early Cretaceous uplift of the Hangay Mountains (central Mongolia): A consequence of lithospheric foundering following oroclinal bending: Geology, https://doi.org/10.1130/G54383.1

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About the Geological Society of America

The Geological Society of America (GSA) is a global professional society with more than 18,000 members across over 100 countries. As a leading voice for the geosciences, GSA advances the understanding of Earth's dynamic processes and fosters collaboration among scientists, educators, and policymakers. GSA publishes Geology, the top-ranked “geology” journal, along with a diverse portfolio of scholarly journals, books, and conference proceedings—several of which rank among Amazon’s top 100 best-selling geology titles.

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Journal

Geology

DOI

10.1130/G54383.1 

Article Title

Early Cretaceous uplift of the Hangay Mountains (central Mongolia): A consequence of lithospheric foundering following oroclinal bending

Article Publication Date

20-Apr-2026

From air to tea: new sensor reveals invisible pollution in minutes

Fine particulate matter in the air or nanoparticles in water – a remarkable new technology developed at TU Wien makes it possible to detect tiny amounts of a wide range of substances in a very short time

Vienna University of Technology

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Jelena Timarac Popovic

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Credit: Romana Maalouf Photography

Over many years, researchers at TU Wien have developed an unusual new measurement technique: nanomembranes and infrared light are used to detect extremely small quantities of different substances. It has now been demonstrated that the technology is ready for practical use and outperforms existing methods by orders of magnitude in many respects. Environmental pollutants can be detected in the nano- or picogram range – results that previously required days or even weeks can now be obtained within minutes.

This measurement technique has been developed and refined at TU Wien over the past years in collaboration with the spin-off company Invisible-Light Labs, founded by Prof. Silvan Schmid together with Dr. Josiane P. Lafleur, Dr. Niklas Luhmann, and Dr. Hajrudin Bešić. The resulting product, EMILIE™, is now commercially available, and the first scientific publications have appeared. In two research articles, the team has demonstrated how well the new method performs: in Science Advances, it was applied to aerosols in the air, and in ACS Nano to nanoparticles in water – even enabling the detection of minute traces released from a nylon teabag into tea. “We have now reached the decisive milestone: we were able to show that our method delivers excellent results in real-world applications and clearly outperforms other techniques.”

Making the invisible visible with light

“In principle, it is already possible today to detect almost any chemical substance in trace amounts,” says Silvan Schmid, head of the research team. “For example, a sample can be illuminated with many different wavelengths in the infrared range. Different molecules respond to different wavelengths – and from that, we can determine which molecules are present in the sample.”

However, this approach has its limitations: a sufficient amount of the target substance is required to generate a measurable signal. Other, irrelevant components of the sample can obscure the signal of interest and render it invisible – much like the noise of a jackhammer drowning out the song of a bird.

The nanomembrane trick

“In recent years, we have developed a detection method that makes it possible to reliably measure extremely small quantities of material,” says Silvan Schmid. The method analyzes particles that accumulate on a tiny membrane. The membrane, together with the particles, is illuminated with infrared light. Certain wavelengths are strongly absorbed by the particles, causing them – and thus the membrane – to heat up slightly. This leads to a tiny change in the membrane’s vibrational behavior – similar to how a drum sounds slightly different depending on its temperature. These changes can be measured with great precision, allowing even very small particle quantities to be chemically identified.

Greenland air and a nanoliter of tea

In the past, detecting ultrafine particulate matter in air required special filters through which air had to be pumped for days or even weeks until a sufficient amount of particles had accumulated. With the new membrane-based approach, far fewer particles are needed – results can be obtained after just 15 to 45 minutes. This 100-fold reduction in sampling time enables cost-effective field studies of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols – from densely populated urban areas to remote polar regions.

Prof. Julia Schmale from the Extreme Environments Research Laboratory (EERL) at EPFL in Switzerland used the new method to investigate aerosols from Arctic and Antarctic regions in order to better understand their impact on the climate. The sensors are both highly sensitive and sufficiently portable to be deployed on tethered balloons in polar regions, allowing researchers to study the vertical distribution and chemical composition of airborne particles.

“Thanks to the high sensitivity of our method, Julia Schmale’s team can analyze the chemical composition of particles with high temporal resolution. It is now possible, using tethered balloons, to observe how the chemical composition of aerosol particles changes over short timescales and how it varies between ground level and higher altitudes – something that was practically impossible with previous methods,” explains Josiane P. Lafleur, CEO of Invisible-Light Labs.

The technology also works extremely well for liquids: the research group led by Silvan Schmid at TU Wien analyzed just 100 nanoliters of tea water – roughly one thousandth of a drop. Even in this tiny amount, they were able not only to detect components of the tea itself, but also traces of nylon released from the teabag.

“We have demonstrated that our method represents a major step forward in environmental analytics,” says Silvan Schmid. “Together with Invisible-Light Labs, we now aim to further commercialize this technology and hopefully contribute to more effective environmental protection.”

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Journal

Science Advances

DOI

10.1126/sciadv.aeb2254 

Method of Research

Experimental study

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

Quantifying submicrometer atmospheric aerosol chemical composition using nanoelectromechanical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

Article Publication Date

22-Apr-2026

 

Why heat deaths occur during low-level alerts - new UK study

Public misunderstanding and low engagement with warnings leaving vulnerable groups exposed, researchers say

University of East London

Many heat-related deaths in England occur during lower-level alerts that the public is least likely to respond to, with new research from the University of East London highlighting a critical gap between warning systems and public behaviour.

Based on a nationally representative survey of more than 1,000 adults in England, the research highlights widespread gaps in awareness, understanding and response to heat health alerts.

Key findings include:

• Nearly one in three people (30%) had not received a heat-health alert at all
• Over 40% of those who had received alerts said they ignored them
• Only 25% said they would act on yellow alerts, compared to a much higher response to red warnings
• Older adults (65+) were among the least likely to take action unless alerts reached the highest level

Older people - who account for more than 90% of heat-related deaths - are also among those least likely to respond to lower-level alerts, suggesting those most at risk may be missing critical opportunities to protect themselves.

The research also highlights inequalities in who receives and engages with alerts, with older adults and lower-income groups less likely to encounter warnings in the first place, pointing to gaps in reach and digital exclusion.

Beyond awareness, the study found that many people do not perceive heat as a serious personal risk, or lack clear guidance on what action to take. Misunderstanding of alert levels is common, and unclear messaging may be contributing to widespread inaction.

Researchers warn that the current system risks creating a false sense of security during lower-level alerts, when people are less likely to act despite real and present dangers.

Dr Mehri Khosravi, Senior Research Fellow at the University of East London and lead author of the study, said,

“Too many people are not seeing, not understanding, or not acting on heat alerts – and that is putting lives at risk. Lower-level warnings in particular are being overlooked, despite posing real danger.”

She added,

“We need to rethink how we communicate heat risk, especially with the elderly who are mostly digital exclusive. Alerts must be clearer, more relevant and more actionable, especially for those most vulnerable, if they are to prevent avoidable deaths.”

The research, entitled The heat is on: Understanding public responses to heat-health alerts in England, co-authored by Dr Mehri Khosravi, Angela Afua Assan, and Dr Gloria Osei, is published in Energy Research & Social Science.

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Journal

Energy Research & Social Science

DOI

10.1016/j.erss.2026.104685 

Method of Research

Survey

Subject of Research

Not applicable

Article Title

The heat is on: Understanding public responses to heat-health alerts in England

 

New technology helps flat-faced dogs breathe easy

Australian scientists have developed an injectable therapy that helps clear blocked airways in flat-faced dogs

RMIT University

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Pugtato the Pug and Piglet the French Bulldog both showed significant improvement in breathing and exercise ability after the Snoretox-1 treatment as part of the initial small-scale trial.

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Credit: RMIT

Australian scientists have developed an injectable therapy that helps clear blocked airways in flat-faced dogs. 

Biotechnology company Snoretox and RMIT University have shown early success using the first therapy from a new technology, known as Snoretox-1.  

The collaboration tested the therapy on bulldogs with breathing difficulties caused by a common condition in flat-faced dogs that restricts airflow, known as brachycephalic obstructive airway syndrome (BOAS).  

Almost half of all Pugs, French and British Bulldogs are affected, impacting their ability to breathe, eat, exercise and sleep, according to Snoretox Managing Director and RMIT Adjunct Professor Tony Sasse.  

“Decades of selective breeding for the popular flat-faced appearance have unfortunately led to serious breathing problems,” he said.  

“In severe cases, the condition has been shown to shorten a dog’s life by up to four years.”  

Successful early results in affected dogs 

The early-stage trial involved six bulldogs with severe symptoms that struggled to complete a three-minute walk but were able to do so far more easily after receiving the patented Snoretox-1 treatment, with noticeably reduced breathing noise and effort.   

The first published results of the study in The Veterinary Journal show how all six dogs displayed visible improvements and were able to complete a brisk walk that was previously difficult.   

Surgery to widen the nostrils and remove excessive throat tissue, along with weight-management strategies, are currently the main treatment options available, but outcomes vary.  

“Research shows that up to 60 per cent of affected dogs still experience breathing problems after surgery, and seven per cent do not survive the procedure,” Sasse said.   

Sasse said the bulldog trial results suggested a possible combination with, or alternative to, surgery.  

“We also observed improvements in dogs that had not responded well to previous surgery,” he said.  

“Further research and regulatory approvals are required before the treatment can be offered more widely, but these positive results provide an early indication that we are on the right path.”   

How Snoretox-1 works  

Snoretox-1 is an injectable treatment that uses a modified tetanus toxin to improve the muscle tone in the floor of the dog’s mouth, helping keep the airway open.  

The technology has been in development for over 15 years in collaboration with RMIT School of Science biotechnologist Professor Peter Smooker.   

“In short-snouted breeds, the soft tissue in the upper airway hasn't adapted to the shorter skull. This leaves excess tissue crowded into a smaller space, where can obstruct airflow,” he said.  

“The therapy strengthens the muscles at the front of the airway, helping support the throat and maintain airflow during breathing.” 

The treatment combines a targeting component with a tiny dose of the therapeutic agent to safely increase muscle tone in the airway. The technology may also have future applications in other conditions involving weak muscle tone, although the current focus is on veterinary use.  

“This product has platform potential for a range of conditions in both animals and humans,” Sasse said.   

“From a regulatory approvals perspective, it makes sense to start with these animal applications, but we are keeping the bigger picture of wider applications in animals and humans in mind.”  

Impact-focused research  

RMIT Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research and Innovation Distinguished Professor Calum Drummond AO said the technology was an example of RMIT’s commitment to research impact.  

“This project is focused on making a real difference to animals, with the potential for broader impact in the future,” he said.   

Professor Russell Conduit, who is part of the team from RMIT’s School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, said the findings also point to future applications beyond veterinary care such as such as obstructive sleep apnoea, incontinence and pelvic floor disorders for humans.   

“This is exciting evidence to support human drug trials for conditions involving poor muscle tone.” Conduit said.  

The research was supported by Australian Research Council Linkage (ARC) grants, Medical Research Future Fund Frontier Round 1 (MRFF), Medical Technology Enterprise Consortium (MTEC) and RMIT Enabling Impact Platform funding.  

The team also recognises Pug Rescue & Adoption Victoria, and its founder Joanna Herceg, for their contribution to the trial and ongoing dedication to pug welfare more brioadly.

‘Clinical observations of tetanus toxin plus decoy, Snoretox-1, a novel targeted neuromuscular stimulant, in a pilot study of 6 British bulldogs with BOAS’ is published in The Veterinary Journal (DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2026.106636). 

Almost half of all Pugs, French and British Bulldogs are affected by BOAS, impacting their ability to breathe, eat, exercise and sleep.

Credit

RMIT

Journal

The Veterinary Journal

DOI

10.1016/j.tvjl.2026.106636 

Method of Research

Observational study

Subject of Research

Animals

Article Title

Clinical observations of tetanus toxin plus decoy, Snoretox-1, a novel targeted neuromuscular stimulant, in a pilot study of 6 British bulldogs with BOAS

 

Q&A: Does nature have a role in national security?

Penn State

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UNIVERSITY PARK, Pa. — The security of every nation faces an increasingly severe and frequent threat: disruptions to nature. According to Bradley J. Cardinale, professor in the Department of Ecosystem Science and Management in the Penn State College of Agricultural Sciences, disrupted ecosystems can lead to increased risk for food security, water availability, health and well-being, as well as crime.  

Cardinale, along with collaborators J. Emmett Duffy, marine biologist and chief scientist for the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and Rod Schoonover, ecological security expert who was a former director for the U.S. National Intelligence Council and adjunct professor in the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University, published an assessment of 27 case studies on how disrupted ecosystems can heighten risks of societal unrest and political instability, ultimately threatening national security, in the journal Nature-Based Solutions.  

In the Q&A below, Cardinale discussed nature’s role in national security, as well as how governments can best protect against ecological disruptions. 

Q: What is nature’s role in national security?  

Cardinale: We have long known that ecosystems and the creatures that live in them provide goods and services to people. These have been referred to as “ecosystem services” or “nature’s benefits to people.” Examples include provisions like food, wood and water; mitigating impacts of climate and disease; cultural benefits, such as recreation; and support for other life-support processes, like nutrient cycling.  

In this paper, we extend these concepts to the scale of entire countries by looking at how nature influences the ability of a nation to protect its citizens, institutions and interests from domestic and foreign threats. We draw explicit links between biological forms of global change that disturb ecosystems — what we call ecological disruptions — and increased risk in five areas of national security: food security, water scarcity, health security, protection from natural disasters and environmental crime. For each aspect, we show how ecological disruptions increase social and political stress that, in turn, undermine national security.  

Q: What are ecological disruptions, and how are they caused? How do they impact national security?  

Cardinale: Ecological disruptions are intense, rapid changes to the natural or semi-natural environment that significantly alter the structure, function and biodiversity of ecosystems. Ecological disruptions are often caused by humans, such as when our activities degrade or destroy ecosystems or threaten the species that live in them. 

In this paper, we consider five types of ecological disruption, including habitat loss, overharvesting, pest and disease outbreaks, invasive species, and biodiversity loss. We discuss how these ecological disruptions generate social and political stress, as well as provide 27 well-documented case studies showing how disruptions lead to mass migrations of people, border breaches, violent protests, regional conflict, even warfare. 

Our case studies include some well-known examples like the Cod Wars that occurred after overharvesting of cod led commercial trawlers to ignore international boundaries to fish for declining stocks. The result was a military conflict between Iceland and Britain. Examples of other case studies we review include deforestation exacerbating drought and water scarcity leading to violent protests in South America, invasive species causing crop failures and famine leading to mass migration and border breaches in Africa, mismanagement of wildlife causing pandemics of infectious disease that have led to civil disorder and violent protests globally, and illegal logging and wildlife poaching that has funded drug cartels, terrorist organizations and crime syndicates in several regions around the world.   

Q: How can people protect against ecological disruptions?  

Cardinale: It would be easy to suggest that individuals can protect against ecological disruptions by conserving and restoring nature. But this recommendation would be woefully inadequate due to a mismatch in scale. The ecological disruptions we are talking about — and the implications these disruptions have for security — are national and international in scale. As such, addressing the problem requires intervention by whole governments. 

We argue in this paper that governments should build and protect natural infrastructure in the same way they build and protect physical infrastructure. Governments already understand the important role of physical infrastructure like energy grids, transportation and communications networks, and water and food systems for national security. Indeed, we go to great lengths to protect physical infrastructure from bad actors and enemies during a conflict. In contrast, most governments are just beginning to appreciate the important role of natural infrastructure — the ecosystems and biological communities that are required to meet basic human needs and prevent ecological disruptions. 

Unfortunately, just as many nations are coming to appreciate the role of nature in maintaining natural security, others are actively dismantling the agencies, scientific expertise and investments necessary to understand changes in, and therefore safeguard, critical natural infrastructure. Weakening these institutions has the potential to undermine a nation’s ability to meet the basic needs of its citizens, fueling grievances that erode trust in government and heighten instability within and among nations.  

Q: What’s next for your work in this area?  

Cardinale: There are two directions we are going at present. First, we are trying to gather more examples of how nature impacts national security. If we can get a more case studies, including a more diverse representation of national security impacts, then we can transition into the next phase of quantitative data analysis where we determine which aspects of nature most impact security and compare the role of nature to other drivers of national security. 

Second, we are building a community of practitioners who will work together at the intersection of nature and national security. There are many biologists and ecologists who already think about how ecosystems provide goods and services to humanity. But these folks rarely extend the benefits of nature to entire nations. At the same time, there are individuals who work in positions that oversee national security and appreciate that global change can alter our security forecasts. However, they don’t often talk with biologists who understand which ecosystems and species are key service providers. Getting these two groups to talk and work together will go a long way towards advancing our understanding of how nature influences national security.   

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Journal

Nature-Based Solutions

DOI

10.1016/j.nbsj.2026.100330 

Article Title

Nature’s role in national security

Article Publication Date

1-Jun-2026

Host of positive ‘tipping points’ can regenerate nature

University of Exeter

A host of positive “tipping points” can spark rapid nature recovery, a leading expert says.

Action to protect and restore nature must accelerate radically to meet global goals for 2030 and beyond.

Writing in the journal Nature Sustainability, Professor Tim Lenton says positive tipping points are key to achieving this.

He highlights potential tipping points – moments when a small change triggers a rapid, often irreversible transformation – in nature, human societies and areas where the two combine.

“The destruction and degradation of the natural world pose an existential threat,” said Professor Lenton, of the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter.  

“We are already crossing or approaching several dangerous ecological tipping points, including the dieback of warm-water coral reefs and the Amazon rainforest.

“But just as human activity can drive negative tipping, we can bring about positive tipping points to spark large-scale nature recovery.”

While addressing climate change is vital for protecting nature, specific social and ecological tipping points can regenerate ecosystems, spread nature-positive activities, and reduce drivers of nature loss.

Many governments are signed up to international goals to regenerate nature – such as protecting 30% by 2030 – but progress is going far too slowly. Crucially, triggering positive tipping points can help achieve the necessary acceleration in progress.

Positive tipping points offer opportunities for businesses who are trying to work out how they can have a positive impact on nature, and for finance companies who are trying to identify investable opportunities in nature regeneration.

Professor Lenton identifies four key types of positive tipping point for nature:

• Ecosystem recovery: Numerous degraded ecosystems have been positively tipped into a regenerated state. For example, reintroduction of wolves in Yellowstone National Park in 1995-6 likely led to a positive tipping point of riverbank vegetation recovery, which in turn boosted the numbers of scavengers, songbirds, bison and beavers. In Pacific kelp forests, the removal of sea otters caused sea urchin populations to escalate and kelp to collapse. Sea otter recovery (or their reintroduction, for example in Alaska) tipped kelp forest recovery.
• Social-ecological systems: Effective management of shared resources can lead to positive tipping points. For example, in pelagic (open sea) fisheries, positive tipping can be triggered by enforcing a Maximum Sustainable Yield – the highest yield that can be taken without significantly affecting reproduction. This typically requires short-term reduction in fishing, with strong enforcement. This has produced positive tipping points for recovery of plaice and hake stocks in the North Sea. In coastal fisheries, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) can help positively tip fish stock recovery, by providing safe spawning areas and “spillover” of fish into the surrounding waters.
• Nature-positive initiatives: The social spread of nature-positive initiatives can also become “self-propelling” – an important feature of a tipping point. For example, the small-group tree planting initiative (TIST) originated in Tanzania and spread rapidly in Kenya and Uganda – and to India – aided by a structure designed to maximise autonomy and social learning, and by providing multiple benefits to adopters, including carbon payments. In another example, success on Apo Island inspired the spread of marine reserves in the Philippines via the “reinforcing feedback” of social learning.
• Consumption behaviour: Positive tipping points in patterns of consumption could reduce key drivers of nature loss. The most important driver of nature loss is agricultural expansion, primarily due to increased meat consumption. However, in several rich nations that overconsume meat, there have been significant recent reductions in meat consumption. Social norms and the quality, diversity and availability of meat-free options are key to enabling a positive tipping point. Professor Lenton also highlights strong “balancing feedbacks” that are opposing dietary change. For example, in the EU, four times as much farming subsidy goes into animal products as plant ones.

Professor Lenton said a key research opportunity is to test which current systems may be approaching a positive tipping point – potentially inspiring action to trigger it.

He identifies three levers that could enable multiple positive tipping points: facilitating online collective learning among groups taking nature-positive action, properly valuing nature in economics, and tipping worldviews to “ecocentrism”.

On the latter, Professor Lenton said: “Changing the ethical and legal status of nature is a powerful practical step to underpin nature-positive action. Such a tipping point in paradigm could be the deepest leverage point for nature-positive system change.”

The article is entitled: “Positive tipping points for nature.”

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Journal

Nature Sustainability

DOI

10.1038/s41893-026-01803-0 

Article Title

Positive tipping points for nature.

Article Publication Date

27-Apr-2026