SOUNDS LIKE THE CARNIVALE SIDE SHOW
After being frozen for 500 years, face of the ‘Ice Maiden’ revealedAshley Strickland, CNN
Sat, 4 November 2023
The snow-capped Andes in South America have long fascinated humans with their soaring peaks and alien landscapes.
Near the summit, there is no vegetation in sight, and freezing temperatures and howling winds add to the inhospitable conditions — which is why scientists were surprised to find life in such a desolate place.
In 2020, researchers spotted a leaf-eared mouse commonly found at lower elevations living more than 20,000 feet above sea level. Now, another team has uncovered active animal burrows and the mummified remains of the same species, which essentially became freeze-dried by the Mars-like conditions near the summit.
But how, and why, did the mice become the world’s highest-dwelling mammal?
It’s one of many mysteries presented by the Andes. In fact, the small creatures aren’t the only mummies to be found among the peaks in recent years.
We are family
A 3D reconstruction of the Ice Maiden is now on display in a new exhibit at the Andean Sanctuaries Museum in Arequipa, Peru. - Dagmara Socha
When archaeologist Dr. Johan Reinhard discovered a cloth bundle high in the Peruvian Andes 28 years ago, he lifted the fabric and saw the “Ice Maiden.”
The mummified remains of an Inca teenager, sacrificed and left near the summit of the dormant volcano Ampato about 500 years ago, were incredibly well-preserved by the mountain’s frigid conditions.
Now, a team of archaeologists has used 3D scanning techniques and scientific analysis to recreate what she looked like before her untimely death.
The reconstruction is part of a new exhibit at the Andean Sanctuaries Museum in Arequipa, Peru, that features what researchers currently know about the Ice Maiden and the symbolic artifacts buried with her remains.
A young woman was sacrificed and frozen for 500 years in the Andes. Scientists just revealed her face
Ashley Strickland, CNN
Fri, 3 November 2023
Five hundred years ago, a teenage girl who was part of the Inca culture was sacrificed and buried near the summit of Ampato, a dormant volcano in the Andes Mountains. Since the discovery of her incredibly well-preserved frozen remains in 1995, she has become known by many names — the “Ice Maiden,” Juanita and the Lady of Ampato — but little was known about who she really was.
Now, Swedish artist Oscar Nilsson and a team of researchers from the Center for Andean Studies at the University of Warsaw and the Catholic University of Santa Maríahave have collaborated to create a 3D reconstruction of Juanita’s face.
The reconstruction, unveiled on October 24, is part of an exhibition at the Andean Sanctuaries Museum in Peru called “Capacocha, following the Inca Divinities.” The exhibition includes the latest research about Juanita and her life, as well as the findings from other Incan mummies discovered along the peaks of the Peruvian Andes.
“For many years, mummies were treated as objects in the museum,” said Dr. Dagmara Socha, bioarchaeologist at the Center for Andean Studies at the University of Warsaw and curator of the exhibit. “By conducting scientific research and facial reconstruction, we want to restore their identity. A well-made reconstruction allows us to show the people who were behind the story we want to tell.”
Finding Juanita
The Inca Empire, which lasted from around 1200 to 1533, once stretched for 2,500 miles (4,023 kilometers) across what is now Peru and Chile. One of the most crucial rituals to the Incas was capacocha, Socha said, which involved human sacrifices with offerings of prestigious goods such as ceramics, precious metals, textiles and seashells.
The rituals were carried out to appease deities and sacred places and protect the community from disasters such as droughts, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, according to researchers. The peaks of the Andes were considered sacred places, and children and young women, considered beautiful and pure, were chosen for the sacrificial rituals. Their sacrifices were thought to bring honor to their parents and an afterlife of bliss.
Once sacrificed, the children and young women were considered “mediators” between humans and deities. It was believed that the children became reunited with their ancestors, who were thought to watch from the towering peaks of the Andes, the researchers said.
Dr. Johan Reinhard and assistant Miguel Zarate discovered Juanita when they ascended Ampato in September 1995. They reached the summit, 20,708 feet (6,312 meters) above sea level, only to discover that part of its ridge had collapsed, exposing an Inca burial site and tumbling the contents about 229 feet (70 meters) below.
Reinhard and Zarate spotted a bundle of cloth, and lifting it, they found themselves looking into the Ice Maiden’s face. Carefully, they brought Juanita down the mountain, where she is kept to this day in a chamber set at minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 degrees Celsius) in the Andean Sanctuaries Museum of the Catholic University of Santa María, where museumgoers can see her on display.
Studies have revealed that Juanita was a healthy girl between 13 and 15 when she died from a blow to the head.
Replicas of the artifacts buried with the Ice Maiden are on display and visitors can touch them to feel their weight and texture. - Dagmara Socha
She was buried in ceremonial clothing, along with ceramic objects, gold and silver female figures, a Spondylus shell, food, woven bags and pottery. The ceramic objects were decorated with geometric figures, which are still being studied and may have been part of an Inca communication system.
Coming face to face
In 2018, Socha and a team of archaeologists and scientists began a five-year project to research Juanita as well as other remains and objects found on the snow-covered Ampato, Misti and Pichu Pichu volcanoes.
During their work, the team discovered that some of the children and women chewed coca leaves and drank ayahuasca in the weeks before their deaths. The findings suggest that hallucinogenic plants and psychotropic stimulants may have been used to reduce anxiety before their deaths.
The team conducted CT scans of Juanita in March 2022 and used the results to create a 3D model of her skull that Nilsson could use to guide his reconstruction.
Tomography scans of her body and skull, combined with research about her age, complexion and other characteristics were used to create digital images. Nilsson used tissue depth markers based on the measurements of her skull to envision the proportions of her face, which included high cheekbones.
Tissue depth markers and CT scans helped Oscar Nilsson reconstruct the Ice Maiden's face. - Oscar Nilsson
His process of bringing Juanita’s face to life took half a year, and he spent 400 hours working on the model.
Known for his work in recreating faces from the past, Nilsson employed a forensic reconstruction technique that relied on a variety of scientific analyses to make Juanita look as realistic as possible.
“It is a fantastic job I have, but I also feel a great deal of responsibility to get the reconstruction as accurate as I can,” Nilsson said. “But it is the best work I can imagine. I hope you will be able meet an individual from the past and to create an emotional bond to history, and her story that is so unique and remarkable.”
Reproductions of the headdress and shawl she wore were naturally dyed and made from alpaca wool by Centro Textiles Tradicionales in Chinchero and Cusco, Peru.
Visitors to the exhibit can also learn about the results of the research, see artifacts from the burials and hold replicas of them. They can even walk in the footsteps of Juanita from Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire, across ranches, or tambos, where the caravan rested before the sacrifice, and all the way up to the peaks.
“Using (virtual reality) goggles, the visitors can make a virtual pilgrimage in the footsteps of capacocha, following the remains of Inca roads to the tambos — the last stops — on the slopes of Chachani, Misti and Pichu Pichu,” Socha said.
For the researchers who have spent years studying Juanita, the arduous process to bring her back to life was worth it.
“The face gives us the hyperrealistic impression of looking at the living person,” Socha said.
“It was for me a very emotional moment after working so many years with these mummies, to be able to finally look at her face.”
Ashley Strickland, CNN
Fri, 3 November 2023
Five hundred years ago, a teenage girl who was part of the Inca culture was sacrificed and buried near the summit of Ampato, a dormant volcano in the Andes Mountains. Since the discovery of her incredibly well-preserved frozen remains in 1995, she has become known by many names — the “Ice Maiden,” Juanita and the Lady of Ampato — but little was known about who she really was.
Now, Swedish artist Oscar Nilsson and a team of researchers from the Center for Andean Studies at the University of Warsaw and the Catholic University of Santa Maríahave have collaborated to create a 3D reconstruction of Juanita’s face.
The reconstruction, unveiled on October 24, is part of an exhibition at the Andean Sanctuaries Museum in Peru called “Capacocha, following the Inca Divinities.” The exhibition includes the latest research about Juanita and her life, as well as the findings from other Incan mummies discovered along the peaks of the Peruvian Andes.
“For many years, mummies were treated as objects in the museum,” said Dr. Dagmara Socha, bioarchaeologist at the Center for Andean Studies at the University of Warsaw and curator of the exhibit. “By conducting scientific research and facial reconstruction, we want to restore their identity. A well-made reconstruction allows us to show the people who were behind the story we want to tell.”
Finding Juanita
The Inca Empire, which lasted from around 1200 to 1533, once stretched for 2,500 miles (4,023 kilometers) across what is now Peru and Chile. One of the most crucial rituals to the Incas was capacocha, Socha said, which involved human sacrifices with offerings of prestigious goods such as ceramics, precious metals, textiles and seashells.
The rituals were carried out to appease deities and sacred places and protect the community from disasters such as droughts, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes, according to researchers. The peaks of the Andes were considered sacred places, and children and young women, considered beautiful and pure, were chosen for the sacrificial rituals. Their sacrifices were thought to bring honor to their parents and an afterlife of bliss.
Once sacrificed, the children and young women were considered “mediators” between humans and deities. It was believed that the children became reunited with their ancestors, who were thought to watch from the towering peaks of the Andes, the researchers said.
Dr. Johan Reinhard and assistant Miguel Zarate discovered Juanita when they ascended Ampato in September 1995. They reached the summit, 20,708 feet (6,312 meters) above sea level, only to discover that part of its ridge had collapsed, exposing an Inca burial site and tumbling the contents about 229 feet (70 meters) below.
Reinhard and Zarate spotted a bundle of cloth, and lifting it, they found themselves looking into the Ice Maiden’s face. Carefully, they brought Juanita down the mountain, where she is kept to this day in a chamber set at minus 4 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 20 degrees Celsius) in the Andean Sanctuaries Museum of the Catholic University of Santa María, where museumgoers can see her on display.
Studies have revealed that Juanita was a healthy girl between 13 and 15 when she died from a blow to the head.
Replicas of the artifacts buried with the Ice Maiden are on display and visitors can touch them to feel their weight and texture. - Dagmara Socha
She was buried in ceremonial clothing, along with ceramic objects, gold and silver female figures, a Spondylus shell, food, woven bags and pottery. The ceramic objects were decorated with geometric figures, which are still being studied and may have been part of an Inca communication system.
Coming face to face
In 2018, Socha and a team of archaeologists and scientists began a five-year project to research Juanita as well as other remains and objects found on the snow-covered Ampato, Misti and Pichu Pichu volcanoes.
During their work, the team discovered that some of the children and women chewed coca leaves and drank ayahuasca in the weeks before their deaths. The findings suggest that hallucinogenic plants and psychotropic stimulants may have been used to reduce anxiety before their deaths.
The team conducted CT scans of Juanita in March 2022 and used the results to create a 3D model of her skull that Nilsson could use to guide his reconstruction.
Tomography scans of her body and skull, combined with research about her age, complexion and other characteristics were used to create digital images. Nilsson used tissue depth markers based on the measurements of her skull to envision the proportions of her face, which included high cheekbones.
Tissue depth markers and CT scans helped Oscar Nilsson reconstruct the Ice Maiden's face. - Oscar Nilsson
His process of bringing Juanita’s face to life took half a year, and he spent 400 hours working on the model.
Known for his work in recreating faces from the past, Nilsson employed a forensic reconstruction technique that relied on a variety of scientific analyses to make Juanita look as realistic as possible.
“It is a fantastic job I have, but I also feel a great deal of responsibility to get the reconstruction as accurate as I can,” Nilsson said. “But it is the best work I can imagine. I hope you will be able meet an individual from the past and to create an emotional bond to history, and her story that is so unique and remarkable.”
Reproductions of the headdress and shawl she wore were naturally dyed and made from alpaca wool by Centro Textiles Tradicionales in Chinchero and Cusco, Peru.
Visitors to the exhibit can also learn about the results of the research, see artifacts from the burials and hold replicas of them. They can even walk in the footsteps of Juanita from Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire, across ranches, or tambos, where the caravan rested before the sacrifice, and all the way up to the peaks.
“Using (virtual reality) goggles, the visitors can make a virtual pilgrimage in the footsteps of capacocha, following the remains of Inca roads to the tambos — the last stops — on the slopes of Chachani, Misti and Pichu Pichu,” Socha said.
For the researchers who have spent years studying Juanita, the arduous process to bring her back to life was worth it.
“The face gives us the hyperrealistic impression of looking at the living person,” Socha said.
“It was for me a very emotional moment after working so many years with these mummies, to be able to finally look at her face.”
Genes from ancient ancestor may have helped us deal with cold weather but passed on depression
Joe Pinkstone
Fri, 3 November 2023
The gene is thought to have been beneficial to Denisovans and the early Homo sapiens - MAAYAN HAREL
Genes from an ancient human ancestor that made them better able to deal with cold weather could be to blame for depression in some modern people, a study suggests.
Scientists detected the mutated gene in some people’s DNA whose origins stem from when humans interbred with Denisovans millennia ago.
The gene, called SLC30A9, is thought to have been beneficial to Denisovans and the early Homo sapiens who mated with them because it made them more resilient to the cold.
However, the gene may have a side effect in modern people who have inherited it as it can lead to faulty signalling in the brain.
Denisovans were a species of ancient humans which were a sister species to Neanderthals that formed around 600,000 years ago.
The cold-weather adaptation was likely to have helped them to survive in their home area around Tibet and Siberia.
They later interbred both with Neanderthals and Homo sapiens before going extinct around 15,000 years ago.
Study of ancient and modern genomes
During these inter-species trysts, a variation of the gene was passed from Denisovans to humans, a study of ancient and modern genomes found.
The Denisovan version of the gene led to more zinc being transported into cells and boosted energy production of the mitochondria, allowing people with this mutated gene to stay warm.
But the same Denisovan gene has been shown to also have psychiatric impacts and make people more prone to schizophrenia and depression.
“Through genomic analysis, we noted that the genetic variant observed came from our interbreeding with archaic humans in the past, possibly the Denisovans”, says Ana Roca-Umbert, co-first author of the study from Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona.
Cold-weather gene does not exist in the Neanderthals
The gene could not have come from the mating with Neanderthals, they say, as this cold-weather gene does not exist in the Neanderthals.
“Apparently, the change was beneficial and proved a selective advantage for humans,” added Jorge Garcia-Calleja, co-first author of the study.
“As a consequence, this variation in the SLC30A9 gene was selected and has reached current populations.”
But previous studies have linked this gene variant to increased risk of anorexia, hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar, depression, OCD and schizophrenia.
The study on zinc’s impact was done on cells in a lab and the team hopes to expand to animal models.
Excitability of the nervous system
Evidence was seen that the mutated form leads to increased excitability of the nervous system and a type of equilibrium of the metal in the brain which is different to that of people with the original gene.
The cold-hardy and depression prone gene is more common in people of Asian heritage, data show, and less common in people of African descent.
This is a result of how the population of people who dispersed out of Africa mingled with those that had inherited the Denisovan gene in Asia.
Denisovans likely had a skull that was wider than that of modern humans or Neanderthals, a 2019 study found.
The existence of Denisovans was only discovered in 2010 when scientists found a small finger bone in a cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia, named the Denisova Cave.
Svante Pääbo, the pioneering paleogeneticist, first proved the existence of Denisovans and won a Nobel Prize in 2022 for his work, which also provided the first evidence humans and other ancient human species mated.
Scientists have progressively learnt more about the lives, genes and appearance of Denisovans, including what they looked like, their range, and when they likely existed.
The new study is published in the journal PLOS Genetics.
Archaeologists in Germany find centuries-old skeleton with prosthetic hand
Issy Ronald and Barbara von Bulow, CNN
Fri, 3 November 2023
Archaeologists in Germany have uncovered a centuries-old skeleton complete with a metal prosthetic hand to replace four missing fingers.
The Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation said in a statement published last week that archaeologists used carbon dating to estimate that the man died some time between 1450 and 1620, aged between 30 and 50 years old. This would make the prosthetic hand potentially almost 600 years old.
The fingers on the man’s left hand appear to have been amputated and the remains of the hand were surrounded in a hollowed-out case wrought from iron and other metal, revealing the advanced state of medicine at the time, archaeologists said.
An X-ray shows the bones surrounded by metal. - Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
“The hollow hand prosthesis on the left hand added four fingers,” Walter Irlinger, head of the Bavarian archaeological monument conservation department, said in the statement.
“The index, middle, ring and little fingers are individually formed from sheet metal and are immobile. The finger replicas lie parallel to each other, slightly curved. Presumably the prosthesis was attached to the stump with straps,” he added.
A bandage-like fabric was found inside the prosthetic hand, suggesting that it was used to cushion the stump.
The remains were found in a grave near a church in the Bavarian town of Freising, about 40 kilometers (25 miles) north of Munich, during utility work.
Archaeologists estimated that the man was between 30 and 50 years old when he died. - Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
Freising was the site of several battles during the Middle Ages and during the Thirty Years’ War of 1618-1648. This probably increased the number of amputations and consequently led to more prostheses, the statement said.
About 50 similar prostheses dating from the same time period have been uncovered in Central Europe, ranging in complexity from an immobile one like the one found in Friesing to an intricate, moving prosthetic hand famously worn by the knight Götz von Berlichingen after 1530, archaeologists added.
And an even older, 3,000-year-old prosthetic wooden toe was uncovered by archaeologists in Egypt in 1997.
Worn by a priest’s daughter, the toe was made to both enable walking and look aesthetically natural, archaeologists later discovered.
Peer-Reviewed Publication
Joe Pinkstone
Fri, 3 November 2023
The gene is thought to have been beneficial to Denisovans and the early Homo sapiens - MAAYAN HAREL
Genes from an ancient human ancestor that made them better able to deal with cold weather could be to blame for depression in some modern people, a study suggests.
Scientists detected the mutated gene in some people’s DNA whose origins stem from when humans interbred with Denisovans millennia ago.
The gene, called SLC30A9, is thought to have been beneficial to Denisovans and the early Homo sapiens who mated with them because it made them more resilient to the cold.
However, the gene may have a side effect in modern people who have inherited it as it can lead to faulty signalling in the brain.
Denisovans were a species of ancient humans which were a sister species to Neanderthals that formed around 600,000 years ago.
The cold-weather adaptation was likely to have helped them to survive in their home area around Tibet and Siberia.
They later interbred both with Neanderthals and Homo sapiens before going extinct around 15,000 years ago.
Study of ancient and modern genomes
During these inter-species trysts, a variation of the gene was passed from Denisovans to humans, a study of ancient and modern genomes found.
The Denisovan version of the gene led to more zinc being transported into cells and boosted energy production of the mitochondria, allowing people with this mutated gene to stay warm.
But the same Denisovan gene has been shown to also have psychiatric impacts and make people more prone to schizophrenia and depression.
“Through genomic analysis, we noted that the genetic variant observed came from our interbreeding with archaic humans in the past, possibly the Denisovans”, says Ana Roca-Umbert, co-first author of the study from Pompeu Fabra University in Barcelona.
Cold-weather gene does not exist in the Neanderthals
The gene could not have come from the mating with Neanderthals, they say, as this cold-weather gene does not exist in the Neanderthals.
“Apparently, the change was beneficial and proved a selective advantage for humans,” added Jorge Garcia-Calleja, co-first author of the study.
“As a consequence, this variation in the SLC30A9 gene was selected and has reached current populations.”
But previous studies have linked this gene variant to increased risk of anorexia, hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar, depression, OCD and schizophrenia.
The study on zinc’s impact was done on cells in a lab and the team hopes to expand to animal models.
Excitability of the nervous system
Evidence was seen that the mutated form leads to increased excitability of the nervous system and a type of equilibrium of the metal in the brain which is different to that of people with the original gene.
The cold-hardy and depression prone gene is more common in people of Asian heritage, data show, and less common in people of African descent.
This is a result of how the population of people who dispersed out of Africa mingled with those that had inherited the Denisovan gene in Asia.
Denisovans likely had a skull that was wider than that of modern humans or Neanderthals, a 2019 study found.
The existence of Denisovans was only discovered in 2010 when scientists found a small finger bone in a cave in the Altai Mountains in Siberia, named the Denisova Cave.
Svante Pääbo, the pioneering paleogeneticist, first proved the existence of Denisovans and won a Nobel Prize in 2022 for his work, which also provided the first evidence humans and other ancient human species mated.
Scientists have progressively learnt more about the lives, genes and appearance of Denisovans, including what they looked like, their range, and when they likely existed.
The new study is published in the journal PLOS Genetics.
Archaeologists in Germany find centuries-old skeleton with prosthetic hand
Issy Ronald and Barbara von Bulow, CNN
Fri, 3 November 2023
Archaeologists in Germany have uncovered a centuries-old skeleton complete with a metal prosthetic hand to replace four missing fingers.
The Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation said in a statement published last week that archaeologists used carbon dating to estimate that the man died some time between 1450 and 1620, aged between 30 and 50 years old. This would make the prosthetic hand potentially almost 600 years old.
The fingers on the man’s left hand appear to have been amputated and the remains of the hand were surrounded in a hollowed-out case wrought from iron and other metal, revealing the advanced state of medicine at the time, archaeologists said.
An X-ray shows the bones surrounded by metal. - Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
“The hollow hand prosthesis on the left hand added four fingers,” Walter Irlinger, head of the Bavarian archaeological monument conservation department, said in the statement.
“The index, middle, ring and little fingers are individually formed from sheet metal and are immobile. The finger replicas lie parallel to each other, slightly curved. Presumably the prosthesis was attached to the stump with straps,” he added.
A bandage-like fabric was found inside the prosthetic hand, suggesting that it was used to cushion the stump.
The remains were found in a grave near a church in the Bavarian town of Freising, about 40 kilometers (25 miles) north of Munich, during utility work.
Archaeologists estimated that the man was between 30 and 50 years old when he died. - Bayerisches Landesamt für Denkmalpflege
Freising was the site of several battles during the Middle Ages and during the Thirty Years’ War of 1618-1648. This probably increased the number of amputations and consequently led to more prostheses, the statement said.
About 50 similar prostheses dating from the same time period have been uncovered in Central Europe, ranging in complexity from an immobile one like the one found in Friesing to an intricate, moving prosthetic hand famously worn by the knight Götz von Berlichingen after 1530, archaeologists added.
And an even older, 3,000-year-old prosthetic wooden toe was uncovered by archaeologists in Egypt in 1997.
Worn by a priest’s daughter, the toe was made to both enable walking and look aesthetically natural, archaeologists later discovered.
Archaeology: Larger-scale warfare may have occurred in Europe 1,000 years earlier
A re-analysis of more than 300 sets of 5,000-year-old skeletal remains excavated from a site in Spain suggests that many of the individuals may have been casualties of the earliest period of warfare in Europe, occurring over 1,000 years before the previous earliest known larger-scale conflict in the region. The study, published in Scientific Reports, indicates that both the number of injured individuals and the disproportionately high percentage of males affected suggest that the injuries resulted from a period of conflict, potentially lasting at least months.
Conflict during the European Neolithic period (approximately 9,000 to 4,000 years ago) remains poorly understood. Previous research has suggested that conflicts consisted of short raids lasting no more than a few days and involving small groups of up to 20–30 individuals, and it was therefore assumed that early societies lacked the logistical capabilities to support longer, larger-scale conflicts. The earliest such conflict in Europe was previously thought to have occurred during the Bronze Age (approximately 4,000 to 2,800 years ago).
Teresa Fernández‑Crespo and colleagues re-examined the skeletal remains of 338 individuals for evidence of healed and unhealed injuries. All the remains were from a single mass burial site in a shallow cave in the Rioja Alavesa region of northern Spain, radiocarbon dated to between 5,400 and 5,000 years ago. 52 flint arrowheads had also been discovered at the same site, with previous research finding that 36 of these had minor damage associated with hitting a target. The authors found that 23.1% of the individuals had skeletal injuries, with 10.1% having unhealed injuries, substantially higher than estimated injury rates for the time (7–17% and 2–5%, respectively). They also found that 74.1% of the unhealed injuries and 70.0% of the healed injuries had occurred in adolescent or adult males, a significantly higher rate than in females, and a difference not seen in other European Neolithic mass-fatality sites.
The overall injury rate, the higher injury rate for males, and the previously observed damage to the arrowheads suggest that many of the individuals at the burial site were exposed to violence and may have been casualties of conflict. The relatively high rate of healed injuries suggests that the conflict continued over several months, according to the authors. The reasons for the conflict are unclear, but the authors speculate on several possible causes, including tension between different cultural groups in the region during the Late Neolithic.
JOURNAL
Scientific Reports
SUBJECT OF RESEARCH
Not applicable
ARTICLE TITLE
Large-scale violence in Late Neolithic Western Europe based on expanded skeletal evidence from San Juan ante Portam Latinam
ARTICLE PUBLICATION DATE
2-Nov-2023
