THE DEVIL AND THE JEWS THE MEDIEVAL CONCEPTION OF THE JEW AND ITS RELATION TO MODERN ANTISEMITISM
2004, Aries
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Masonic lodges first made their appearance in Russia in the mid-18 th century and, by the end of that century, probably involved several thousand people. Members of lodges were for the most part statesmen, aristocrats and intellec-tuals: dignitaries, career soldiers, officials, writers and scientists, churchmen, etc. Masonic views are known to have had a considerable influence on theideology of that time but, although the history of Russian masonry has beenwell studied, masonic ideology has until now received little scholarly atten-tion. There is a long tradition in Russian science of scepticism concerning themain constituents of masonic tradition: mysticism, alchemy and Kabbalah.During the late 19 th–early twentieth centuries, Russian scholars paid little at-tention to this topic, mainly because of their extreme positivistic views. In theSoviet period, the topic was taboo.
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